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List of Publications and Presentations 2. Owens P., Ryder A.G., Blamey N.J.F. and Feely M., “Low temperature fluorescence lifetime studies of crude petroleum oils”, Photonics Ireland, Galway, 24-26th September 2007.[Poster] 3. Owens P., Ryder A.G. and Blamey N.J.F., “Frequency Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Study of Crude Petroleum Oils”, 10th Conference on Methods and Applications of Fluorescence: Spectroscopy, Imaging and Probes, Salzburg, Austria, 9 - 12 September 2007.[Poster] 4. Owens P., Ryder A.G. and Blamey N.J.F., “Analysis of Crude Petroleum Oils using Frequency Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements”, 59th Irish Universities Chemistry Research Colloquium, Dublin City University 13th-15th June 2007.[Presentation] 5. Owens P., Blamey N.J.F. and Ryder A.G., “Application of multi-frequency phase and modulation fluorometry to lifetime analysis of petroleum oils”, In- focus Magazine, number 5, pp. 88-89, 2007. 6. Owens P., Ryder A.G. and Blamey N.J.F., “Fluorescence lifetime study on crude petroleum oils using the frequency domain technique”, 50th Annual Irish Geological Research Meeting, University of Ulster, Coleraine, 23rd-25th Febru- ary 2007.[Presentation] 7. Owens P., Blamey N.J.F. and Ryder A.G., “Application of multi-frequency phase and modulation fluorometry to lifetime analysis of bulk petroleum oils”. Microscopical Society of Ireland 30th Annual Symposium, Galway, 30th Aug. -1st September 2006.[Poster] ix
Abbreviations Abbrev Definition API American Petroleum Institute APD Avalanche Photo Diode ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials CCD Charge coupled device CFD Constant Fraction Discriminator CLSM Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope CMOS Complimentary Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor DAC Diamond Anvil Cell DASPI trans-4-[4-(DimethylAmino)-Styryl]-1-methylPyridinium Iodide EEM Excitation-Emission Matrix FCS Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy FD Frequency Domain FLIM Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging FRET Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FWHM Full Width Half Maximum GC Gas Chromatography GOR Gas Oil Ratio HCFI Hydro Carbon Fluid Inclusions HOMO Highest occupied molecular orbital HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPTS 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid trisodium salt IRF Instrument Response Function LC Liquid Chromatography LUMO Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital MS Mass Spectroscopy MPLC Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography NA Numerical Aperture NIR Near Infra Red PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon x
Page 1 and 2: Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectros
Page 3 and 4: Abstract behaviour allowing calcula
Page 5 and 6: Contents List of Publications and P
Page 7 and 8: Contents 2.3 Temperature based Life
Page 9: List of Publications and Presentati
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Introduction For many yea
Page 15 and 16: Introduction temperature increases
Page 17 and 18: A seal or cap-rock that prevents th
Page 19 and 20: Introduction Figure 1.2: Crude oil
Page 21 and 22: Introduction eroatoms (O, S, N) and
Page 23 and 24: Introduction toluene, dichlorometha
Page 25 and 26: 1.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 1.2.1
Page 27 and 28: Introduction S1 state for a certain
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The peaks in the absor
Page 31 and 32: Introduction Figure 1.9: Jablonski
Page 33 and 34: Introduction Figure 1.10: Static qu
Page 35 and 36: Introduction the ratio of τ 0/τ i
Page 37 and 38: 1.2.5 Measuring fluorescence lifeti
Page 39 and 40: Introduction Figure 1.14: Time-reso
Page 41 and 42: Introduction The autocorrelation fu
Page 43 and 44: Introduction case, the molecules ex
Page 45 and 46: From Equation 1.26, Introduction ω
Page 47 and 48: m = 1 P 2 + Q 2 Introduction (1.36
Page 49 and 50: Introduction based average lifetime
Page 51 and 52: Introduction Figure 1.21: General p
Page 53 and 54: Introduction TAC output pulse is gi
Page 55 and 56: Introduction at each frequency acco
Page 57 and 58: Introduction diagram showing the op
Page 59 and 60: Introduction Figure 1.26: Schematic
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Introduction provides enhanced cont
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Introduction PAH’s. It has been s
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to heavy oils (low API gravity). In
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Introduction The balance between en
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Introduction Figure 1.34: Fluoresce
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Introduction used [126, 129, 132] a
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Introduction Figure 1.36: Plot of a
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fractional contributions over time
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Introduction concentration and Ksv
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1.5 Crude oil photophysics Introduc
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Introduction stages of thermal matu
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Introduction yellow to red fluoresc
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1.7 Thesis goal Introduction This i
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Materials and Methods concentration
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Table 2.2: Fractionation Data for B
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Materials and Methods 2.2 Frequency
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Materials and Methods was within ±
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Materials and Methods The dichroic
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Figure 2.5: Transmission characteri
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Materials and Methods Figure 2.7: S
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Materials and Methods The variation
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Materials and Methods Figure 2.9: L
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Materials and Methods Figure 2.10:
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Materials and Methods Comparison ca
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Materials and Methods with ρ param
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Materials and Methods 2.3 Temperatu
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Materials and Methods IRF of the sy
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Materials and Methods 2.4 Temperatu
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Materials and Methods a series of w
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Materials and Methods 2. Using the
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Lifetime study on crude oils by the
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Table 3.3: Average lifetime and sin
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Table 3.5: Average lifetime and sin
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3.5 Single Lifetime distributions L
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Energy Transfer and Quenching proce
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Influence of low temperature on flu
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Conclusions and Future Work model (
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Appendix A Reference Lifetime Stand
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Appendix Figure A.2: FD response fo
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A.3 SPA N-(3-sulfopropyl) acridiniu
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A.4 Rhodamine B Appendix Rhodamine
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A.5 Acridone Appendix The highly ph
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Appendix Figure A.11: FD response f
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Table B.1: Frequency Domain average
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Appendix Table B.3: Emission λmax
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Table B.5: Frequency Domain lifetim
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Appendix for the determination of t
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Appendix Figure C.3: Multifrequency
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Appendix Figure C.5: FLIM intensity
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Appendix Table C.1: Fluorescence li
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Appendix D Published Work 281
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998 J Fluoresc (2008) 18:997-1006 s
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1000 J Fluoresc (2008) 18:997-1006
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1002 J Fluoresc (2008) 18:997-1006
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1004 J Fluoresc (2008) 18:997-1006
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1006 J Fluoresc (2008) 18:997-1006
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Bibliography [10] W. G. Dow (1977),
Page 307 and 308:
Bibliography [31] M. A. Ali and W.
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Bibliography [53] R. D. Spencer and
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Bibliography [75] K. Konig (2000),
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Bibliography [93] C. Pasquini and A
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Bibliography [113] C. Ralston, X. W
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Bibliography [132] A. Ryder (2004),
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Bibliography variable-angle synchro
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Bibliography [171] R. K. McLimans (
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Bibliography using fluorescence spe
Page 325 and 326:
Bibliography [210] H. Mishra, S. Pa
Page 327 and 328:
Bibliography [229] N. Boens, W. W.
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