Geophilomorph centipedes and the littoral habitat - Books and ...

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26 A.D. Barber / Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4 (2011) 17–39 weather induced local migration can sometimes make it surprisingly diffi cult to fi nd littoral species in apparently suitable sites. Categories of halophiles Th ere are clearly and distinctly recognised halophilic species such as the European Hydroschendyla submarina which are only found on shores below or around high water line and which will be likely to experience submersion at high tide but species found on the shore may also include typical “terrestrial” ones that happen also to occur sometimes on the shore during chance foraging but are not specifi cally associated with it and this could include a very wide range of types. Th ere are also species that do commonly occur on the shore and are characteristically found there but also occur inland such as Pachymerium ferrugineum widespread across Europe and elsewhere but regularly found in beach shingle or other littoral sites e.g. in Finland (Palmén, 1949 ). Silvestri ( 1903 ) distinguished these three categories as miriopodi halofi li genuini , miriopodi halofi li accidentali and miriopodi halofi li indiff erenti and these remain useful concepts. Unfortunately there are many species described which, one suspects, could be littoral but lack detailed habitat data. Th ere are others where there are so few records, possibly only a single one so that it is impossible to which of Silvestri’s categories the apparently littoral species might be allocated. Th ere are also animals which appear to be genuine halophiles in one region but have been found inland elsewhere. Examples of the latter include Schendyla peyerimhoffi and Schendyla monodi (Brölemann, 1924), both apparently exclusively halophilic in NW Europe but which have been recorded inland in Iberia. Th e range of species and their known geographical distribution Littoral geophilomorphs, whether genuini , indiff erent i or possibly accidentali have been described from many seashores, sometimes only once but there are areas of the world such as much of Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and the Atlantic coast of North America which are poor in known species, possibly due to lack of collection and identifi cation from suitable sites or lack of suitable habitats. Th e present list ( Tables 1, 2a, and 2b ) is based on the literature, mostly as summarised with the relevant references in a previous paper by the present author (Barber, 2009a ) where are also listed other possible littoral species for which there is inadequate habitat data. In the tables the probable status is indicated on the basis of known ecological data (G = genuini , I = indiff erenti , R = littoral in one region, inland in another) but it is quite possible that some of the myriopodi halofi li genuini may turn out to be indiff erenti or even accidentali . It is also possible that not all species names are valid either because of synonymy or lack of clarity as to whether the name is being correctly applied. In an example of the latter, Chamberlin ( 1909 ) described a new species Pectiniunguis heathi (now known as Nyctunguis heathi ) as up to 22mm and from a shell mound near Cypress Point, Montery County, California without actually indicating whether this was a shoreline site.
A.D. Barber / Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4 (2011) 17–39 27 Table 2a. Littoral geophilomorph species and their recorded distribution: Families Mecistocephalidae, Schendylidae, Ballophilidae, Linotaeniidae, Dignathodontidae, and Aphilodontidae. Based on data in Barber, 2009a. FAMILY and Species Distribution Status Note MECISTOCEPHALIDAE Mecistocephalus manazuensis Shinohara, 1961 Japan ? I 1 Mecistocephalus satumensis Takano, 1980 SCHENDYLIDAE Japan G Hydroschendyla submarina Grube, 1872 Mediterranean, N.Atlantic (Scandinavia–N.Africa), Bermuda G Nyctunguis heathi (Chamberlin, 1909 ) California ?G 2 Pectiniunguis albermarlensis Chamberlin, 1914 Galápagos Islands I Pectiniunguis americanus Bollman, 1889 Gulf of California ?I Pectiniunguis amphibius Chamberlin, 1923 Gulf of California, Florida, Mexico G Pectiniunguis bollmani Pereira et al, 1999 Venezuela G Pectiniunguis halirrhytus Crabil, 1959 Florida, Mexico G Pectiniunguis krausi Shear and Peck, 1992 Galápagos Islands I Schendyla monodi (Brölemann, 1924) France Inland in Spain R 3 Schendyla peyerimhoffi (Brölemann and Great Britain, Ireland, France R Ribaut, 1911) Inland in Portugal, Algeria Schendylops virgingordae Crabill, 1960 Virgin Gorda, Martinique, Venezuela G Th indyla littoralis (Kraus, 1954) BALLOPHILIDAE Peru G Ballophilus riveroi Chamberlin, 1950 Tortola (W.I.) ?I 4 Caritohallex minirrhopus Crabill, 1960 LINOTAENIIDAE Tortola (W.I.) G Strigamia maritima (Leach, 1817 ) Scandinavia – N. France Great Britain and Ireland G Strigamia japonica (Verhoeff , 1935 ) DIGNATHODONTIDAE Japan G Henia bicarinata (Meinert, 1870) APHILODONTIDAE Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Canary Islands I Aphilodon maritimus (Lawrence, 1963) South Africa ?G 5 Status: G = genuini , I = indiff erenti , R = littoral in one region, inland in another. Notes: 1. May be synonymous with M. nannocornis Chamberlin, 1920, most records of which are non-coastal (Uliana et al., 2007 ). 2. See comment about this species. 3. May be synonymous with S. viridis (Verhoeff , 1951). 4. Male agreeing with this description collected at same time by same method as C. minirrhopus. 5. Included on basis of name and location but not specifi cally identifi ed as littoral.
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