ZigBee Wireless Soil Moisture Sensor Design for Vineyard ...

List of Figures
Figure 1: IEEE 802.15.4 Superframe Structure [7] ..................................................... 13
Figure 2: Star Network Topology ................................................................................ 14
Figure 3: Peer-to-Peer Topology ................................................................................. 15
Figure 4: Cluster Tree Topology.................................................................................. 16
Figure 5: ZigBee Stack Layer [9] ................................................................................ 17
Figure 6: Standard Technology Map [5] ...................................................................... 18
Figure 7: ZigBee Topologies [5] .................................................................................. 19
Figure 8: Atmel AT86RF230 Development Tool ........................................................ 20
Figure 9: CC243x ZigBee Development Tool ............................................................. 21
Figure 10: Meshnetic ZigBee Development Tools ..................................................... 22
Figure 11: Microchip ZigBee Development Tool ...................................................... 22
Figure 12: TDR and FDR Sensor Probes [12] ............................................................. 25
Figure 13: Neutron Probe [12] ..................................................................................... 25
Figure 14: Tensiometer [12] ........................................................................................ 26
Figure 15: Impedance Base Moisture Sensor [14] ....................................................... 27
Figure 16: A schematic view of WSN architecture [17] .............................................. 30
Figure 17: Frost Damage [20] ...................................................................................... 31
Figure 18: Clear out understory plants to improve drainage ....................................... 33
Figure 19: Plants must be in a direct line to the heat source ....................................... 34
Figure 20: Wind Machine ............................................................................................ 35
Figure 21: Helicopter Hovering Down Hot Air .......................................................... 35
Figure 22: Sprinkler System ........................................................................................ 36
Figure 23: Bud-break Out to Bloom ............................................................................ 38
Figure 24: Veraison...................................................................................................... 38
Figure 25: Bridge Circuit ............................................................................................. 43
Figure 26: A mesh network topology applied in a vineyard monitoring application
[17] ............................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 27: Router Node Data Format .......................................................................... 47
Figure 28: Single Ended and Differential Antenna [38] .............................................. 48
Figure 29: Different Antenna Solutions [38] ............................................................... 49
Figure 30: Folded Dipole Antenna Reference Design [39] ......................................... 50
Figure 31: CC2430 Microcontroller Module ............................................................... 52
Figure 32: Block Diagram of Wireless Microcontroller Module ................................ 53
Figure 33: Micro Climate Weather Station .................................................................. 54
Figure 34: Block Diagram of the Sensor Module ........................................................ 55
Figure 35: Coordinator Node Block Diagram ............................................................. 56
Figure 36: Coordinator USB Dongle ........................................................................... 57
Figure 37: Solidwoks 3D Drawings of the Sensor Node ............................................ 59
Figure 38: Dimension 768 SST 3D Printer .................................................................. 60
Figure 39: Basic Architecture of ZigBee ..................................................................... 60
Figure 40: Capacitive Probe......................................................................................... 63
Figure 41: Clapp Oscillator Schematics ...................................................................... 65
Figure 42: Clapp Oscillator PCB Design ..................................................................... 66
Figure 43: Soil Moisture Sensor Block Diagram [45] ................................................. 67
Figure 44: Series Fed Hartley Oscillator ..................................................................... 68
Figure 45: Down Convertor ......................................................................................... 69
vii