Lassi Heininen, Editor Heather Exner-Pirot, Managing Editor Joël ...

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vii PSA Port of Singapore Authority RAIPON Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police RFE Russian Far East RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organization SAO Senior Arctic Official SAON Sustaining Arctic Observation Network SAR Search and Rescue SCPAR Standing Committee of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region SDF Japan Maritime Self Defense Force SDWG Sustainable Development Working Group (Arctic Council) SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SMC Singapore’s Maritime Cluster SNP Scottish National Party SOE State Owned Enterprises SOF Ship and Ocean Foundation SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea (IMO) STCW Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers TNC Transnational Corporations TPP Trans Polar Passage TSR Transpolar Sea Route UDHR Universal Declaration on Human Rights UK United Kingdom ULCC Ultra Large Crude Carrier UN United Nations UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDRIP United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UNECE United Nations European Economic Commission for Europe UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNIS University of Svalbard USA United States of America USGS United States Geological Survey USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VLCC Very Large Crude Carrier WCED World Commission on Environment and Development WDGF Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction WMO World Meteorological Organization WWF World Wildlife Fund WWII World War II
viii Preface The Arctic serves as a good example of how states can cooperate pragmatically, despite great challenges and rapid change. The Arctic Council is the ‘hub’ of this cooperation. Since it was founded in 1996, it has managed to present many ground-breaking reports, such as the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, and has embraced more solid decision-making as witnessed by the adoption of the Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement in 2011. One of the main reasons behind the success of the Arctic Council is its science-policy interface. Important reports on priority issues by the working groups create a foundation for efficient negotiations among the Senior Arctic Officials and decisions by the foreign ministers. Knowledge and science relating to the Arctic are thus central to the success of Arctic diplomacy. The Arctic Yearbook is a very important part of the scientific discourse on Arctic issues. Sweden is more than half-way through its Chairmanship of the Arctic Council, and the gavel will be handed over to Canada in conjunction with the Ministerial Meeting in Kiruna in May 2013. The remaining period of the Chairmanship will doubtlessly prove to be a challenge. The time has now come to negotiate the final deliverables on all the important priorities of our Chairmanship. Protecting the environment from oil emissions, resilience of Arctic nature and communities, and the human dimension of the Arctic are among the top priorities for the Swedish Chairmanship of the Arctic Council. We continuously strive for progress and improvements in these specific areas. The issue of Arctic oil spill prevention and response is leading to concrete results. We anticipate a number of best practice recommendations for the prevention of oil spills and hope that the foreign ministers will be able to sign a cooperation agreement between the states to enable the effective control of any spills. The Arctic Resilience Report presents a better understanding of Arctic change. It identifies potential shocks and large shifts in ecosystem services and analyses how these could affect societies. Lastly, we have emphasised the importance of strengthening the human dimension in the Arctic by, for example, arranging seminars on the issues of food and water security and corporate social responsibility, which we hope will lead to valuable recommendations. Bearing in mind the importance the Arctic Council attaches to research, I am very happy to have been invited to be a part of this publication. I would particularly like to thank all of the authors for their remarkable work, which I very much look forward to reading. Gustaf Lind Arctic Council SAO Chair
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Non-Arctic States: The Observer Que
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82 Alexeeva and Lasserre Arctic Yea
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88 Notes Alexeeva and Lasserre Arct
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Commentary: China and Arctic Affair
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94 Japan’s Arctic Policy: The Sum
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96 Tonami and Watters Arctic Yearbo
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102 OPRF/Business INSROP and JANSRO
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104 Tonami and Watters Arctic Yearb
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106 An Overview of Singapore’s Ar
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108 Watters and Tonami Arctic Yearb
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116 Johnstone Arctic Yearbook 2012
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124 Johnstone Environmental and Sci
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138 Acknowledgements Depledge Arcti
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Poland and the Arctic: Between Scie
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142 Graczyk Arctic Yearbook 2012 It
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144 Graczyk Arctic Yearbook 2012 by
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150 A Polish Arctic Policy? Graczyk
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160 Section II: Critical Geopolitic
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Figure 1 2007 Sea ice extent in sq
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References Exner-Pirot Arctic Yearb
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258 Figure 3: The Northwest Passage
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334 Section IV: Update on the UArct
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338 Arctic Yearbook 2012 and non-st
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