Deinotherium thraceiensis sp. nov. from the Miocene near Ezerovo ...

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Table 5 Cervicals Table 6 Thoracics № Dimensions 1 2 3 4 5 6 THORACICS 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1. Diameter of corpus vertebrae 250.0 240.0 230.0 220.0 210.0 200.0 196.0 192.0 188.0 186.0 182.0 180.5 180.0 179.0 2. Thickness of corpus vertebrae 102.0 96.0 92.0 89.0 85.0 86.0 87.0 88.0 89.0 90.0 90.5 91.0 92.0 3. Length at proc. spinosus 400.0 396.0 390.0 384.0 380.0 362.0 340.0 320.0 310.0 295.0 290.0 287.0 280.0 4. Length of proc. spinosus 205.0 610.0 580.0 550.0 532.0 510.0 500.0 460.0 400.0 340.0 290.0 289.0 288.0 285.0 5. Length of proc. transversus 93.0 102.0 112.0 117.0 120.0 116.0 112.0 110.0 106.0 100.0 96.0 94.0 87.0 6. Length of foramen vertebrae 110.0 97.0 92.0 88.0 83.0 80.0 70.0 62.0 54.0 46.0 40.0 43.5 47.0 58.0 7. Width of foramen vertebrae 78.0 70.0 62.0 50.0 41.0 30.0 38.0 45.0 52.0 57.0 60.0 60.0 60.5 59.0 crests on tip with a deep furrow between them. Dens epistrophei connects the axis with the atlas. Foramen vertebrae much smaller than in atlas, tetragonal (measurements in Table 5). Third, fourth and fifth cervicals (Pl. IX, Figs. 1, 2 and 3). All have similar structure. Narrow bodies. Cranially slightly convex, caudally slightly concave. Transverse processes small and rounded in the ends. Transverse foramina limited by the bodies and the transverse processes. Well pronounced articular surfaces on the cranial and caudal processes. Foramen vertebrae wide and high. Spinous processes not pronounced. Sixth and seventh cervicals are built in the same way as the previous three, but they have spinous processes, largest on the seventh. Below the transverse processes the seventh cervical has a well shaped fovea costalis – a concavity for the head of the first rib which is between the seventh and the eighth vertebra (measurements of all cervicals in Table 5). Thoracic vertebrae (Pl. IX, Fig. 4 and 5, Pl. X, Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). The first thoracic vertebra is very similar to the last cervical, only its spinous process is larger. Thus it resembles the second thoracic vertebra, where this process is most developed. The second thoracic vertebra (Pl. IX, Fig. 4) has a distinct structure. Its body is small, cranially convex, caudally – slightly rounded. Its cranial articular processes are less develped than the caudal. Fovea costalis cranialis larger than f. c. caudalis. Spinous process strong, widening at the tip, tetragonal. Foramen vertebrae elongated to- 28 № Dimensions, mm Atlas Axis 3 CERVICSLES 4 5 6 7 1. Height of the vertebra 300.0 340.0 330.0 340.0 343.0 350.0 352.0 2. Width of the vertebra 400.0 320.0 310.0 315.0 218.0 224.0 226.0 3. Length of corpus vertebrae 212.0 230.0 238.0 240.0 246.0 250.0 4. Width of corpus vertebrae 170.0 195.0 202.0 206.0 208.0 210.0 5. Length of articular surfaces 100.0 103.0 105.0 106.0 108.0 6. Height of processus spinosus 60.0 150.0 7. Length of foramen vertebrae 200.5 165.0 60.0 80.0 8. Width of foramen vertebrae 145.0 93.0 wards the spinous process. All other thoracic vertebrae resemble the second. There are differences only in the size of proc. transversus and proc. spinosus, which are smaller in each next vertebra. From the first to the twelfth the size of the corpus and foramina decreases, then increases to the last. In the fifteenth and all the following there is no fovea costalis. So, there were no ribs attached to these vertebrae (measurements in Table 6). Lumbar vertebrae (Pl. XI, Fig. 4) Resemble the last thoracic vertebrae. Here, too, fovea costalis is missing. The diameter and thickness of corpus vertebrae gradually decreases from the first to the last. Spinous processes become shorter. As in the thoracic vertebrae, they are inclined backwards. In the other vertebrates these processes on the lumbars are pointing anteriorly. This peculiarity shouldn’t be of taxonomic importance for genus Deinotherium because it is present in the other proboscideans as well. The transverse processes are not long as should be expected for lumbars so we cannot speak of proc. costarius. These peculiarities in the development of the processes of the lumbars and the lack of fovea costalis in the last thoracic vertebrae make it difficult for us to decide unequivocally where one group of vertebrae ends and the other begins. This is why we cannot say for sure how many the thoracic and correspondingly the limbar vertebrae are. The diameters of foramen vertebrae increase as in the last thoracic vertebrae. They are largest in the last vertebra (Table 7). This character too creates difficulties in the determination of the two groups of vertebrae but
it probably has its functional meaning. It should be related to the use of the hindlimbs. The accumulation of nerve tissue close to the pelvis probably facilitated the movements of these huge “columns” – the hindlimbs. Sacral vertebrae (Pl. XI, figs. 1, 2 and 3). Three, fused, building a single bone – the sacrum. Body of the sacrum large, with wide, slightly rounded wings. Two foramina sacralia dorsalia on each of the two sides of the wings. Spinous processes of the first two vertebrae smaller and narrower, on third – highest and widening in its upper part. Two foramina on each side ventrally, by the attachment of the vertebrae. Of these four ventrally situated foramina, the first two are wider, penetrating inside to the sacral canal. Body of the sacrum oval, anteriorly slightly concave and protruding in front of the wings. Caudal vertebrae. Preserved are only six original caudals, but on the mounted skeleton there are 21. The first, those after the sacrum, resemble the last lumbars, but their processes are gradually decreasing in size. In the first, a chanal is still present, which grad- Table 7 Lumbars Table 8 Sacrum № Dimensions mm 1. Total length 315.0 2. Width at the wings 405.0 3. Anterior width of the corpus (at first fused vertebra) 180.0 4. Posterior width of the corpus (at third fused vertebra) 140.0 5. Anterior height of the corpus (at first fused vertebra) 118.0 6. Posterior height of the corpus (at third fused vertebra) 50.0 7. Height of processus spinosus 155.0 8. Anterior width of canalis sacralis (at first fused vertebra) 162.0 9. Posterior height of canalis sacralis (at third fused vertebra) 64.0 Table 9 Caudal vertebrae – vert. coccigiae ually disappears. The body of the caudals is elongated, narrow and convex on both sides. Comparison. Many of the vertebrae in the skeletons we compare our materials with are reconstructed which makes the comparison difficult. Nevertheless, one can see that in our specimen the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae are weaker. These processes are strong and high in all known skeletons. A difference in D. thraceiensis sp. n. is the large tetragonal widening of the tip of this process on the second thoracic. There are no other visible differences. The number of the vertebrae (mainly of the thoracics and the caudals) varies. In fact their number is unknown. As far as we know, there are no finds of a whole tail. Ribs (costae). Fragments of seven pairs of ribs were found. As far as the fifteenth vertebra lacks fovea costalis, the ribs must have been 14. First rib is wide and thick. One half of caput costae articulating with the last cervical is oval, the other half – smaller and spherical. Caput costae of the second vertebra has the same structure but its neck is narrow and short. Its body is wide and flat. The third rib is narrower, № Dimensions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Diameter of corpus vertebrae 178.0 177.0 176.0 174.0 172.0 170.0 168.0 165.0 162.0 160.0 2. Thickness of corpus vertebrae 93.7 95.0 97.0 97.5 98.0 100.0 100.0 98.0 96.0 94.0 3. Length at proc. transversus 274.0 269.0 264.0 258.0 250.0 240.0 240.0 242.0 243.0 245.0 4. Length of proc. spinosus 282.7 280.5 277.8 275.5 273.0 270.0 268.0 266.5 262.0 258.0 5. Length of proc. transversus 82.0 77.0 73.0 69.8 66.5 62.0 63.0 63.0 64.5 66.0 6. Length of foramen vertebrae 64.0 75.0 81.0 90.0 102.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 7. Width of foramen vertebrae 58.5 60.0 61.0 59.5 60.0 60.0 61.0 61.5 62.0 63.0 № Dimensions, mm 1 2 3 5 7 8 1. Height of the vertebra 180 175 155 150 130 130 2. Width of the vertebra 290 240 180 190 190 190 3. Diameter of corpus vertebrae 110 109 109 100 100 100 4. Thickness of corpus vertebrae 106 104 94 85 90 90 5. Height of processus spinosus 100 90 - - - - 6. Vertical diameter of foram. vertebrae 60 60 60 40 - - 7. Horizontal diameter of foram. vertebrae 100 100 60 50 - - 29
Page 1 and 2: GEOLOGICA BALCANICA, 35. 3—4. Sof
Page 3 and 4: Fig. 1. Distribution of genus Deino
Page 5 and 6: PLATE I PLATE II PLATE III PLATE IV
Page 7 and 8: PLATE VII PLATE VIII PLATE IX
Page 9 and 10: PLATE XIV PLATE XV PLATE XVI PLATE
Page 11 and 12: PLATE XXIII PLATE XXIV
Page 13 and 14: 10 Fig. 3. Position of the locality
Page 15 and 16: 12 Fig. 5. Deinotherium thraceiensi
Page 17 and 18: Ear area. (Fig. 5 A, C or. r and Pl
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 6. Deinotherium levius Jourdan
Page 21 and 22: 16 Table 2 A Upper cheek-teeth D. g
Page 23 and 24: Fig. 6. Deinotherium levius Jourdan
Page 25 and 26: 20 Table 3 Mandibles - mandibulae D
Page 27 and 28: 22 Table 4 A Lower cheek teeth D. g
Page 29 and 30: PLATE VII Deinotherium thraceiensis
Page 31 and 32: PLATE X PLATE XI PLATE XII PLATE XI
Page 33 and 34: PLATE XVIII PLATE XXI PLATE XX PLAT
Page 35 and 36: PLATE XVI Deinotherium thraceiensis
Page 37: Fig. 9. Comparison of deinothere ma
Page 41 and 42: also with a short and narrow neck a
Page 43 and 44: Table 15 Carpals - carpus sin et de
Page 45 and 46: Table 17 Bones of the digits - fore
Page 47 and 48: Table 22 Tarsals - tarsus sin et de
Page 49 and 50: 6. Eye socket differentiated and la

Deinotherium thraceiensis sp. nov. from the Miocene near Ezerovo ...

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