Lassi Heininen, Editor Heather Exner-Pirot, Managing Editor Joël ...

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v DND Department of National Defence (Canada) DWT Dead Weight Tonnes EBM Ecosystem Based Management EC European Commission EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EFTA European Free Trade Agreeement EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ENGO Environmental Non Governmental Organizations EP European Parliament EPPR Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response ESDP European Security and Defense Policy EU European Union FC Fram Corridor FCO UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office FPSO Floating Production Storage and Offloading GBP Great Britain Pound GDP Gross Domestic Product GEGA Groupe d’Etude sur la Gouvernance Arctique (France) GPS Global Positioning System HDI Human Development Index IASC International Arctic Science Committee IASSA International Arctic Social Science Association ICC Inuit Circumpolar Council IEA International Energy Agency IGO Intergovernmental Organisation ILO International Labour Organisation IMO International Maritime Organisation INSROP International Northern Sea Route Programme IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPEV Institut Polaire Français IPS Indigenous Peoples’ Secretariat IPY International Polar Year IR International Relations ISA International Seabed Authority ITC Inuit Tapirisat of Canada ITK Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature JAMSTEC Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology JANSROP Japan Northern Sea Route Programme JARE Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JCAR Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research JOGMEC Japan Oil, Gas, and Metals National Corporation LNG Liquefied Natural Gas MARPOL Convention on the Prevention of Pollution by Ships MCA Maritime and Coastguard Agency (UK) MEP Member of European Parliament MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
vi MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MLIT Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan) MMPA Marine Mammals Protection Act (USA) MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) MOU Memorandum of Understanding MP Member of Parliament MPA Maritime and Port Authority (Singapore) MT Metric Tonnes NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ND Northern Dimension (EU) NDFP Northern Dimension of Canadian Foreign Policy NEAFC North East Atlantic Fisheries Convention NEP Northeast Passage NERC Natural Environment Research Council (UK) NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NIPR National Institute of Polar Research (Japan) NMC Northern Maritime Corridor NORA Nordic Atlantic Cooperation NORAD North American Air Defence Command NORDEFCO Nordic Defense Cooperation NORDREG Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services NORDSUP Nordic Supportive Defense Structures NPC Northern Pacific Corridor NSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center NSPD National Security Presidential Directive NSR Northern Sea Route NUS National University of Singapore NWP Northwest Passage NWT Northwest Territories OME Offshore and Marine Engineering OPRC International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation OPRF Ocean Policy Research Foundation (Japan) OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic PA Polar Ambassador PAME Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment PAP People’s Action Party (Singapore) PAS Polish Academy of Science PM Prime Minister PMO Prime Minister’s Office POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PP Permanent Participants PRS Stanislaw Siedlecki Polish Research Station PRU Polar Regions Unit (UK)
Page 1 and 2: Lassi Heininen, Editor Heather Exne
Page 3 and 4: ii Arctic Yearbook 2012 Heininen, L
Page 5: iv Acronyms A5 Arctic 5 AAC Arctic
Page 9 and 10: viii Preface The Arctic serves as a
Page 11 and 12: x Mia Bennett's highlights for 2011
Page 13 and 14: 2 State of the Arctic Strategies an
Page 15 and 16: 4 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Correspondin
Page 17 and 18: 6 Arctic Yearbook 2012 historical p
Page 19 and 20: 8 Arctic Yearbook 2012 The four cha
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Page 23 and 24: 12 Iceland’s Report on the High N
Page 25 and 26: 14 Arctic Yearbook 2012 The emphasi
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Page 29 and 30: 18 Arctic Yearbook 2012 an interest
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Page 33 and 34: 22 Arctic Yearbook 2012 environment
Page 35 and 36: 24 Arctic Yearbook 2012 lacking in
Page 37 and 38: 26 Arctic Yearbook 2012 This is fir
Page 39 and 40: 28 Arctic Yearbook 2012 maintain it
Page 41 and 42: 30 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Differences
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Page 45 and 46: 34 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Norwegian s
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Page 53 and 54: 42 Arctic Yearbook 2012 phenomenon,
Page 55 and 56: 44 Arctic Yearbook 2012 An interest
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46 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Heininen, L
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Non-Arctic States: The Observer Que
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50 Arctic Council States: Canada De
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Thawing Ice and French Foreign Poli
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54 Arctic Yearbook 2012 permanent s
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56 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Christophe
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58 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Norway’s
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60 Arctic Yearbook 2012 While liter
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62 Arctic Yearbook 2012 The Air Fo
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64 Arctic Yearbook 2012 French Pola
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66 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Professor a
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68 Arctic Yearbook 2012 forward thi
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70 Arctic Yearbook 2012 involvement
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72 Arctic Yearbook 2012 covered by
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74 Conclusions Arctic Yearbook 2012
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76 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Usage to de
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78 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Boswell, Ra
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80 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Bl_Plouffe.
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82 Alexeeva and Lasserre Arctic Yea
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88 Notes Alexeeva and Lasserre Arct
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Commentary: China and Arctic Affair
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94 Japan’s Arctic Policy: The Sum
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96 Tonami and Watters Arctic Yearbo
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98 Tonami and Watters Arctic Yearbo
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100 Tonami and Watters Arctic Yearb
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102 OPRF/Business INSROP and JANSRO
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104 Tonami and Watters Arctic Yearb
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106 An Overview of Singapore’s Ar
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108 Watters and Tonami Arctic Yearb
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116 Johnstone Arctic Yearbook 2012
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124 Johnstone Environmental and Sci
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132 Depledge Arctic Yearbook 2012 R
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134 Depledge Arctic Yearbook 2012 T
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136 Depledge Arctic Yearbook 2012 c
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138 Acknowledgements Depledge Arcti
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Poland and the Arctic: Between Scie
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142 Graczyk Arctic Yearbook 2012 It
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144 Graczyk Arctic Yearbook 2012 by
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146 From Scientific Contributor to
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148 Graczyk Arctic Yearbook 2012 mi
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150 A Polish Arctic Policy? Graczyk
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152 Graczyk Arctic Yearbook 2012 wh
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154 References Graczyk Arctic Yearb
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156 Graczyk Arctic Yearbook 2012 We
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158 Arctic Yearbook 2012 and indige
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160 Section II: Critical Geopolitic
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162 Fabbi Arctic Yearbook 2012 the
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164 Fabbi Arctic Yearbook 2012 (ibi
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166 Indigenous Diplomacies in Inter
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168 Fabbi Arctic Yearbook 2012 the
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170 Fabbi to exercise self-determin
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172 Fabbi Arctic Yearbook 2012 Inte
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174 Fabbi Arctic Yearbook 2012 7. A
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176 Fabbi Arctic Yearbook 2012 Norw
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178 Commentary: A Voice from the Ar
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180 The Arctic Environment - From L
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182 Nilsson Arctic Yearbook 2012 be
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184 Nilsson Arctic Yearbook 2012 as
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186 Nilsson Arctic Yearbook 2012 co
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188 Nilsson Arctic Yearbook 2012 re
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190 Nilsson Arctic Yearbook 2012 ag
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192 Nilsson Arctic Yearbook 2012 ex
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194 Nilsson Arctic Yearbook 2012 Gl
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196 Finger-Stich and Finger Arctic
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224 Section III: Circumpolar Relati
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Exner-Pirot Arctic Yearbook 2012 It
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Figure 1 2007 Sea ice extent in sq
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Exner-Pirot Arctic Yearbook 2012 Gr
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Exner-Pirot Arctic Yearbook 2012 NO
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Exner-Pirot Arctic Yearbook 2012 es
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Exner-Pirot Arctic Yearbook 2012 de
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Exner-Pirot Arctic Yearbook 2012 ho
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CAFF working group, but has not bee
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Exner-Pirot Arctic Yearbook 2012 en
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References Exner-Pirot Arctic Yearb
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Exner-Pirot Arctic Yearbook 2012 ht
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248 Arctic Yearbook 2012 and eventu
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250 Arctic Yearbook 2012 sea ice. I
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252 Unofficial Functional Definitio
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254 Arctic Yearbook 2012 This means
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256 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Suez Canal
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258 Figure 3: The Northwest Passage
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260 Arctic Yearbook 2012 The discov
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262 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Canada’s
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264 Arctic Yearbook 2012 freedoms o
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266 Arctic Yearbook 2012 sea ice -
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268 The Northern Maritime Corridor
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270 Arctic Yearbook 2012 as the “
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272 Arctic Yearbook 2012 system ass
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274 Arctic Yearbook 2012 the volume
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276 Arctic Yearbook 2012 logistical
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278 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Subterfuge
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280 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Simonsen,
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282 Arctic Yearbook 2012 the Northw
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284 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Trans-Arct
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286 Arctic Yearbook 2012 observatio
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288 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Table 1 Ma
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290 Arctic Yearbook 2012 that a por
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292 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Instead of
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294 Arctic Yearbook 2012 to less th
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296 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Figure 6 D
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298 Arctic Yearbook 2012 that a mel
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300 Arctic Yearbook 2012 heavy and
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302 Arctic Yearbook 2012 11. Intern
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304 Arctic Yearbook 2012 HSBC (2011
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306 Arctic Yearbook 2012 for the No
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308 Commentary: Thinking About the
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310 Arctic Yearbook 2012 fundamenta
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312 Stephenson Arcitc Yearbook 2012
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Road length (1000 km) 320 Stephenso
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334 Section IV: Update on the UArct
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336 Arctic Yearbook 2012 Arranged f
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338 Arctic Yearbook 2012 and non-st
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