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34 HPFP: Recent Advances in Insects and Other Arthropods Vol. 1 Tojo et al. Table 1: Arylphorin found in lepidopteran species Species (common name) Hyalophora cecropia (Cecropia moth) Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) Bombyx mori (silkworm) Spodoptera litura (common cutworm) Lymantria disper (gypsy moth) Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) Corcyra cephalonica (rice moth) Omphisa fuscidentalis (bamboo borer) Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) Chilo suppressalis (rice stem borer) Antheraea pernyi Protein Abbreviation of protein cited in Fig. 1 Reference for purified protein Accession No. [reference] Arylphorin Hce-Aryl [9] AF032396 [10] Arylphorin Mse-Aryl [11] M28395 [12] SP-2 Mmo-Aryl [13] AH000966 [14] SL-3 Sli-Aryl [17] AJ249471 [18] Mol. % of methionine Mol. % of aromatic amino acids Appearance and/or expression during larval stage [reference] 1.5 18.8 4, 5, and 6 (last) instars [9] 2.1 19.7 2, 3, 4, and 5 (last) instars [11] 3.8 16.9 Throughout instars [15] [16] 2.2 17.6 5 and 6 (last) instar [19] Arylphorin [20] No record 1.4 15.6 Throughout instars [20] LHP76K Gme-Aryl [21] M73793 [22] CcHex2 Cce-Aryl [23] AAG44960 [23] OfSP-1 Ofu-Aryl [24] EF429084 [24] Pxy Arylphorin CsSP-2 Pxy-Aryl AB253735 [25] Csu-Aryl AB248058 [26] 2.2 17.7 Throughout instars [21] [74] 1.7 2.1 17.9 2, 3, 4, and 5 (last) instars [23] 17.7 3, 4, and 5 (last) instars [24] 2.2 17.2 NC 1 3.0 18.3 NC Arylphorin Ape-Aryl AY278025 1.7 17.9 NC Samia cyntia ricini SP-2 Scy-Aryl BAF42699 Pieris rapae (common white) 1 NC: non-checked. Arylphorin Pra-Aryl EU661547 [27] 1.4 19.6 NC 1.4 16.9 NC Riboflavin-Binding Hexamerin A fourth type of hexamerin is riboflavin-binding hexamerin (RbH), first found in H. cecropia [10], and also in the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens [61, 62]. The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) of aligned nucleotide sequences of the hexamerins in Lepidoptera, as listed in Tables 1 and 2 indicates that arylphorins of 12 species can be grouped together in the same branch. The tree further indicates that methionine-rich hexamerins are derived from the other branch, and subdivided into hexamerins with methionine content of 5.8 - 12 mol % (highly methionine rich hexamerins) from 12 species and to those with methionine content of 3.4 - 5.4 mol % (moderately methionine-rich hexamerins) from 10 species. RbH of H. cecropia [10] is grouped in a branch, which is regarded as having originated
62 Hemolymph Proteins and Functional Peptides: Recent Advances in Insects and Other Arthropods Vol. 1, 2012, 62-77 Immune Response of Insects and Crustaceans Akira Goto 1,2 and Shoichiro Kurata 1,* Muhammad Tufail and Makio Takeda (Eds) All rights reserved-© 2012 Bentham Science Publishers CHAPTER 4 1 2 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University and Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan Abstract: Innate immune systems, which are essential for all metazoans, provide the first-line of defense against pathogens and comprise mainly humoral and cellular immune responses. Over the last two decades, genetic studies from a model insect, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, have significantly contributed to elucidate the complex molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of humoral innate immune responses from pathogen recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), infection-induced nuclear factor (NF)-B intracellular activation, and to the subsequent induction of hundreds of effector genes, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In addition, many biochemical studies in Drosophila as well as in other arthropods such as the horseshoe crab recently uncovered the detailed molecular mechanisms of hemocyte-mediated immune responses, such as hemolymph coagulation or melanization, which have led us to reconsider the importance of cellular immune responses. This review describes recent progress towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of these innate immune responses mainly from studies of Drosophila, horseshoe crab, or other arthropods, and discusses the fundamental similarities and differences from mammalian innate immune systems. Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly, horseshoe crab, innate immunity, peptidoglycan recognition, PGRP, Toll, imd, antimicrobial peptides. INTRODUCTION Arthropods are the most diverse animal species on earth. More than 75% of all animal species are arthropods, and they therefore represent the largest group of invertebrates. Insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and horseshoe crabs are all classified as arthropods. Among the more than 1.3 million different kinds of invertebrates with various evolution histories, body pattern developments, and ecological niches, arthropods are a highly successful species. One of the main reasons for their success is undoubtedly their efficient innate immune systems. The innate immune system involves germline-encoded factors that recognize and eliminate invading pathogens, and comprises three major steps; 1) Recognition of pathogens or non-self, 2) Signal amplification and activation of the signaling pathways, 3) Induction of effector gene expression. Pathogen recognition is mediated by a number of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize the conserved molecular signatures of pathogens, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [1-3]. Representative PAMPs include lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-positive bacteria, peptidoglycans and lipoproteins from many bacterial cell walls, glucan from fungal cell walls, double-stranded RNA from many viruses, etc. PRRs are broadly categorized into three functional receptors: signaling PRRs transduce the infection signal and activate evolutionarily conserved innate immune signaling pathways. Phagocytic PRRs are expressed on the cell surface and are involved in pathogen uptake. Secreted PRRs are surveillance receptors that detect pathogens and activate complement systems, such as opsonization [4]. Upon detection of PAMPs by PRRs, signals are transduced into host cells where they trigger the expression of numerous effector genes. Due to well-established powerful genetic and RNA interference (RNAi) technologies and the high evolutionarily conserved mammalian innate immune systems, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an *Address correspondence to Shoichiro Kurata: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan; Tel: 81-22-795-5916; Fax: +81-22-795-6802; Email: kurata@mail.pharm.tohoku.ac.jp
Page 2 and 3: Hemolymph Proteins and Functional P
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS Foreword i Preface ii List
Page 6 and 7: ii PREFACE The aim of this eBook
Page 8 and 9: iv Giancarlo Lopez-Martinez Departm
Page 12 and 13: Hemolymph Lipoproteins: Role in Ins
Page 14 and 15: Adipokinetic Hormones and Their Rol
Page 16 and 17: 32 Hemolymph Proteins and Functiona
Page 20 and 21: Immune Response of Insects and Crus
Page 22 and 23: 78 Hemolymph Proteins and Functiona
Page 24 and 25: 80 HPFP: Recent Advances in Insects
Page 26 and 27: Structures and Functions of Insect
Page 30 and 31: Neurohormones and Second Messengers
Page 32 and 33: Role of Conventional and Unconventi
Page 36 and 37: Insulin-Related Peptides in Insects
Page 38 and 39: ENF Peptides HPFP: Recent Advances

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