Geophilomorph centipedes and the littoral habitat - Books and ...

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28 A.D. Barber / Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4 (2011) 17–39 Table 2b. Littoral geophilomorph species and their recorded distribution: Family Geophilidae. Based on data in Barber, 2009a and named sources. Species Distribution Status Note Erithophilus neopus Cook, 1889 Florida ?I 1 Geophilus admarinus Chamberlin, 1952 Alaska G Geophilus algarum Brölemann, 1909 France (north and west coasts) G 2 Geophilus becki Chamberlin, 1951 California G Geophilus fl avus (De Geer, 1778) Widespread in Europe, Newfoundland, North America I Geophilus fucorum Brolemann, 1909 Mediterranean G 2 Geophilus proximus C.L. Koch, 1847 Central and Northern Europe Fennoscandia, White Sea 3 Geophilus pusillifrater Verhoeff , 1898 Great Britain, Ireland, Brittany Inland in Herzegovina R 4 Geophilus seurati Brölemann, 1924 Great Britain, Ireland, Brittany G 2, 5 (= G. gracilis Meinert, 1898) Mediterranean (North Africa), USA Geophilus terranovae Palmén, 1954 Newfoundland 6 Lionyx hedgepethi Chamberlin, 1960 California G Maoriella ecdema Crabill, 1964 Chatham Island (New Zealand) ?G 7 Mixophilus indicus (Silvestri, 1929 ) India G Pachymerium ferrugineum Europe, North Africa, Taiwan, I 8 (C.L.Koch, 1835) Hawai’i, Japan, North America, etc. Polycricus bredini (Crabill, 1960 ) Tortola (West Indies) ?G 9 Tretecthus uliginosus (von Porat, 1894) Cameroun G Tuoba ashmoleorum (Lewis, 1996 ) Ascension Island ?G Tuoba japonicus (Fahlander, 1934) Japan G Tuoba kozuensis Takakuwa, 1934 Japan G Tuoba laticeps Pocock, 1901 Australia (Western Australia, Tasmania) G Tuoba littoralis (Takakuwa, 1934) Japan G Tuoba pallida Jones, 1998 Western Australia G Tuoba posedonis (Verhoeff , 1901) Mediterranean, Dead Sea, Red Sea G Tuoba sudanensis (Lewis, 1963) Sudan G Tuoba sydneyensis (Pocock, 1891) Australia, New Caledonia, New Britain, G / I 10 Solomon Islands, Hawai’i Tuoba tiosanus Takakuwa, 1934 Japan, Micronesia ?G Tuoba xylophaga (Attems, 1903) New Zealand G Status: G = genuini , I = indiff erenti , R = littoral in one region, inland in another. Notes: 1. Included on advice of L. A. Pereira. 2. See comment about these species. 3. Littoral in Fennoscandia (Palmén, 1949 ), White Sea (along with P. ferrugineum ; Prziboro, 1994 and pers. comm.). 4. Described originally from inland site in Herzegovina. 5. Th ere is a record of Geophilus gracilis from New Haven, Connecticut (Harger, 1872 ). 6. A number of seashore records, mostly or entirely above high water mark (Palmén, 1954 ). 7. Under stones, high water mark (Crabill, 1964 ). 8. Pachymerium idium Chamberlin, 1960 was taken in a rock fi ssure kept moist by spray but not covered by high tide, California (Chamberlin, 1960 ). 9. Berlese sifting of beach drift. 10. Occurs up to 950m in Hawai’i.
A.D. Barber / Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4 (2011) 17–39 29 Evans ( 1980 ) in an accounts of littoral arthropods from California describes this species as occurring “in crevices and on the surfaces of rocks at night during low tide” and up to 45 mm long and in a similar record of its occurrence on the shore by Ricketts et al ( 1985 ) it is described as “common”. A photograph in the book Living Invertebrates (Pearse et al, 1987 ) shows a 50 mm specimen identifi ed as N. heathi . In relation to this, Hoff man and Carlton ( 2007 ) commented that “Th e identifi cation of any schendylid should be approached with caution however and the identity of Chamberlin’s species with intertidal centipedes may bear re-examination”. In the case of Geophilus fucorum Brölemann, 1909, Geophilus seurati Brölemann, 1924 (= Geophilus fucorum seurati Brölemann, 1924, also known as G. gracilis Meinert, 1898), Geophilus algarum Brölemann, 1909, and G. algarum decipiens Brölemann, 1930 , there are issues relating to taxonomy / nomenclature and to variability within and this group (Lewis, 1962 ) and examination of further specimens from both the British and French coasts would be helpful. Orphnaeus brevilabiatus (Newport, 1845) (Family Oryidae) is included in a list of littoral species by Roth and Brown ( 1976 ) who quote Crabill (pers.comm.) describing it as being found in “cocoon-like structures” on twigs fl oating or awash on beaches. It is a species widespread in the tropics and if this is the case then this might be a way in which it is dispersed and it might be considered an indiff erent halophile. Stigmatogaster subterranea (Family Himantariidae) a north-west and central European terrestrial and often synanthropic species has sometimes been found on the upper shore in company with Strigamia maritima or Geophilus seurati on the western coast of Great Britain (personal observations) ( Figure 3 ). Th is is despite the fact that it has a low survival time in seawater (Binyon and Lewis, 1963 ). Hydroschendyla submarina occurs on the eastern Atlantic coast from Scandinavia to North Africa in crevices at or below high water mark and in the Mediterranean (France, Greece, Italy and North Africa) from where it is recorded under stranded remains of Posidonia and near salt marshes. It is also known from Bermuda in crevices in the upper intertidal and low supra-littoral. Lewis ( 1962 , 1981 ) contrasted its behaviour with that of Strigamia maritima and also showed that, having eggs impermeable to sea water allowed both moulting and egg laying in the littoral zone. Strigamia maritima is recorded from the coasts of Scandinavia, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Britain, Ireland and northern France. Bergesen et al. (2006) recorded it for the fi rst time for North Norway (under stones in the supralittoral amongst isopods, Porcellio scaber ) whilst Horneland and Meidell ( 1986 ) were able to collect “several thousands of specimens” from an island north of Bergen. It is often extremely abundant in favourable situations with large numbers under individual stones, a situation that seems to be paralleled by Geophilus becki according to Habermann (1982). Habitats for S.maritima include shingle, under rocks and stones and in rock crevices. Th e life history and ecology of this species was studied by Lewis (1960, 1961 ) who related its behaviour and its tolerance of seawater at diff erent stages of its life history to it being a mobile species, concentrating in areas that are climatically favourable and have a good food supply and to its breeding season and its ability to migrate up and down beaches.
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