ZigBee Wireless Soil Moisture Sensor Design for Vineyard ...

Table of Content
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................…...i
Attestation of Authorship.......................................................................................…...ii
Consequential Research Outputs...........................................................................…...iii
Abstract..................................................................................................................…...iv
Table of Content.....................................................................................................…...v
List of Figures.......................................................................................................…...vii
List of Tables...................................................................................................….........ix
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Problem Description ...................................................................................... 10
2 Literature Review................................................................................................. 12
2.1 Wireless Sensor Network Protocols .............................................................. 12
2.1.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol ......................................................................... 12
2.1.2 ZigBee Protocol ..................................................................................... 17
2.2 Currently Available ZigBee Devices ............................................................ 20
2.2.1 Atmel...................................................................................................... 20
2.2.2 Texas Instrument (Chipcon) .................................................................. 21
2.2.3 Meshnetics ............................................................................................. 21
2.2.4 Microchip ............................................................................................... 22
2.3 Soil Moisture Monitoring Techniques .......................................................... 23
2.3.1 Gravimetric Technique (Oven dry and weigh) ...................................... 23
2.3.2 Dielectric Constant Soil Moisture Probe and Meter .............................. 24
2.3.3 Neutron Probe ........................................................................................ 25
2.3.4 Tensionmeter .......................................................................................... 26
2.3.5 Resistive Soil Moisture Sensor .............................................................. 27
3 Vineyard Monitoring and Management ............................................................... 28
3.1 System Architecture ...................................................................................... 28
3.2 Micro Climate Weather Station ..................................................................... 30
3.2.1 Predicting Dew Point and Managing Frost ............................................ 31
3.2.2 Irrigation Management ........................................................................... 37
4 Objective and Methodology ................................................................................. 40
4.1 Suitable Wireless Sensor Technology ........................................................... 40
4.2 Soil Moisture Sensor Selection ..................................................................... 41
4.3 Environmental Sensors for Micro Climate Weather Station ......................... 44
5 Wireless Sensor Network (ZigBee Mesh) ........................................................... 46
5.1 Wireless Sensor Network Architecture Applied in Vineyard ....................... 46
5.2 Hardware Design ........................................................................................... 48
5.2.1 PCB Antenna ......................................................................................... 48
5.2.2 AUT Wireless Microcontroller Module ................................................. 51
5.2.3 Sensor Module (Router Node) ............................................................... 53
5.2.4 USB Coordinator Dongle Module ......................................................... 56
5.3 Enclosure Design and Fabrication ................................................................. 57
5.4 WSN Embedded Software ............................................................................ 60
6 Soil Moisture Sensor Design ............................................................................... 63
6.1 Soil Moisture Sensor Principle ...................................................................... 63
6.2 Clapp Oscillator Design ................................................................................ 65
6.3 Soil Moisture Sensor System Design ............................................................ 67
6.4 PCB Design ................................................................................................... 72
6.4.1 PCB Design Version One ...................................................................... 73
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