ZigBee Wireless Soil Moisture Sensor Design for Vineyard ...

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2.1.2 ZigBee Protocol The ZigBee network layer stack sits on top of IEEE 802.15.4 standard Medium Access Control (MAC) and PHY layers (refer to Figure 5). The MAC and PHY layers contain the RF and communication components that communicate with other devices. The ZigBee stack contains the networking layer, an application support sub-layer and a security service provider (SSP) [8]. Figure 5: ZigBee Stack Layer [9] The IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee protocols have their own limitation and advantages. The main limitation for both protocols is a low data rate (narrower bandwidth) (refer to Figure 6). Therefore these protocols are only suitable for low data transmission applications. 17
Figure 6: Standard Technology Map [5] As shown on Figure 6, as the data rate is increased, the power consumption, cost and complexity of the system increase. Since sensor nodes are located remotely, power consumption needs to be minimal. Battery operation is usually the preferred option. Moreover, sensor data does not require a wide bandwidth. Therefore, according to the Figure 6 above, the most suitable protocol for a small sensor network is ZigBee. The three main network topologies used in ZigBee wireless networking are star, point to point and mesh networks (refer to Figure 2 and Figure 7). These topologies can be used in different environments and situations. The point to point system is mostly used to replace a single communication cable. Point to point network can work adequately, when two end points are located close to each other [10]. The star topology is also known as a point to multipoint wireless system. This system is mostly based on IEEE 802.11 or Bluetooth. The system has one main base station, which controls the communication with all the other end nodes. The reliability of this network is dependent upon the quality of the RF link between the base station and each end node. The main problem with this system is that in industrial applications it is hard to find a suitable place for the base station in order to communicate with each end node [10]. 18
Page 1 and 2: ZigBee Wireless Soil Moisture Senso
Page 3 and 4: Statement of Originality ‘I hereb
Page 5 and 6: Abstract The soil moisture level is
Page 7 and 8: 6.4.2 PCB Design Version Two ......
Page 9 and 10: Figure 46: Low Pass Filter and Comp
Page 11 and 12: 1 Introduction Wireless Sensor Netw
Page 13 and 14: 2 Literature Review 2.1 Wireless Se
Page 15 and 16: IEEE 802.15.4 networks can be separ
Page 17: The cluster tree topology is a spec
Page 21 and 22: 2.2 Currently Available ZigBee Devi
Page 23 and 24: the supplied ZigBee stack is that m
Page 25 and 26: determine the soil moisture content
Page 27 and 28: 2.3.4 Tensionmeter A tensiometer is
Page 29 and 30: 3 Vineyard Monitoring and Managemen
Page 31 and 32: Web Server Database Server Server L
Page 33 and 34: EW . e . T T For the temper
Page 35 and 36: Heaters: This is the only method, w
Page 37 and 38: Sprinklers: Relatively warm water g
Page 39 and 40: Figure 23: Bud-break Out to Bloom S
Page 41 and 42: 4 Objective and Methodology The mai
Page 43 and 44: and heat pulse readings for calibra
Page 45 and 46: etter stability with respect to sup
Page 47 and 48: 5 Wireless Sensor Network (ZigBee M
Page 49 and 50: 5.2 Hardware Design The hardware im
Page 51 and 52: simple differential interface to th
Page 53 and 54: Figure 31: CC2430 Microcontroller M
Page 55 and 56: sensor readings are obtained via th
Page 57 and 58: 5.2.4 USB Coordinator Dongle Module
Page 59 and 60: functionality. This process allows
Page 61 and 62: 5.4 WSN Embedded Software Figure 38
Page 63 and 64: config.idleTimeout = 50; config.rx.
Page 65 and 66: frequency caused by introducing wat
Page 67 and 68: 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 B E C Figure 42: Cl
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oscillation characteristic. Tempera
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The input signals are sinusoidal wa
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+5V GND C19 0.1uF U6 8 Vcc Out 1 EN
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comparator reference clock circuit,
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6.5 Enclosure Design and Fabricatio
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Figure 53: Sensor Initial Calibrati
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Total Volume = 432 mL is constant.
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Once data was collected, a third co
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The main reason for the capacitance
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As the capacitance increases, the l
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Capacitance (pF) The moisture value
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In the final software calibration,
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8.2 Hardware and Software Improveme
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8.3 Second Generation Soil Moisture
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than over the whole vineyard. The s
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13. Henebry, G.M. and A.K. Knapp. S
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38. Wallace R., Antenna Selection G
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6V C18 1uF 1 3 1 5 0 0 2 1 2 1 3 1
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104 Sensor module schematics Vs 3 -
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106 Coordinator module schematics G
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108 Appendix B - Soil Moisture Sens
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Soil Moisture senor top/bottom laye
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Software Directory Soil Moisture Se
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