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327 Figure 2: Arctic Bridge proposed air and rail routes (adapted from Gray, 2010) Conclusion Arctic Yearbook 2012 The Arctic has always been a part of the geopolitical history of northern states. However, recent years have seen the reemergence of the region as a locus of global economic and political activity. Collaborative Infrastructures: A Roadmap for International Cooperation in the Arctic
328 Stephenson Arcitc Yearbook 2012 The Arctic is rapidly shedding its post-Cold War status as a geopolitical hinterland to occupy a space near the forefront of state agendas, manifesting in an imbalance between despotic and infrastructural power that has yet to be fully resolved. Likewise, the full potential of collaborative infrastructures in the Arctic has yet to be realized. As states work together to advance northern development, infrastructural power will commensurately rise, building on existing manifestations of infrastructural power such as the North American land claims agreements. These developments will lead to sovereignty being exercised increasingly locally through daily activities rather than as directives from faraway elites. Paradoxically, we may also see a further increase in military presence in absolute terms, as states respond to the defense demands of larger populations, infrastructural investments, and increasingly scarce resources. Regardless, military clashes are not likely to figure in the outcome of a Northern ‘Great Game,’ as the geography of Arctic resources and infrastructure presents critical opportunities for international cooperation. Collaborative infrastructures will lead the way in forging economic and political partnerships between state and private actors. Along with the continued primacy of the UNCLOS legal framework, these opportunities are a compelling incentive for Arctic states to emphasize mutual interests in the continued transformation of the circumpolar North. Acknowledgments Sincere thanks to J. Shadian (University of Lapland), H. Nicol (Trent University), and J. Agnew, L. Smith, L. Alvarez, B. Crow, O.T. Ford, T. Le, and T. Narins (UCLA) for thoughtful commentary on an earlier version of this manuscript. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE-0707424). Notes 1. The ancestral homeland of the Saami, for example, extends throughout northern Fennoscandia across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. References Agnew, J. (2009). Globalization and Sovereignty. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Agnew, J. (2003). A World of Territorial States. In J. Agnew (Ed.), Geopolitics: Re-visioning World Politics, 2 nd Edition (51-66). New York: Routledge. Alam, U., Dione, O., Jeffrey, P. (2009). The benefit-sharing principle: implementing sovereignty bargains on water. Political Geography, 28(2), 90-100.
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iv Acronyms A5 Arctic 5 AAC Arctic
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viii Preface The Arctic serves as a
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