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49 Arctic Yearbook 2012 permanent status was deferred at the 2009 Ministerial in Tromsø. Japan applied soon after, however the question about whether and how to involve new (and existing) observers in the Arctic Council was once again deferred at the May 2011 Ministerial in Nuuk. However this time the Arctic Council at least adopted some criteria for accepting new observers, which it promised to apply at the 2013 Ministerial, including (among other things) the extent to which applicants: Recognize Arctic States' sovereignty, sovereign rights and jurisdiction in the Arctic. Respect the values, interests, culture and traditions of Arctic indigenous peoples and other Arctic inhabitants. Have demonstrated a political willingness as well as financial ability to contribute to the work of the Permanent Participants and other Arctic indigenous peoples. Singapore is the most recent state to apply, which it did in December 2011. The inability of the Arctic states to make a decision on the question of observers is linked to the need for eight-party consensus to accept new observers, or indeed conduct any business, at the Arctic Council. Canada has been the most vocal on its decision to defer the EC application, linking it to its policy on seal hunting; however there a number of underlying factors likely holding up a joint decision addressing all applicants, not least the diplomatic leverage it has provided the Arctic states in relations with their suitors, if only temporarily. The question of accepting new observers, and the rise in interest of non-Arctic states in the work of the Arctic Council in particular and Arctic affairs in general, is a significant one in current Arctic policy discussions. The following section provides an in-depth look at the Arctic interests of a number of prominent non-Arctic observers (UK, Poland and France); applicants (China, Japan and Singapore), and, in the case of Scotland, perhaps a future applicant; as well as commentary on the EU and Chinese perspectives. Non-Arctic States: The Observer Question at the Arctic Council
50 Arctic Council States: Canada Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Russia Sweden United States Arctic Council observer states: United Kingdom Poland France Germany Netherlands Spain Arctic Yearbook 2012 Arctic Council applicant states China Japan South Korea Italy European Commission Singapore Non-Arctic States: The Observer Question at the Arctic Council
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Lassi Heininen, Editor Heather Exne
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ii Arctic Yearbook 2012 Heininen, L
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iv Acronyms A5 Arctic 5 AAC Arctic
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vi MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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102 OPRF/Business INSROP and JANSRO
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138 Acknowledgements Depledge Arcti
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Poland and the Arctic: Between Scie
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