Station blackout at Browns Ferry Unit One - Oak Ridge National ...
Station blackout at Browns Ferry Unit One - Oak Ridge National ...
Station blackout at Browns Ferry Unit One - Oak Ridge National ...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
ond<br />
0/JJ< H'DGE NATIONAL LABORATORY LIBRARY<br />
3 4i45b DDSllflfi 4 NUREG/CR-2182<br />
(ORNL/NUREG/TM-455/V1)<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong><br />
<strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> <strong>One</strong>—Accident<br />
Sequence Analysis<br />
D. H. Cook S. R. Greene<br />
R. M. Harrington S. A. Hodge<br />
D. D. Yue<br />
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY<br />
CENTRAL RESEARCH LIBRARY<br />
CIRCULATION SECTION<br />
4500N ROOM 175<br />
LIBRARY LOAN COP<br />
DO NOT TRANSFER TO ANOTHER PERSON<br />
If you wish someone else to see this<br />
report, send in name with report and<br />
the library will arrange a loan.<br />
Prepared for the U.S. Nuclear Regul<strong>at</strong>ory Commission<br />
Office of Nuclear Regul<strong>at</strong>ory Research<br />
Under Interagency Agreements DOE 40-551-75 and 40-552-75
Printed in the <strong>Unit</strong>ed St<strong>at</strong>es of America. Available from<br />
N<strong>at</strong>ional Technical Inform<strong>at</strong>ion Service<br />
U.S. Department of Commerce<br />
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161<br />
Available from<br />
GPO Sales Program<br />
Division of Technical Inform<strong>at</strong>ion and Document Control<br />
U.S. Nuclear Regul<strong>at</strong>ory Commission<br />
Washington, D.C. 20555<br />
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the<br />
<strong>Unit</strong>edSt<strong>at</strong>es Government. Neitherthe<strong>Unit</strong>edSt<strong>at</strong>esGovemment noranyagency<br />
thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty,express or implied,or<br />
assumes any legal liability or resoonsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or<br />
usefulness of any inform<strong>at</strong>ion, appar<strong>at</strong>us, product, or process disclosed, or<br />
represents th<strong>at</strong> its use would not infringe priv<strong>at</strong>ely owned rights. Reference herein<br />
to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,<br />
manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its<br />
endorsement, recommend<strong>at</strong>ion, or favoring by the <strong>Unit</strong>ed St<strong>at</strong>es Government or<br />
any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not<br />
necessarily st<strong>at</strong>e or reflect those of the <strong>Unit</strong>ed St<strong>at</strong>es Government or any agency<br />
thereof.
Contract No. W-7405-eng-26<br />
Engineering Technology Division<br />
STATION BLACKOUT AT BROWNS FERRY UNIT ONE<br />
ACCIDENT SEQUENCE ANALYSIS<br />
D. H. Cook S. R. Greene<br />
R. M. Harrington S. A. Hodge<br />
D. D. Yue<br />
Manuscript Completed — October 6, 1981<br />
D<strong>at</strong>e Published — November 1981<br />
NUREG/CR-2182, Vol. I<br />
ORNL/NUREG/TM-455/VI<br />
Dist. C<strong>at</strong>egory RX, IS<br />
Notice: This document contains inform<strong>at</strong>ion of a preliminary<br />
n<strong>at</strong>ure. It is subject to revision or correction and therefore<br />
does not represent a final report.<br />
Prepared for the<br />
U. S. Nuclear Regul<strong>at</strong>ory Commission<br />
Office of Nuclear Regul<strong>at</strong>ory Research<br />
Under Interagency Agreements DOE 40-551-75 and 40-552-75<br />
NRC FIN No. B0452<br />
Prepared by the<br />
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY<br />
<strong>Oak</strong> <strong>Ridge</strong>, Tennessee 37830<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ed by<br />
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION<br />
for the<br />
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY<br />
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY LIBRARY<br />
3 445b DDEllfifl 4
XXI<br />
CONTENTS<br />
SUMMARY v<br />
ABSTRACT 1<br />
1. INTRODUCTION 1<br />
2. DESCRIPTION OF STATION BLACKOUT 5<br />
3. NORMAL RECOVERY 7<br />
4. COMPUTER MODEL FOR SYSTEM BEHAVIOR PRIOR TO LOSS OF<br />
INJECTION CAPABILITY 17<br />
5. INSTRUMENTATION AVAILABLE DURING STATION BLACKOUT AND<br />
NORMAL RECOVERY 30<br />
6. OPERATOR ACTIONS DURING STATION BLACKOUT AND NORMAL<br />
RECOVERY 33<br />
7. COMPUTER PREDICTION OF THERMAL-HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS FOR<br />
NORMAL RECOVERY 36<br />
7.1 Introduction 36<br />
7.2 Conclusions 36<br />
7.2.1 Normal recovery — conclusions 36<br />
7.2.2 Loss of 250 vdc — conclusions 37<br />
7.3 Normal Recovery 37<br />
7.3.1 Normal recovery — assumptions 37<br />
7.3.2 Normal recovery — results 38<br />
7.4 Loss of 250 vdc B<strong>at</strong>teries 50<br />
7.4.1 Loss of 250 vdc b<strong>at</strong>teries —assumptions 50<br />
7.4.2 Loss of 250 vdc b<strong>at</strong>teries — results 50<br />
8. FAILURES LEADING TO A SEVERE ACCIDENT 59<br />
8.1 Induced Failure of the HPCI and RCIC Systems 62<br />
8.2 Stuck-Open Relief Valve 65<br />
8.3 Loss of 250-Volt DC Power 68<br />
9. ACCIDENT SEQUENCES RESULTING IN CORE MELTDOWN 71<br />
9.1 Introduction 71<br />
9.2 Accident Phenomenology 71<br />
9.2.1 Accident progression resulting in core<br />
melt 71<br />
9.2.2 Containment failure modes 72<br />
9.3 Event Trees 74<br />
9.3.1 Event trees for accident sequences resulting<br />
in core melt 74<br />
9.3.2 Core damage event tree 74<br />
9.3.3 Containment event tree 74<br />
9.4 Accident Sequences 78<br />
9.4.1 MARCH computer code 78<br />
9.4.2 Accident progression sign<strong>at</strong>ures 78<br />
9.5 Containment Responses 123<br />
9.5.1 Drywell responses 123<br />
9.5.2 Wetwe 11 responses 149<br />
10. PLANT STATE RECOGNITION AND OPERATOR MITIGATING<br />
ACTION 161<br />
10.1 Introduction 161<br />
10.2 Plant St<strong>at</strong>e Recognition 161<br />
Page
10.3 Oper<strong>at</strong>or Key Action Event Tree<br />
10.4 Oper<strong>at</strong>or Mitig<strong>at</strong>ing Actions<br />
11. INSTRUMENTATION AVAILABLE FOLLOWING LOSS OF 250 VOLT<br />
DC POWER<br />
12. IMPLICATIONS OF RESULTS<br />
12.1 Instrument<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
12.2 Oper<strong>at</strong>or Preparedness<br />
12.3 System Design<br />
13. REFERENCES<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<br />
APPENDIX A. Computer Code used for Normal Recovery<br />
XV<br />
APPENDIX B. Modific<strong>at</strong>ions to the March Code<br />
APPENDIX C. March Code Input (TB')<br />
APPENDIX D. Pressure Suppression Pool Model<br />
D.l Introduction<br />
D.2 Purpose and Scope<br />
D.3 Description of the System<br />
D.4 Identific<strong>at</strong>ion of the Phenomena<br />
D.5 Pool Modeling Consider<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
APPENDIX E. A Compendium of Inform<strong>at</strong>ion Concerning the<br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> 1 High-Pressure Cooling<br />
Injection System<br />
E.l Purpose<br />
E.2 System Description<br />
E.3 HPCI Pump Suction<br />
E.4 System Initi<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
E.5 Turbine Trips<br />
E.6 System Isol<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
E.7 Technical Specific<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
APPENDIX F. A Compendium of Inform<strong>at</strong>ion Concerning the<br />
<strong>Unit</strong> 1 Reactor Core Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Cooling System<br />
F.l Purpose<br />
F.2 System Description<br />
F.3 RCIC Pump Suction<br />
F.4 System Initi<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
F.5 Turbine Trips<br />
F.6 System Isol<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
F.7 Technical Specific<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
APPENDIX G. Effect of TVA-Estim<strong>at</strong>ed Seven Hour B<strong>at</strong>tery<br />
Life on Normal Recovery Calcul<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
Page<br />
163<br />
163<br />
165<br />
167<br />
167<br />
170<br />
172<br />
173<br />
177<br />
179<br />
197<br />
199<br />
205<br />
205<br />
205<br />
206<br />
207<br />
211<br />
217<br />
217<br />
217<br />
219<br />
220<br />
221<br />
221<br />
222<br />
223<br />
223<br />
223<br />
225<br />
225<br />
226<br />
227<br />
228<br />
229
SUMMARY<br />
This study describes the predicted response of <strong>Unit</strong> 1 <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong><br />
<strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant to a hypothetical <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. This accident<br />
would be initi<strong>at</strong>ed by a loss of offsite power concurrent with a failure of<br />
all eight of the onsite diesel-gener<strong>at</strong>ors to start and load; the only re<br />
maining electrical power <strong>at</strong> this three-unit plant would be th<strong>at</strong> derived<br />
from the st<strong>at</strong>ion b<strong>at</strong>teries. It is assumed th<strong>at</strong> the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout occurs<br />
<strong>at</strong> a time when each of the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> units is oper<strong>at</strong>ing <strong>at</strong> 100% power<br />
so th<strong>at</strong> there is no opportunity for use of the b<strong>at</strong>teries for units 2 or 3<br />
in support of unit 1.<br />
The design basis for the 250 volt DC b<strong>at</strong>tery system <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong><br />
provides th<strong>at</strong> any two of the three unit b<strong>at</strong>teries can supply the electri<br />
cal power necessary for shutdown and cooldown of all three units for a<br />
period of 30 minutes with a design basis accident <strong>at</strong> any one of the units.<br />
It is further provided th<strong>at</strong> the system voltage <strong>at</strong> the end of the 30 minute<br />
period will not be less than 210 volts, and th<strong>at</strong> all DC equipment supplied<br />
by this system must be operable <strong>at</strong> potentials as low as 200 volts.<br />
It is clear th<strong>at</strong> the 250 volt system was not designed for the case of<br />
a prolonged <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, and the period of time during which the DC<br />
equipment powered by this system could remain oper<strong>at</strong>ional under these con<br />
ditions can only be estim<strong>at</strong>ed. It would certainly be significantly longer<br />
than 30 minutes since all three b<strong>at</strong>teries would be available, the equip<br />
ment is certified to be operable <strong>at</strong> 200 volts, and there would be no de<br />
sign basis accident. In response to AEC inquiry in 1971, during the pe<br />
riod of plant construction, TVA estim<strong>at</strong>ed th<strong>at</strong> the steam-driven High Pres<br />
sure Coolant Injection (HPCI) and Reactor Core Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Cooling (RCIC)<br />
systems, which use DC power for turbine control and valve oper<strong>at</strong>ion, could<br />
remain oper<strong>at</strong>ional for a period of four to six hours. A period of four<br />
hours has been assumed for this study.*<br />
Within 30 seconds following the inception of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, the<br />
reactor would have scrammed and the reactor vessel would be isol<strong>at</strong>ed be<br />
hind the closed main steam isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves (MSIV's). The initial phase<br />
of the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout extends from the time of reactor vessel isol<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
until the time <strong>at</strong> which the 250 volt DC system fails due to b<strong>at</strong>tery ex<br />
haustion. During this period, the oper<strong>at</strong>or would maintain reactor vessel<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er level in the normal oper<strong>at</strong>ing range by intermittent oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the<br />
RCIC system, with the HPCI system available as a backup. Each of these<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er-injection systems is normally aligned to pump w<strong>at</strong>er from the conden<br />
s<strong>at</strong>e storage tank into the reactor vessel via a feedw<strong>at</strong>er line.<br />
*It should be noted th<strong>at</strong> the events subsequent to failure of the 250<br />
volt DC system are rel<strong>at</strong>ively insensitive to the time <strong>at</strong> which this fail<br />
ure occurs. This is because the only parameter affecting the subsequent<br />
events which is dependent upon the time of failure is the slowly-varying<br />
decay he<strong>at</strong>.<br />
As part of a requested review of the results of this study, TVA per<br />
formed a b<strong>at</strong>tery capacity calcul<strong>at</strong>ion which shows th<strong>at</strong> the unit b<strong>at</strong>teries<br />
can be expected to last as long as seven hours under <strong>blackout</strong> conditions.<br />
In Appendix G, the effect of a b<strong>at</strong>tery lifetime of seven vice four hours<br />
upon study results is shown to be limited to timing.
vx<br />
The oper<strong>at</strong>or would also take action during the initial phase to con<br />
trol reactor vessel pressure by means of remote-manual oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the<br />
primary relief valves; sufficient stored control air would remain avail<br />
able to permit the desired remote-manual valve oper<strong>at</strong>ions for well over<br />
four hours. The Control Room instrument<strong>at</strong>ion necessary to monitor reactor<br />
vessel level and pressure and for oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the RCIC and HPCI systems<br />
would also remain available during this period.<br />
There is no Emergency Oper<strong>at</strong>ing Instruction for a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout <strong>at</strong><br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong>. However, the existing written procedure for oper<strong>at</strong>or action<br />
following reactor isol<strong>at</strong>ion behind closed MSIV's provides for the reactor<br />
vessel level control and pressure control described above. The primary<br />
relief valves would actu<strong>at</strong>e autom<strong>at</strong>ically to prevent vessel over pressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
if the oper<strong>at</strong>or did not act; the purpose of pressure control by<br />
remote-manual oper<strong>at</strong>ion is to reduce the total number of valve actu<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
by means of an increased pressure reduction per valve oper<strong>at</strong>ion and to<br />
permit the steam entering the pressure suppression pool to be passed by<br />
different relief valves in succession. This provides a more even spacial<br />
distribution of the transferred energy around the circumference of the<br />
pressure suppression pool.<br />
The initial phase of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout has been analyzed in this<br />
study by use of a rel<strong>at</strong>ively simple computer code developed specifically<br />
for this purpose. This coding uses the Continuous Systems Modeling Pro<br />
gram (CSMP) language of the IBM computer system to simul<strong>at</strong>e the response<br />
of <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> 1 to postul<strong>at</strong>ed oper<strong>at</strong>or actions. The analysis<br />
shows, because of the loss of the drywell coolers, th<strong>at</strong> it is necessary<br />
for the oper<strong>at</strong>or to begin to reduce the reactor vessel pressure to about<br />
0.791 MPa (100 psig) within one hour of the inception of the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout. This depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion reduces the temper<strong>at</strong>ure of the s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
fluid within the reactor vessel and thereby decreases the driving poten<br />
tial for he<strong>at</strong> transfer into the drywell, yet keeps the vessel pressure<br />
high enough for continued oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the RCIC system steam turbine.<br />
With this action, the drywell average ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure can be kept be<br />
low 149°C (300°F) throughout the initial phase of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout;<br />
tests have shown th<strong>at</strong> both the drywell structure and the equipment loc<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
therein can be expected to survive temper<strong>at</strong>ures of this magnitude.<br />
The analysis also reveals an important second reason for oper<strong>at</strong>or ac<br />
tion to depressurize the reactor vesel early in the initial phase of a<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. This depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion removes a gre<strong>at</strong> deal of steam and<br />
the associ<strong>at</strong>ed stored energy from the reactor vessel <strong>at</strong> a time when the<br />
RCIC system is available to inject replacement w<strong>at</strong>er from the condens<strong>at</strong>e<br />
storage tank and thereby maintain the reactor vessel level. Subsequently,<br />
when w<strong>at</strong>er injection capability is lost for any reason, remote-manual re<br />
lief valve oper<strong>at</strong>ion would be termin<strong>at</strong>ed and there would be no further<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er loss from the reactor vessel until the pressure has been restored to<br />
the setpoint [7.72 MPa (1105 psig)] for autom<strong>at</strong>ic relief valve actu<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
Because of the large amount of w<strong>at</strong>er to be rehe<strong>at</strong>ed and the reduced level<br />
of decay he<strong>at</strong>, this repressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion would require a significant period of<br />
time. In addition, the subsequent boiloff* would begin from a very high<br />
*The term "boiloff" is used to signify a monotonic decrease in re<br />
actor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level due to intermittent loss of fluid through the<br />
primary relief valves without replacement.
vxx<br />
vessel level because of the increase in the specific volume of the w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
as it is he<strong>at</strong>ed and repressurized. Thus, an early depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion will<br />
provide a significant period of valuable additional time for prepar<strong>at</strong>ive<br />
and possible corrective action before core uncovery after injection capa<br />
bility is lost.<br />
<strong>One</strong> design fe<strong>at</strong>ure of the HPCI system logic was brought into question<br />
by the analysis. The existing logic provides for the suction of the HPCI<br />
system pump to be autom<strong>at</strong>ically shifted from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank<br />
to the pressure suppression pool upon high sensed suppression pool level.<br />
During a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, this would occur after about three hours when<br />
the average suppression pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure has reached about 71°C (160°F).*<br />
Since the lubric<strong>at</strong>ing oil for the HPCI turbine Is cooled by the w<strong>at</strong>er be<br />
ing pumped, this would thre<strong>at</strong>en the viability of the HPCI system.<br />
The r<strong>at</strong>ionale for the autom<strong>at</strong>ic shift in HPCI pump suction on high<br />
sensed pool level is not explained in the liter<strong>at</strong>ure available to this<br />
study. There is no corresponding provision for a shift of the RCIC pump<br />
suction on high pool level, and a separ<strong>at</strong>e logic is provided for an auto<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ic shift of the HPCI pump suction should the supply of w<strong>at</strong>er from the<br />
condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank become exhausted. For these reasons, it is recom<br />
mended th<strong>at</strong> the desirabilty of the autom<strong>at</strong>ic shift of HPCI pump suction on<br />
high sensed suppression pool level be reexamined.<br />
The plant response during the initial phase of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout can<br />
be summarized as an open cycle. W<strong>at</strong>er would be pumped from the condens<strong>at</strong>e<br />
storage tank into the reactor vessel by the RCIC system as necessary to<br />
maintain level in the normal oper<strong>at</strong>ing range. The injected w<strong>at</strong>er would be<br />
he<strong>at</strong>ed by the reactor decay he<strong>at</strong> and subsequently passed to the pressure<br />
suppression pool as steam when the oper<strong>at</strong>or remote-manually opens the re<br />
lief valves as necessary to maintain the desired reactor vessel pressure.<br />
Stable reactor vessel level and pressure control is maintained during this<br />
period, but the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank is being depleted and both the<br />
level and temper<strong>at</strong>ure of the pressure suppression pool are increasing.<br />
However, without question, the limiting factor for continued removal of<br />
decay he<strong>at</strong> and the prevention of core uncovery is the available of DC<br />
power.<br />
The sequence of events used for the fission product release analysis<br />
for a prolonged <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout was established by this study under the<br />
assumption th<strong>at</strong> no independent secondary equipment failures would occur.<br />
Dependent secondary failures, i.e., those caused by the conditions of a<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, were included in the development of the sequence, but<br />
with the assumption th<strong>at</strong> the oper<strong>at</strong>or does take action to depressurize the<br />
reactor vessel and thereby prevent drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ures of the magnitude<br />
th<strong>at</strong> could severely damage the equipment therein. The point is important<br />
because the oper<strong>at</strong>or would probably be reluctant to depressurize; current<br />
training stresses concern for high suppression pool temper<strong>at</strong>ures (based on<br />
LOCA consider<strong>at</strong>ionst) and the oper<strong>at</strong>or would recognize th<strong>at</strong> suppression<br />
pool cooling is not available during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
*It is expected th<strong>at</strong> any accident sequence resulting in high sup<br />
pression pool level would also produce an associ<strong>at</strong>ed high pool tempera<br />
ture.<br />
Blackout.<br />
tThere is currently no written procedure for the case of <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong>
viii<br />
This study has established th<strong>at</strong> the possible dependent secondary<br />
failure of a stuck-open relief valve would not reduce the reactor vessel<br />
pressure below th<strong>at</strong> necessary for oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the RCIC steam turbine dur<br />
ing the period in which DC power would remain available. However, during<br />
this period all of the energy transferred to the pressure suppression pool<br />
would pass through the tailpipe of this one relief valve and would be con<br />
centr<strong>at</strong>ed near its terminus. This would reduce the steam-quenching capac<br />
ity of the pool to th<strong>at</strong> provided by the effective volume of w<strong>at</strong>er sur<br />
rounding this one tailpipe. Local boiling in this area would pass most of<br />
the relief valve discharge directly to the pool surface and could result<br />
in early containment failure by overpressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
The question of suppression pool effectiveness in quenching relief<br />
valve steam discharge in cases which involve highly localized energy<br />
transfer from the reactor vessel is important to a complete analysis of<br />
any severe accident in which the pressure suppression pool is used as a<br />
he<strong>at</strong> sink. This question has not been resolved, <strong>at</strong> least in the non-pro<br />
prietary liter<strong>at</strong>ure, and has been recently adopted as a dissert<strong>at</strong>ion topic<br />
for a University of Tennessee doctorial candid<strong>at</strong>e working with the Severe<br />
Accident Sequence Analysis (SASA) project. Pending the results of this<br />
work, pool-averaged temper<strong>at</strong>ures are used in this study.<br />
The MARCH code has been used in support of the analysis of the second<br />
phase of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, i.e., the period after the 250 volt DC system<br />
fails because of b<strong>at</strong>tery exhaustion. The existing versions of MARCH are<br />
too crude to permit modeling plant response to a series of postul<strong>at</strong>ed op<br />
er<strong>at</strong>or actions such as those previously discussed for the initial phase of<br />
a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. Therefore, in the event sequence modeled by the MARCH<br />
code, the reactor vessel remains pressurized with pressure control by<br />
autom<strong>at</strong>ic relief valve actu<strong>at</strong>ion and level control by autom<strong>at</strong>ic oper<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
of the HPCI system. As before, averaged suppression pool temper<strong>at</strong>ures are<br />
used, and it is assumed th<strong>at</strong> injection capability is lost after four<br />
hours, when the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery is exhausted.<br />
In the MARCH event sequence, the reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level is in the<br />
normal oper<strong>at</strong>ing range and the vessel is pressurized <strong>at</strong> the four-hour<br />
point when boiloff begins due to loss of injection capability.* The MARCH<br />
results predict core uncovery 62 minutes after the beginning of boiloff,<br />
followed by the inception of core melting 53 minutes l<strong>at</strong>er. The model<br />
provides th<strong>at</strong> the melted core slumps down to the bottom of the reactor<br />
vessel and this results in a predicted failure of the reactor vessel bot<br />
tom head <strong>at</strong> approxim<strong>at</strong>ely three hours after injection capability is lost.<br />
The subsequent breaching of the primary containment because of failure of<br />
the electrical penetr<strong>at</strong>ion modules by overtemper<strong>at</strong>ure is predicted <strong>at</strong><br />
about four and one-half hours after the inception of boiloff. The detailed<br />
*These conditions <strong>at</strong> the beginning of boiloff are similar to those<br />
predicted by the previously discussed sequence which models the plant re<br />
sponse to oper<strong>at</strong>or actions during the initial phase because in th<strong>at</strong> sequ<br />
ence, the reactor vessel would have to repressurize before boiloff could<br />
begin. The difference is in the timing. If injection capability were<br />
lost <strong>at</strong> the four-hour point, the boiloff would begin immedi<strong>at</strong>ely if the<br />
vessel is pressurized, but would be delayed if the vessel were depressur-<br />
ized.
ix<br />
thermo-hydraulic parameters needed for the analysis of fission product re<br />
lease from the fuel rods and the subsequent transport of fission products<br />
to the environment were taken from the MARCH results for this sequence.<br />
An estim<strong>at</strong>e of the magnitude and timing of the release of the noble<br />
gas, cesium, and iodine-based fission products to the environment is pro<br />
vided in Volume 2 of this study. Under the conditions of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Black<br />
out, fuel rod cladding failure would occur while the reactor vessel was<br />
pressurized. The distribution of both solid and gaseous fission products<br />
within the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> 1 core <strong>at</strong> the present time has been obtained<br />
through use of the 0RIGEN2 code; the results show th<strong>at</strong> internal gas pres<br />
sure under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout conditions could not increase to the magni<br />
tude necessary to cause cladding failure by rod burst. Accordingly, the<br />
cladding has been assumed to fail <strong>at</strong> a temper<strong>at</strong>ure of 1300°C.
STATION BLACKOUT AT BROWNS FERRY UNIT ONE -<br />
ACCIDENT SEQUENCE ANALYSIS<br />
D. H. Cook S. R. Greene<br />
R. M. Harrington S. A. Hodge<br />
D. D. Yue<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
This study describes the predicted response of <strong>Unit</strong> 1 <strong>at</strong><br />
the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant to <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, defined as<br />
a loss of offsite power combined with failure of all onsite<br />
emergency diesel-gener<strong>at</strong>ors to start and load. Every effort<br />
has been made to employ the most realistic assumptions during<br />
the process of defining the sequence of events for this hypo<br />
thetical accident. DC power is assumed to remain available<br />
from the unit b<strong>at</strong>teries during the initial phase and the oper<br />
<strong>at</strong>or actions and corresponding events during this period are<br />
described using results provided by an analysis code developed<br />
specifically for this purpose. The <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout is as<br />
sumed to persist beyond the point of b<strong>at</strong>tery exhaustion and<br />
the events during this second phase of the accident in which<br />
DC power would be unavailable were determined through use of<br />
the MARCH code. Without DC power, cooling w<strong>at</strong>er could no<br />
longer be injected into the reactor vessel and the events of<br />
the second phase include core meltdown and subsequent contain<br />
ment failure. An estim<strong>at</strong>e of the magnitude and timing of the<br />
concomitant release of the noble gas, cesium, and iodine-based<br />
fission products to the environment is provided in Volume 2 of<br />
this report.<br />
1. INTRODUCTION<br />
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) oper<strong>at</strong>es three nearly identical<br />
reactor units <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant loc<strong>at</strong>ed on the Tennessee<br />
River approxim<strong>at</strong>ely midway between Athens and Dec<strong>at</strong>ur, Alabama. The Gen<br />
eral Electric Company and the Tennessee Valley Authority jointly partici<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ed in the design; TVA performed the construction of each unit. <strong>Unit</strong> 1<br />
began commercial oper<strong>at</strong>ion in August 1974, <strong>Unit</strong> 2 in March 1975, and <strong>Unit</strong><br />
3 in March 1977.<br />
Each unit comprises a boiling w<strong>at</strong>er reactor steam supply system fur<br />
nished by the General Electric Company. Each reactor is designed for a<br />
power output of 3440 MWt, for a corresponding gener<strong>at</strong>ed 1152 MWe; the<br />
maximum power authorized by the oper<strong>at</strong>ing license is 3293 MWt, or 1067<br />
net MWe. The primary containments are of the Mark I pressure suppres<br />
sion pool type; the drywells are light bulb shape and both torus and drywell<br />
are of steel vessel construction. The three units share a reactor
uilding-secondary containment of the controlled leakage, elev<strong>at</strong>ed release<br />
type.<br />
Safety systems for each unit include a Reactor Protection System, a<br />
Standby Liquid Control System for Poison injection, and the Emergency Core<br />
Cooling Systems: High-Pressure Coolant Injection (HPCI), Autom<strong>at</strong>ic De<br />
pressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion (ADS), Residual He<strong>at</strong> Removal (RHR), and Core Spray (CS).<br />
The Reactor Core Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Cooling (RCIC) system is also provided for the<br />
removal of post-shutdown reactor decay he<strong>at</strong> as a consequence limiting sys<br />
tem.<br />
Several components and systems are shared by the three <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong><br />
units. A complete description of these shared fe<strong>at</strong>ures is given in the<br />
Final Safety Analysis Report;! the shared Safeguards systems and their<br />
supporting auxiliary equipment are listed in Table 1.1. With the assumption<br />
th<strong>at</strong> the interfaces with the other two units do not interfere with the op<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ion of any shared system as applied to the needs of the unit under<br />
study, the existence of the shared systems does not significantly compli<br />
c<strong>at</strong>e the analysis of an accident sequence <strong>at</strong> any one unit.<br />
The results of a study of the consequences <strong>at</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> 1 of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout (loss of all AC power) <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant are pre<br />
sented in this report. Section 2 provides a description of the event and<br />
discussion of the motiv<strong>at</strong>ion for consider<strong>at</strong>ion of this event. The normal<br />
recovery from a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout is described in Sect. 3, the computer<br />
model used for the normal recovery analysis is discussed in Sect. 4, and<br />
the instrument<strong>at</strong>ion available to the oper<strong>at</strong>or is described in Sect. 5.<br />
The actions which the oper<strong>at</strong>or should take to prolong the period of decay<br />
he<strong>at</strong> removal are discussed in Sect. 6, and computer predictions of the be<br />
havior of the thermal-hydraulics parameters during the period when a nor<br />
mal recovery is possible are displayed in Sect. 7.<br />
A Severe Accident by definition proceeds through core uncovery, core<br />
meltdown, and the release of fission products to the surrounding <strong>at</strong>mo<br />
sphere. The equipment failures which have the potential to extend a Sta<br />
tion Blackout into a Severe Accident are discussed in Sect. 8, and the<br />
Severe Accident sequences which would follow during a prolonged <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout are presented in Sect. 9. The consequences of each of these se<br />
quences after the core is uncovered differ only in the timing of events;<br />
the actions which might be taken by the oper<strong>at</strong>or to mitig<strong>at</strong>e the conse<br />
quences of the Severe Accident are discussed in Sect. 10. The instrumenta<br />
tion available following the loss of injection capability during the pe<br />
riod in which severe core damage occurs is described in Sect. 11.<br />
The conclusions of this <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout analysis and the implica<br />
tions of the results are discussed in Sect. 12. This includes considera<br />
tion of the available instrument<strong>at</strong>ion, the level of oper<strong>at</strong>or training, the<br />
existing emergency procedures, and the overall system design.<br />
Appendix A contains a listing of the computer program developed to<br />
model oper<strong>at</strong>or actions and the associ<strong>at</strong>ed system response during the per<br />
iod when normal recovery is possible. The MARCH code was used for analy<br />
ses of the severe accident sequences; the modific<strong>at</strong>ions made to this code<br />
are described in Appendix B and an input listing is provided in Appendix<br />
C.<br />
The pressure suppression pool is the key to the safe removal of decay<br />
he<strong>at</strong> from an isol<strong>at</strong>ed Boiling W<strong>at</strong>er Reactor, but no s<strong>at</strong>isfactory method
Table 1.1 Shared safeguards systems and their auxiliary support systems<br />
System Quantity Function<br />
Standby AC Power Supply System Four diesel gener<strong>at</strong>ors each cou<br />
pled as an altern<strong>at</strong>e source of<br />
power to four Independent shutdown<br />
boards for <strong>Unit</strong>s 1 and 2. Four<br />
additional dtesel gener<strong>at</strong>ors serve<br />
as altern<strong>at</strong>e power sources to four<br />
<strong>Unit</strong> 3 shutdown boards.<br />
250V DC Power Supply System Three b<strong>at</strong>teries, one per unit.<br />
The 250V DC power supplies for the<br />
DC-powered redundant services of<br />
each unit are normally derived<br />
from separ<strong>at</strong>e b<strong>at</strong>teries. A fourth<br />
b<strong>at</strong>tery is provided for common<br />
st<strong>at</strong>ion service.<br />
Control Rod Drive Hydraulic<br />
System<br />
Reactor Building Closed Cooling<br />
W<strong>at</strong>er System<br />
Gaseous Radwaste System<br />
A spare control rod drive hydrau<br />
lic pump Is shared between <strong>Unit</strong>s 1<br />
and 2.<br />
Two pumps and two he<strong>at</strong> exchangers<br />
per unit with one common spare<br />
pump and he<strong>at</strong> exchanger for all<br />
three units<br />
System is unitized except for a<br />
common discharge plenum, ducting,<br />
and the 600-ft stack<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Drainage System<br />
<strong>One</strong> common drain header Into which<br />
each of the three unit reactor<br />
Standby Coolant Supply System<br />
building floor drainage pumps dis<br />
charge<br />
Completely shared system<br />
RHR Service W<strong>at</strong>er System<br />
Emergency Equipment Cooling<br />
W<strong>at</strong>er System<br />
Standby Gas Tre<strong>at</strong>ment System<br />
Completely shared system<br />
Completely shared system<br />
Completely shared system used only<br />
when an abnormal activity release<br />
occurs<br />
Supply emergency power during loss of<br />
offsite power conditions<br />
Supply DC power when b<strong>at</strong>tery chargers<br />
are not functioning<br />
Provide driving force for normal rod<br />
movement<br />
Provide cooling w<strong>at</strong>er to reactor<br />
auxiliary equipment<br />
Obtain elev<strong>at</strong>ed discharge from the<br />
Standby Gas Tre<strong>at</strong>ment System<br />
Pass reactor building drainage to re<br />
ceiver tanks<br />
Provide means for core cooling fol<br />
lowing a complete failure of the Re<br />
sidual He<strong>at</strong> Removal (RHR) cooling<br />
complex<br />
Provide an assured he<strong>at</strong> sink for<br />
long-term removal of decay he<strong>at</strong> when<br />
the main condensers are not available<br />
for any reason<br />
Distribute raw cooling w<strong>at</strong>er to equip<br />
ment and auxiliary systems which are<br />
required for shutdown of all three<br />
units<br />
Filter and exhaust the air from a<br />
unit zone and the refueling zone, the<br />
refueling zone only, or the entire<br />
secondary containment<br />
for the analysis of the response of the torus and pool under severe acci<br />
dent conditions currently exists, <strong>at</strong> least in the non-proprietary litera<br />
ture. The n<strong>at</strong>ure of the problem and the measures being taken <strong>at</strong> ORNL to<br />
improve the analysis capability are discussed in Appendix D.<br />
In the event of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, the reactor vessel will be iso<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ed behind the closed Main Steam Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Valves (MSIVs) with pressure<br />
maintained by periodic blowdowns through the relief valves to the pressure<br />
suppression pool. Makeup w<strong>at</strong>er to maintain the reactor vessel level must<br />
be injected either by the High Pressure Coolant Injection (HPCI) or the<br />
Reactor Core Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Cooling (RCIC) systems. The oper<strong>at</strong>ion of these im<br />
portant systems is discussed in Appendices E and F.
As a portion of their review of the draft of this report, the Elec<br />
trical Engineering Branch <strong>at</strong> TVA performed a b<strong>at</strong>tery capacity calcul<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
which shows th<strong>at</strong> the unit b<strong>at</strong>teries <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> plant can be ex<br />
pected to provide power for as long as seven hours under st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong><br />
conditions. Since a b<strong>at</strong>tery life of four hours was assumed for the calcu<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ions of this work, a new Appendix G has been added in which all of the<br />
possible failure modes other than b<strong>at</strong>tery exhaustion th<strong>at</strong> were considered<br />
in Sections 3, 7, and 8 are re-examined for applicability to the period<br />
between four and seven hours after the inception of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
The magnitude and timing of the release of the fission product noble<br />
gases and various forms of iodine to the <strong>at</strong>mosphere are discussed in<br />
Volume 2. This includes the development of release r<strong>at</strong>e coefficients for<br />
the escape of these fission products from fuel as a function of tempera<br />
ture, specific<strong>at</strong>ion of the various chemical forms, determin<strong>at</strong>ion of the<br />
optimum str<strong>at</strong>egy for the modeling of precursor/daughter exchange, and the<br />
study of the particular auxiliary systems involved to determine the appli<br />
cable fission product release p<strong>at</strong>hways. These results are incorpor<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
into a vehicle for the calcul<strong>at</strong>ion of the transport of the individual fis<br />
sion products from the reactor core, through the primary and secondary<br />
containments to the <strong>at</strong>mosphere, control volume by control volume.<br />
The primary sources of inform<strong>at</strong>ion used in the prepar<strong>at</strong>ion of this<br />
report were the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant (BFNP) Final Safety Analysis<br />
Report (FSAR), the Nuclear Regul<strong>at</strong>ory Commission BWR Systems Manual, the<br />
BFNP Hot License Training Program Oper<strong>at</strong>or Training Manuals, the BFNP <strong>Unit</strong><br />
1 Technical Specific<strong>at</strong>ions, the BFNP Emergency Oper<strong>at</strong>ing Instructions, and<br />
various other specific drawings, documents, and manuals obtained from the<br />
Tennessee Valley Authority*. Additional inform<strong>at</strong>ion was g<strong>at</strong>hered by means<br />
of one visit to the BFNP and several visits to the TVA Power Oper<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
Training Center <strong>at</strong> Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee. The excellent cooper<strong>at</strong>ion and<br />
assistance of Tennessee Valley Authority personnel in the g<strong>at</strong>hering of in<br />
form<strong>at</strong>ion necessary to this study are gr<strong>at</strong>efully acknowledged.<br />
*The setpoints for autom<strong>at</strong>ic action used in this study are the<br />
safety limits as given in the FSAR. In many cases these differ slightly<br />
from the actual setpoints used for instrument adjustment <strong>at</strong> the BFNP be<br />
cause the instrument adjustment setpoints are established so as to provide<br />
margin for known instrument error.
2. DESCRIPTION OF STATION BLACKOUT<br />
A <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout is defined as the complete loss of AC electrical<br />
power to the essential and nonessential switchgear buses in a nuclear<br />
power plant.2 At the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant, a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout<br />
would be caused by a loss of offsite power concurrent with the tripping of<br />
the turbine gener<strong>at</strong>ors and a subsequent failure of all onsite diesel gen<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ors to start and load. After these events, the only remaining sources<br />
of electrical power would be the b<strong>at</strong>tery-supplied 250 volt, 48 volt, and<br />
24 volt DC electrical distribution systems; AC power would be limited to<br />
the instrument<strong>at</strong>ion and control circuits derived from the feedw<strong>at</strong>er in<br />
verter or the unit-preferred and plant-preferred motor- gener<strong>at</strong>or sets<br />
which are driven by the DC systems.<br />
The reliability of offsite power <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> has been excellent.<br />
There are two independent and separ<strong>at</strong>ed sources of 161 KV offsite power to<br />
the plant, each from a different nearby hydroelectric st<strong>at</strong>ion. In the<br />
near future, offsite power will become even more reliable. System modifi<br />
c<strong>at</strong>ions will permit any of the three reactor units <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong>, in the<br />
event of a gener<strong>at</strong>or trip, to receive reverse power from the TVA 500 KVA<br />
grid which these units normally feed.<br />
However, should all offsite power be lost together with the tripping<br />
of the turbine gener<strong>at</strong>ors, there remain eight diesel gener<strong>at</strong>ors <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong><br />
<strong>Ferry</strong> which are designed to autom<strong>at</strong>ically start and load whenever normal<br />
AC power is lost. By design, all equipment required for the safe shutdown<br />
and cooldown of the three <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> units can be powered by six* of<br />
these diesel units, even with the assumption of a design basis accident on<br />
any one unit.3<br />
Therefore, a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout is an extremely unlikely event. Never<br />
theless, the consequences of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout should be studied. It is<br />
important to recall th<strong>at</strong> one <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> unit suffered a loss of electri<br />
cal power to all of its emergency core-cooling systems during the March<br />
22, 1975 electrical cable tray fire.4* To determine if <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> and<br />
similar nuclear plants can recover from the loss of other combin<strong>at</strong>ions of<br />
AC powered machinery, it will prove most efficient to first consider the<br />
plant response to a loss of all AC powered equipment, as in a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout.<br />
This study considers the effect on <strong>Unit</strong> 1 <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> of a Sta<br />
tion Blackout which begins with a loss of offsite power, associ<strong>at</strong>ed tur<br />
bine gener<strong>at</strong>or trip, and failure of all diesels to start. Barring further<br />
equipment failures, the b<strong>at</strong>tery powered systems have the capability to<br />
supply the power necessary to oper<strong>at</strong>e the high-pressure w<strong>at</strong>er injection<br />
systems to maintain the reactor in a stable cooled st<strong>at</strong>e for several<br />
hours. The first seven sections of this report pertain to the methods<br />
which can be used to prolong this period of w<strong>at</strong>er injection capability and<br />
decay he<strong>at</strong> removal for as long as possible.<br />
*With oper<strong>at</strong>or action, any six diesel gener<strong>at</strong>ors would be s<strong>at</strong>isfac<br />
tory. However, for adequ<strong>at</strong>e short term shutdown and cooldown response<br />
without oper<strong>at</strong>or action, the six operable diesel gener<strong>at</strong>ors would have to<br />
comprise three of the four provided for the <strong>Unit</strong> 1/<strong>Unit</strong> 2 complex and<br />
three of the four provided for <strong>Unit</strong> 3.
However, injection capability would ultim<strong>at</strong>ely be lost during an ex<br />
tended <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, either through exhaustion of the installed b<strong>at</strong><br />
tery capacity or earlier, through secondary failures of vital equipment.<br />
Once injection capability is lost, the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout would become a<br />
Severe Accident with inevitable core uncovery. The remainder of this re<br />
port proceeds from an assumption th<strong>at</strong> the Blackout does develop into a<br />
Severe Accident, involving core meltdown and subsequent fission product<br />
release to the <strong>at</strong>mosphere.
cfl fi s rH CU > CJ >. 1-1 XI CU cu MH CO ^ cu CM CU cu u CU cu CD u Sh •H •H rH 3 •H cfl CD iH cfl > > CO O<br />
3 0 > M CU CJ CO CO O a CU > CO 3 > •H B CD 4-1 cu a. > 4-1 4-1 CU X X CU CD Ph a<br />
H o cu O cu iH u cu )-l > •H •H S-l M CO CU a* cu rH r-i o CU CO 4-1 a. cfl cfl cfl > u 4-1 Sh Sh 0) B cfl CU CU G Qh •H<br />
O w XI Sh XI O o XI cu o s 4H M XI CO cu Sh cu •fi C XI CO CU Sh U CU<br />
§ 3 U CM axi CO i-H XI CD rH 4-1 4-1 B 4-> 4-1<br />
H CO 60 CO •t CO B G B 4-1 4-1 CO 3 rH 4-1 4-1 B cfl XI o u 3 CO XI 60 cu c CJ . CJ CJ < MH a CD 3 CD c M cu CO m 4-1 •H 4-1 cu H B 60 0 ^ cfl u fi B 3 C cu CU rH >M iH<br />
cj cO o /^ o CJ o CO •r-l O 0 4-1 M 3 4H •H cfl XI o Sh X3 Sh X CU B cfl > XI CU CU 4-1 4H 3 cfl cfl C B •H • 4-1 % CU N--' •H B CO CU CU CU B ^h 3 >, CU MH #H CU X B 4-1 . XI o<br />
J<br />
S-l o a 4-1 U i-H cfl 4-1<br />
s<br />
XI CM 4-1 w u 4J CO O •H B Sh CO XI s 3 CU C X) (U 4-1 C CO Sh ^ CD CU CD CU CN a -H H 4-1<br />
XI c 4-1 4-1 •H CD CU -) CJ u CU CO B CO > fa e i-H CO o •H 4-1 O Sh CU 4-1 C O CU 4-1 O XI B 4-> • B CU 3 c >-> 4-1 rH O 4-1 ^-> • CU<br />
o C 3 cu o X> a M 4-1 XI •H CO cu cfl i? X) m cfl rH CJ 4-1 CD •H B a. rl cfl 3 CU fi rH CU 4-1 o CO •H CD Cfl 4-1 CO CU CD<br />
2; •H Pi •H CU •H cj B 4-1 CU CU B o 4-1 CJ B CO 6 cfl CJ 4-1 4-1 X CU O X) cfl a, -h X CO u •H B u •H<br />
H<br />
4J B pd O o o TJ r-i •H CO 01 4J o •H c rH •H 4-i 4J CU O rH B 3 4-1 CU 4-1 CU •H u-| CJ<br />
. o •H x; cu CU 4J XI CU B O CO 4-1 CU u o •H r-H <br />
4-) m >~> r-i 3 V4 CJ XI B o Cfl O 4-1 •H c CU 4-1 O c CU B c >. 4J B B Sh CO XI CJ CU u CJ rH 4J CU<br />
u o X CO CO B rH CU CO Cfl CU 4-1 o rH 3 2 3 60 Sh 4-1 O •H Sh o 3 CD rH 60 CO CU •H cfl 4-1 4-1 • cu CJ •H rH<br />
CU 4-> •H 60 Cfl cfl cu a. •H CU 3 . cfl O . #. S B 3 O 4-1 60 a. 4-1 •iH CU Sh •H Sh CJ CD rH CU 4H CU 4-1 UH B<br />
•I-) XI T3 c a a > T3 r-t B O 4J CO CU<br />
•H •H 13 t-H 3 rH B rH rH XI CU >S CO 3 4-J 4J B o 4-1 o cu X3 a, CU B CO o •H CU cu £2 X H c CD cfl a. rH o rH rH 4-1<br />
)-l •H o O O O cu 4-1 >-l r^ XI O e a O B • «\ CU •H s O CU 4-1 CU CU<br />
O (U > o ^ u Cfl CU CU 60 J4 Xl cfl cfl CJ XI c rH a Sh CO CU O 4J CO •rl Sh CJ CD CO c o 4-1 > 3 > 3 g<br />
4J a O cj CJ CJ X 4-1 CJ a o XI 60 rH O B > •H 4H tH rH rH rH<br />
>v 4-1 a. CU rH CU cfl •H rH u T-f CO<br />
s cfl 4-1 cu cr 3 H C 3 4-1 cfl C XI o •H >-, 3 M CD CO CU CD<br />
4-1 c H" PQ CO M 3 h Xt •H X) XI PQ M CU o • cO >, CO cu O u o •H rH a •H B Sh 4-1 rH Q. co CD U B u •H 60 > CD<br />
•H cfl CO 3 cu CU CU 3 •H 4-i e 4-1 CU B XI ro 4J XI rH CO u 3 o 4-1 60 o CO cO c V4 cfl 4-1 CJ B 22 CU CU O CD XI B -H CO<br />
iH o •H CO C XI CO 4-1 u-i T3 CO rH Cfl B 3 •H 4-1 u cu CO CU CU 4-1 • CU o 4-1 cu CD CJ rH u X a c u •H 3 rH O •r-l CD CU O, a) 4-1 cfl 4-1 CJ ><br />
43 XI a. 3 CJ 3 Cfl Cfl<br />
cfl •H u H 4J MH CJ i-H a, 4-1 CO 4-1 CD X! CO •H CU •H u CO > cu o 4H XI c > cu Cfl a> U •H U •H 4-1 3 CD . U CU<br />
c u CM cfl o cu rH o 4-1 XI B B Cfl Xl o CU cr o CU O CO CO O 4-1<br />
s<br />
w 4-1 o >-. CO CD CO XI PQ 4-1 4-1 O XI cfl CU 3 O CO XI CO XI XI CJ M o Cfl X1 B x; CU s CO C •H CU CO CU >s 4J CO a CJ rH rH u /-N •H u a M CJ 4J CO 4-1 4J • •* CU Jrf 4-1 cu 4-1 CO Sh a o 4J CU CU ^-^ 4-1 Sh r^<br />
o •H 4-1 u S-i CO M 4J a G XI o CO O CU CU cu Sh CJ CJ CU u S O o rl CO Sh 60 XJ a '-n 3 .<br />
C iH B u cfl u CO •H B >. CO B CU CO Cfl . B 4-1 * Cfl X) o XI CO Oh X CO •H rH 4-1 •H o s-^ w 4J .<br />
cfl u O o o CO a •H •H Cfl 3 CU CO cu rH •H B 4J cfl 4-1 o X U rH •H CU a CU o fi<br />
rH 3 c ~, 4-1 B<br />
CO -*i •rH o a •H<br />
4-1 w CXXI •rH M cu rH B T-{<br />
e<br />
3 XI O CJ CJ o CU B 3 XI 3 CU CO cfl •rl rH B o /—N v£> in q CN<br />
•H o 4J . •H cu 3 Cfl 4-1 B CO u o CU a, B 4-1 a, fi O 4-> CD CU C CJ CO c rH B f=j rH tH 4-1 . .—1 o> -H 00<br />
cfl cfl CO 4-1 •»» e o XI O CJ H S 3 CO 60 8 B O cfl 4-1 •H CO 4-1 c 4J CU O CJ o • cfl M cu O B Cfl 3 B . . CO<br />
C rH rH a cfl CO cu B 4-1 J4 • 60 cfl CD •H 1 o O CJ CU CU CD o CU Sh CJ o rH X) CU CJ CO •H cu cfl B J«S cfl •H CN CN CO s-^<br />
CO PQ o cu u B 4-1 o a B B CU U O rH CJ •H XI CO CU cfl X XI CU CU CJ CU B fa CO 4-1 XI CD Sh c cu<br />
>u CO 4-1 o cu CO B 4-1 cfl o O -H x> a r-t X) CU CD 4-1 Sh c XI X! 4-1 rH > XI cu cfl 4-1 4-> O cfl CD vX CO xi a B<br />
04 O c M CO 4-> 4-) kS •H O ^H H •H 3 CO CJ B CO cfl CO 3 >. CU 3 CU cu o 4J 4J 3 rH (U o cu > Sh CO C 4J Sh r^ •H B "H<br />
sh TJ •H Cfl •3 X Cfl CU CJ 4-1 X3 cu CU XI 4-1 CJ •H C cu CU CU 4J CD CJ A 0, B cfl CU Sh rH 4-1 •H >><br />
u CO y O XI >H }-4 o 3 •H CD O U CM XI 4J rH X! I-H B CM X) CO cfl XI cfl CJ (U CU a. 3 CO B •H Sh 4-1 4-) CU cfl<br />
o a pi o Sh CU 4-1 SQ a i-H T) iH 4-1 cu O 4-1 PQ 4-1<br />
crt Cfl CO XI 4-1 CU •H rH Sh > CO •H Sh O •H O X CO<br />
4J o 3 \s CU cu 60 60 •H XI B rH B >-. -l «. 3 2 B Sh Sh < 1 cfl •H > XI a •rH CO<br />
o 1 CO X) , am 1 X> CU rH •H CU XI<br />
0) C 1 CJ . V4 CU TJ O CO 1 4J 1 CO •rl XI iH 3 O rH Sh >^Xl CU X CU m XI 4-1<br />
CO cfl 1-1 a Cfl CO co cu i-H o CJ 3 X 3 i-H cu 4-1 CO o O * CO •H X) 1 1 4-1 CO XI o 4J<br />
CO >» o •H cu 4-1 CO rH CO CO u cu . a CO rH •H B Oh CD CU CU rH<br />
CD 4-1 ^-s U •H u •H B cfl CO 3 co rH o XI o CO ^i CO CJ u CJ cu CU CO a. rH CU C CU > • cfl 3 o cu cu 4-1 e s > rH<br />
> cfl cj a. •H cu •H o E H CO CJ 4-1 cfl Si o cfl CU rH >.4H tH 3 C CU c cfl CJ CO u Sh 4-1 60 c 4-1 •H 4-1 rH X 3
a r-. 3 CD B rl •H cfl 43 > O (U fa CO 44 a rH 3 CU Cfl -tf 3 60 cu c 3 u CO CO o 3 a Sh P 60 4H s CU CD O fi a C C<br />
0) CJ 4-1 4-1 CU X 4-1 o rH a CU cO O cu CO rH > rH P C 44 •H CO cu r->X> C XJ cu . CD P •H CU ^ XI •> tH •H P (U<br />
4-1 cu 4-1 CO 4-1 CO rl Sh cu >. 44 43 CM cu MH CO o cfl U<br />
S CO 44 M rH CU P a 44 44 44 CU o-o CU Sh > cfl m tH XI<br />
CO CM Xi c rS CD iH 3 O CO rH cu 3 U 44 U en XI CU CO C<br />
>> o iH CO >^ 4-1 Oh cu a CO > CTl CO >> Cfl o 43 fi 44 o 44 CU • S fi c c 44 P CU >> cfl CO 44 c o U xi CU CO CD 43 w CO 3 cu y<br />
CD 60 O. •U O CU •H 44 3 a CD « • 44 Cfl CU rH > •H rH U rH C P cu i-H rH 44 u Cfl p CD B •H m CO OJ cu a 44 CO CO rl<br />
rH rH fi C CJ -rl 43 CD o CO O CU u 44 CO 44 CJ rH . P rH rH 44 CO Sh a CO 60 fi fa 44 c TH Oh O rH<br />
m CD a<br />
s, XI CO rH 3 fi rH 43 cu a fa fi u CO 44 P 3 rH CO 44 4a cfl 60 Oh «t (U 44 X) 44 •H 03 cu 43 XI -H . U<br />
rH > C en o cfl •H rH 44 rH CD CU 0 O a c CU CO X Sh CO B cfl co 3 fi a >s > 44 fi CD a o rH MH XI 44 B 44 t U O<br />
PO CU c tH CD O Sh •H • •H 44 43 O •H •H c 44 CJ CD rl fi •H 3 rH o •H P u cfl 9! 2 p CU o c<br />
C O MH<br />
. rH o CO 0. • 4J 4-1 rH 3 > CN CO 43 Oh 43 CD 43 fi CU CO Oh 43 B 3 CO m fi cfl 44 44 H « y 44 CO u CO CO B CO XI<br />
Sh 4-1 XI < o fi cfl •H a co —' 44 44 O XI 44 I-H U >> p r XI CO •H U rH CO CO m Oh OJ r U CU<br />
> 43 CM . —i y P 3 43 •H 43 a 44 0.-H<br />
CO 4-1 43 tH rH rH XI 44 43 Sh rH cu o . CU c •H > C p CJ 43 3 p . 44 •H P 43 cu cu 60 P CO n-' a MH Oh 44 Oh 44 3 P P Cfl<br />
(r. 3 •H H >-. CD<br />
CO CO CD c o 44 CO 60 43 cfl X) O a P •H rH M 44 P a<br />
S<br />
r^ fi 44 U •H 3 rH 3 u cu XJ Oh a MH<br />
4-1 fi rH 4-1 > C >> Oh CO Oh CO • fi 44 •H Oh o X 44 CJ CJ 3 CD cu CO y Sh Q o<br />
g 3f0-H 60X1 > O rH CO •H S Oh<br />
O XI U O XI H X «t M O ••> CO 44 tH 44 fi > CO CO 44 o CD 44 iH •H p 13 Sh CD rH P P y a M CD P Cfl Sh CU 44 P CO<br />
in 4-1 x) CD l£> 4-1 CO •H cu O a CU CU 3 •H rt rH CM 43 X><br />
§ 44 •H P rH 44 X 3 44 44 cfl ^\ cu a 44 44 44 MH 3 cO<br />
\^r fi a. ^-^ CJ XI 44 44 u C 44 44 CO q u PQ MH 44 fi rH cfl 44 CJ H fi p Oh CO 44 XJ cu CO C U iH (U<br />
O XI 4-1 CO >Mfa •rl > CU 44 CO a Sh CO 60 44 CU P S. 3 44 fi CD CD H M Sh 44 44 CO M 60 cfl 44 fi y XI rH C<br />
O cu 4-1 cfl O tH rH CO CD CO M CJ CU S CJ 43 Sh 43 44 fi P fi CJ X 0 XI •H tH CO CJ rl tH fi cfl CO CD 3 O<br />
«t a M MH CD o CJ -* 3 O o o iH p rH MH 43 43 1 a rH CD Oh CJ O • 4-1 rH 44 fa •* 44 U CJ CJ | XI 44 CD rH CO Oh CO •H >. >. 44 43 cm CU rl<br />
Oh V0 93 fi a >> CU * CO CO O Sh 92 CO i-H O 44 CD B Sh CU fi 0 CD rH c •H P rH S3 cfl rH y 43 Oh CD cfl 3 c CU CU 44 XI<br />
CN cu tH O . • CU 43 44 Oh 44 44 CD CO CU o •H Oh u CO PQ M CD 44 CD 43 rS N-' CJ 0) 60 ••> y 43 XI<br />
a M 00<br />
CU<br />
U 1<br />
CU<br />
u 13 1 m cu CD<br />
XI<br />
CU X" 1<br />
1<br />
CO<br />
1<br />
fi 44<br />
CU<br />
CU 43 CU 60
CTi<br />
XI XI 1 1 CO<br />
1 ^N fi 1 fi CU 1 CO | fi . •h y<br />
y y<br />
co r^ >s CD U 0) XI u CO CO fi 1 N CO P tH co p CO 1 rH CO !>> 3<br />
1 •H r^ 43 1 1<br />
cu X 44 o Oh CU 1 o 3 •H U tH fi H 43 cu •H c M y o •H MH 43 XI 4-1 CD 44 ^-\ 44 >> Oh p o.<br />
u fi Cfl 44 •H 44 P 44 44 •> y cu u CD Oh 44 u 44 CO fi •H 44 CD CU X rl . P CD y MH fi CO 60 rH P 44 3<br />
0. p XI CD y o. CO 44 y y .*> tH Oh a 3 CD 0. Oh CO cfl 44 3 43 43 cfl tH 44 CO Sh • * p y y a tH y a CO<br />
tH CU M rt rH u 3 co Cfl 60 44 p P CO 43 P CO fi 44 0> 44 CO 44 •H CO fi >* 01 P B 0> u tH y p co y o y Sh<br />
CU 44 rH 43 CD MH tH p cfl cu •H<br />
CO 44 •H tH 0) CO 43<br />
g£<br />
1 44 rH CU rH > 44 01 > OhiH 3 44 Oh c 43 O y<br />
xi y P 44 u 0> cfl rH u y co >> cu 43 43 Sh P O 44 P 0) i-H a PmrH CO 44 •H y 44 3 •H CO 44 44 sh<br />
44 CU P •H 44 MH •H Oh p rH U CO y C CO 44 MH % XI rH CU P fi 44 44 P p a Cfl O tH cu y CU tH 44 44<br />
J cfl Q C 44 •H >> cfl 44 c rH y a > cn y cfl CO<br />
MH 44<br />
s<br />
60 43 OhiH CU MH fa a x> 0) XI • > P 43 XI CO rl 43 CO CM cfl CO 44 P<br />
•H 44 44 CD Sh rl rH • a 01 Cfl > tH Sh rH U 44 44 c 44 c •H co CD p<br />
£ 2 P 43 tH CO 44 rH r^ y fi T) w<br />
3 H CO 44 3 CO cfl 44 CT\ /~\<br />
22 rl rH rH P P Cfl tH p 3 tH XI 0.X) 43 43 •H 44 44 CO y co . y > p 3<br />
r-H tH Sh y 43 CD 3 cu i-~ 60 in tH 2 C 44 > CO >> C y X 0) 43 60 P 01 44 44 tH 44<br />
CO CD y<br />
> rH tH C xi<br />
• rH O XI P P tH 43 XI P CO . •rl. -3" OJ Cfl > 0> cfl U CU CD 44 y fi •> r. > -d •H t u > 44 CO 43 rH CO 44 y y<br />
44 iH rH MH Oh U H c Oh r^ CO CO 43 > rH u MH P CO 0) CD 01 rH rt •H tH C O 3 3 CO 0 X) V CO y H 2 > 0. Sh<br />
3 60 3 44 cfl 0) Oh ' cfl MH P cu CD 3 co 3 43 rH 43 tH •5 U > 3 u<br />
o co a P C 44 CO MH u u o p 0) CO Oh tH 44 CO 44 44 43 cfl y 3 3 y 0. XI CO P c cfl CD o o 0) 44 y 44 xj y<br />
44 cfl tH 3 P CU tH • CO P cfl P m CO CU •H P rH CD 01 cfl rH p XJ a o> c tH 0) 44 44 Oh y • a MH tH y C MH<br />
y n-* 44 •H 60X1 rH •- MH CM cfl rH 43 rH cu cu CU U X Sh u •rl CO M<br />
p 44 01 rt 01 u P 43 /-n tH y 44 cfl Cfl CO<br />
rt rt CO 44 Sh P > CD CO rH Cfl 44 01 43 1) U 43 0) CU CD Cfl CO B 0) I^S •H tH 44 ^ tH > cfl 44 60 P •H<br />
C<br />
rH 44 y tH y Cfl rH P rH y CU 44 rH 60 Sh 44 > H fi CO XI Oh > m 0> Sh 01 Sh tH 44 XI u y rH y >^ tH OnrH 1 MH « cfl<br />
PQ P tH 43 cu H cfl a CO M > CU w c fi CO rH rH 44 C p cfl 44 3 44 P MH Cfl C tH p cfl u rH y CO 44 y P P C U<br />
43 U 44 . 44 tH a 3 rH CD tH Cfl 0) 0> MH 2 rt CO fi 13 c CD CD CO CO fa SH P 43 . CO > rH rH Oh y u 44 y 44<br />
B X CO o CU 44 fi P Cfl co 3 y rl 43 p > 3 • CO cfl tH Sh Sh >^ CO >. CO 0) y 44 CO Cfl XI CO y co 3 u On<br />
OPS • «* a Sh 60 fi p cu CO > 0) fa p tH 44 fi B 44 •H cfl CO CD CO tH Oh u cfl O . 01 3 >^o MH cfl y p >><br />
tH CO rH 44 0) a cfl CU •H 43 rl a rH co 3 c MH<br />
IS >» . CD rt SH /TS P 44 rH cu CO CU 44 B y o 44 p 43 60<br />
44 CO 44 44 Sh CO 44 rH 01 Cfl rH CD CT MH p cu rH rl s~\ 43 CO CO 0. C • CO 3 rH > CO > CO 2 CTi CO fi a J^ u<br />
Cfl 0) CD CD CO CU CO CD CO CO CO o p > 01 P tH •H 1 CO 44 CU 60 XJ cu tH O 44 CU 01 q co •H CD 44 r^ rH a p y Sh CO 3 y y<br />
44 43 fi 43 >, Sh ' ** CD MH C CU U v© MH rH U 4-1 rH CU >% c > •H X) cu > 43 rH •H 3 > > 44 CU > Cfl P r 44 XJ 3 y c •H c<br />
CO tH Sh CO 3 rl 2 s p Sh XI 3 00 2 c CJ 44 CO 0) tH CO rH N rH H CD 4 OH rH y Sh y rH > CO 01 B P 43 43 44 y<br />
XJ X CD CO 3 3 a 01 44 P • 44 > CO p 3 rl P 44 01 Oh 3 •H 2 >-' CO y 44 co cfl CO o 0) Cfl 1 tH 44 >> Cfl rH a 44 y CO<br />
C0 rH U > cu CO 44 y o. 44 MH r~~ Cfl •H tH 44 B rl 44 y P Sh > CO cu y > > rH MH Sh > y CO P U *—' 3<br />
I * 43 44<br />
3 3 P CO 01 u 3 X MH 01 MH 43 44 y CU<br />
O 3 3 CD •>-i P - Sh CO 0) H CO cfl 43 z$ o CO MH • > C H MH CU XI g X fi CU CD tH rH Sh HIH ]| rH XI 60 43<br />
a rH 44 Sh cu CD 44 P Sh 60MH Sh rH CD Sh U rH 4) /—\ u cu tH CO Sh tH H O X) 44 CO rH Sh MH CD rH > CO y fi y<br />
CO rl 0) 3 0> 44 fi u CO fi 3 tH 01 . a P P P P I4(n XI p u rH<br />
0) C rH MH •H tH CO<br />
32 * y P P U v^ i-H 44 44 •H > >*<br />
Sh CD 44 P MH Sh CU 3 0. P CO 44 rH r< a p MH 44 MH Sh fi 44 13 CO Oh 0) Sh P 01 44 > >> CD 0. 44 y co o CO Sh rH Cfl<br />
3 44 CO 3 P s<br />
Ifi I CO 3 60 fa Oh CU rH p 44 •H MH Cfl CO u w y 3 -H rl 44 Cfl P CO 43 rH fi cfl > 44 tH 22 cfl y<br />
o rt >><br />
CO C<br />
. p rH U Sh u c 0) XI cfl CO 44 •H 44 Sh 44 CD CO P u fa y 3 > y<br />
43 3 co A c 44 cu CO •H in "t u o2 rt 22 •H tH P 0) (^ m u 01 >, a CD CO cfl to a co a Sh fi fi U o CO a MH y p P XI<br />
X) p . S*. Sh 0) U . o 0) Cfl y 3 cfl CO CJ 44 m oo Oh u u CD U y 44 q u tH rl P p 44 44 rt y 43 CO rH MH<br />
CD rH M 0) tH rH rSrH 0. c tH CU rH U 0) B ^ tH P Cfl >~* n en tH P CO an XJ rH rl p 44 a CO CU 0. 0H CU tH MH CO 44 P U C O rH cfl tH 43<br />
rl P fa a cfl u 60 cu rH cr 3 > P CU rH 01 CO cfl u CO •H >S43 1 a X X) rH Cfl y o> p co y CO . rH 44<br />
43 0.33 3 U 44 X) 3 43 cu CO CU cfl Oh 44 43<br />
H Sh N CU a a fa rl CO 44 3 tH p fi U 0 XI >-» rl OntH • M y fi •~N y<br />
44 o. 0) c OJ P 44 a u CO cfl > > c o. 44 tH 3 o a Sh MH 0. O 60 CO 44 3 tH Sh CD rH y CD P CO vX y p •H u y<br />
fi r. 0. p XJ rl cfl CU fa tH . y p C rl rS rH tH P C 01 rH C rt 44 XJ 0. Oh Sh co y 3 •H CO 44<br />
44 O P 60 P CJ tH P CU fi ri a MH 43 CD 43 CJ M MH o 3 rl >-.vO CO Cfl 01 p y tH CU XI «t c •H 0. P 3 0) y XI 43 X) 44 Oh cfl 3<br />
CO tH fi > CO 44 44 p o. y U 44 P P y co a i-H • CTl >>43 tH 3 * rl 43 cu 0) rH o > 3 CO 43 y B 4J y y 43 •<br />
rl CO CJ tH XI CU P fi CO tH
10<br />
As in the case of reactor vessel level control, it is intended th<strong>at</strong><br />
the most realistic assumptions concerning pressure control be used in this<br />
study. Accordingly, it will be assumed th<strong>at</strong> the oper<strong>at</strong>or does take the<br />
actions in regard to pressure control as described above. However, it<br />
should be noted th<strong>at</strong> without oper<strong>at</strong>or action, the pressure would cycle be<br />
tween the limits of 7.377 and 7.722 MPa (1055 and 1105 psig); unfortun<strong>at</strong>e<br />
ly, it is probable th<strong>at</strong> this would occur through the repe<strong>at</strong>ed oper<strong>at</strong>ion of<br />
the same relief valve causing severe localized he<strong>at</strong>ing in the vicinity of<br />
the tailpipe discharge in the suppression pool.<br />
Short-term Plant St<strong>at</strong>us. Within minutes after the inception of a<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, both reactor vessel level control and pressure control<br />
will be achieved with or without oper<strong>at</strong>or action. An open cycle will<br />
exist, with w<strong>at</strong>er pumped from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank into the reactor<br />
vessel, converted to steam there by reactor decay he<strong>at</strong>, and subsequently<br />
passed to the pressure suppression pool and condensed. S<strong>at</strong>isfactory re<br />
actor cooling is provided, but both the pressure suppression pool level<br />
and temper<strong>at</strong>ure are increasing, as is the drywell ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure due<br />
to loss of the drywell coolers. The reserve DC power stored in the b<strong>at</strong><br />
teries is being dissip<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
There is a 250V DC b<strong>at</strong>tery for each unit <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong>, plus a sta<br />
tion b<strong>at</strong>tery for common loads. Each unit b<strong>at</strong>tery is designed to provide a<br />
guaranteed supply of direct current for the first 30 minutes of a design<br />
basis accident. Under the less severe conditions of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout,<br />
and assuming prudent actions by the oper<strong>at</strong>or to conserve b<strong>at</strong>tery poten<br />
tial, DC power should be available for the first 4-6 hours of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout.<br />
Long-Term Consider<strong>at</strong>ions. Once DC power is lost, the HPCI and RCIC<br />
systems will be inoperable and cooling w<strong>at</strong>er can no longer be injected<br />
into the reactor vessel. With prudent and realistic oper<strong>at</strong>or actions,<br />
this should not occur until 4-6 hours* after the inception of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout. However, there are other consider<strong>at</strong>ions which must be properly<br />
addressed during this 4-6 hour period during which all efforts would be<br />
made to accomplish the restor<strong>at</strong>ion of AC power.<br />
First, since all plant ventil<strong>at</strong>ion is stopped during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Black<br />
out, the ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure near the RCIC turbine may reach 93.3°C<br />
(200°F), causing an autom<strong>at</strong>ic isol<strong>at</strong>ion of the RCIC system. This is un<br />
likely since the RCIC system will be oper<strong>at</strong>ed only intermittently, and the<br />
turbine is not loc<strong>at</strong>ed in a closely confined space. If isol<strong>at</strong>ion does oc<br />
cur, the isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal can be overridden by the placing of rubber insu<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ion between the appropri<strong>at</strong>e relay contacts in the auxiliary instrumen<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ion room, or the HPCI system can be used as a backup.<br />
Second, a relief valve might stick open although it should be noted<br />
th<strong>at</strong> the currently installed two-stage Target Rock valves are much less<br />
prone to this malfunction than their three-stage predecessors. A stuckopen<br />
relief valve would produce difficulties with localized suppression<br />
pool he<strong>at</strong>ing, but reactor vessel pressure would not decrease to the point<br />
th<strong>at</strong> the HPCI or RCIC system turbines could not be used. This eventuality<br />
is discussed in more detail in Section 8.2.<br />
*Recent b<strong>at</strong>tery capacity calcul<strong>at</strong>ions have indic<strong>at</strong>ed th<strong>at</strong> DC power<br />
may remain available for as long as seven hours.
11<br />
A third consider<strong>at</strong>ion would be the continued availability of conden<br />
s<strong>at</strong>e storage tank w<strong>at</strong>er for injection into the reactor vessel. As previ<br />
ously discussed, there is a guaranteed minimum stored supply of 511.0 m3<br />
(135,000 gallons) available to the HPCI or RCIC systems. As illustr<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
in Section 7, only about 359.6 m3 (95,000 gallons) would be used during<br />
the first five hours of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. It can be concluded th<strong>at</strong> an<br />
adequ<strong>at</strong>e supply of condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank w<strong>at</strong>er is provided for injection<br />
during the period in which DC power will remain available.<br />
A fourth consider<strong>at</strong>ion is the availability of sufficient stored drywell<br />
control air to permit the desired number of remote-manual relief<br />
valve actu<strong>at</strong>ions during the period of <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. The accumul<strong>at</strong>ors<br />
provided for the six relief valves associ<strong>at</strong>ed with the ADS system are<br />
sized to permit five oper<strong>at</strong>ions per valve, or a total of 30 actu<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
As illustr<strong>at</strong>ed in Section 7, less than 25 relief valve actu<strong>at</strong>ions will be<br />
required during the first five hours of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. It can be<br />
concluded th<strong>at</strong> there is enough stored air in the ADS relief valve accumu<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ors alone to permit the desired number of relief valve oper<strong>at</strong>ions dur<br />
ing the period in which DC power is available. In addition, the stored<br />
air in the Drywell Control Air system receivers provides an ample backup<br />
to the accumul<strong>at</strong>or supply.<br />
A fifth consider<strong>at</strong>ion concerns the steady he<strong>at</strong>up of the pressure sup<br />
pression pool w<strong>at</strong>er with no means of pool cooling available during <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout. The pressure suppression pool of approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 3785 m3 (one<br />
million gallons) of w<strong>at</strong>er is contained within a torus of 33.99 m (111.5<br />
ft) major diameter and 9.45 m (31.0 ft) minor diameter. The torus sur<br />
rounds the drywell and reactor vessel as shown in Fig. 3.1.<br />
The large he<strong>at</strong> sink afforded by the pressure suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
can be effectively utilized during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout only as long as the<br />
steam being discharged into the pool via the relief valves is condensed.<br />
If the local temper<strong>at</strong>ure of the w<strong>at</strong>er surrounding the relief valve<br />
tailpipe terminus in the pool is excessive, condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions may<br />
occur causing gross unstable vibr<strong>at</strong>ions of the torus assembly and pressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
of the torus airspace due to the escape of s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ed steam from<br />
the w<strong>at</strong>er surface. This effect is discussed in detail in Appendix D. For<br />
the "T-quencher" type of discharge header which is installed <strong>at</strong> the ter<br />
minus of each relief valve tailpipe <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> 1, the condensa<br />
tion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions are not expected to occur if the local pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
is limited to 93.3°C (200°F) or equivalent to 87.8°C (190°F) average pool<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure.6<br />
The T-quencher dischargers on the tailpipes of the thirteen primary<br />
relief valves are distributed approxim<strong>at</strong>ely evenly around the torus, as<br />
shown in Fig. 3.2. This diagram is posted on the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> 1 con<br />
trol room panel which contains the relief valve oper<strong>at</strong>ing switches. Dur<br />
ing a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, it would be incumbent on the oper<strong>at</strong>or in his ef<br />
forts to manually control reactor vessel pressure to ensure th<strong>at</strong> oppo<br />
sitely loc<strong>at</strong>ed primary relief valves are oper<strong>at</strong>ed in turn so th<strong>at</strong> the<br />
energy input to the pressure suppression pool is evenly distributed.<br />
As illustr<strong>at</strong>ed in Section 7, the average pressure suppression pool<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure will have reached approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 82.2°C (180°F) five hours<br />
after the inception of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. It can be concluded th<strong>at</strong> with<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>or action to altern<strong>at</strong>e the relief valve discharges, the pressure<br />
suppression pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure will not reach the point when condens<strong>at</strong>ion
DRYWELL<br />
12<br />
Fig. 3.1 Arrangement of drywell and torus.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8602 ETD<br />
REACTOR VESSEL<br />
oscill<strong>at</strong>ions might occur during the first five hours of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Black<br />
out.<br />
As a rel<strong>at</strong>ed m<strong>at</strong>ter, the HPCI system is equipped with logic which<br />
will autom<strong>at</strong>ically shift the suction of the HPCI pump to the pressure sup<br />
pression pool if the indic<strong>at</strong>ed pressure suppression pool level increases<br />
to a certain point, as discussed in Appendix E. Depending on the initial<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er level in the pool, this will occur following an increase in pool<br />
volume of between 257.4 and 370.9 m3 (68,000 and 98,000 gallons), or<br />
sometime between two and four hours into the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. As previ<br />
ously discussed, the HPCI system is not expected to be utilized but merely<br />
to serve as a backup to the RCIC system. However, to preserve the HPCI
259°<br />
PCV 1-19 pcv l-»<br />
PCV 1-22 KV 1-30<br />
PCV 1-31<br />
1<br />
PCV 1-34<br />
Pnl 9-3 Controls<br />
1<br />
191°<br />
13<br />
180°<br />
Fig. 3.2 <strong>Unit</strong> 1 relief valve discharges.<br />
RELIEF VALVE POSITIONS<br />
OPPOSITE VALVES<br />
PCV 1-42 PCV 1-18<br />
PCV 1-41 PCV 1-22<br />
PCV 1-34 PCV 1-4<br />
PCV 1-30 PCV 1-5<br />
PCV 1-31 PCV 1-2<br />
PCV 1-19<br />
PCV 1-180 PCV 1-179<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8603 ETD<br />
system as a viable backup, the oper<strong>at</strong>or should take action to maintain the<br />
pump suction on the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank. This can be done by racking<br />
out the motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed breakers for the suction valves, arid will prevent<br />
the excessive HPCI system lubric<strong>at</strong>ing oil temper<strong>at</strong>ures which would result<br />
from the pumping of the hot pressure suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er.<br />
The sixth and most important consider<strong>at</strong>ion for long term stability<br />
following a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout is the he<strong>at</strong>up of the drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere. The<br />
ten drywell coolers immedi<strong>at</strong>ely fail on loss of AC power, while the r<strong>at</strong>e
14<br />
of he<strong>at</strong> transfer to the drywell <strong>at</strong> th<strong>at</strong> instant from the hot [287.8°C<br />
(550°F)] reactor vessel and associ<strong>at</strong>ed piping is about 0.98 MW (3.35 x<br />
10° Btu/h). Under this impetus, the drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure rapidly in<br />
creases. After a few minutes, the drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure will have signifi<br />
cantly increased so th<strong>at</strong> the r<strong>at</strong>e of he<strong>at</strong> transfer from the reactor vessel<br />
is reduced while a substantial r<strong>at</strong>e of he<strong>at</strong> transfer from the drywell <strong>at</strong><br />
mosphere to the rel<strong>at</strong>ively cool drywell liner has been established, as<br />
discussed in Section 4.<br />
The design temper<strong>at</strong>ure for the drywell structure and the equipment<br />
loc<strong>at</strong>ed therein is 138.3°C (281°F). The response of this structure and of<br />
certain safety components within the drywell to higher temper<strong>at</strong>ures has<br />
been previously investig<strong>at</strong>ed7 and the results are summmarized below:<br />
It was determined th<strong>at</strong> the drywell liner will not buckle under liner<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ures as high as 171.1°C (340°F) nor would this temper<strong>at</strong>ure produce<br />
higher than allowable stress intensity.<br />
The drywell electrical penetr<strong>at</strong>ions were purchased with a specified<br />
short term (15 min) temper<strong>at</strong>ure r<strong>at</strong>ing of 162.8°C (325°F) and a long term<br />
r<strong>at</strong>ing of 138.3°C (281°F).<br />
It was determined th<strong>at</strong> the stresses in the drywell piping penetra<br />
tions would not exceed the allowable stress intensities <strong>at</strong> a temper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
of 171.1°C (340°F).<br />
A DC solenoid control valve used for the remote-manual oper<strong>at</strong>ion of<br />
the primary relief valves was tested <strong>at</strong> 148.9°C (300°F) for ten hours with<br />
118 actu<strong>at</strong>ions during the test period. An AC-DC solenoid control valve<br />
for the Main Steam Isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves was tested <strong>at</strong> 148.9°C (300°F) for 7<br />
hours with 83 actu<strong>at</strong>ions each on AC, DC, and the AC-DC combin<strong>at</strong>ion. The<br />
maximum temper<strong>at</strong>ure achieved during each of these solenoid tests was<br />
153.3°C (308°F).<br />
The electrical cable which feeds the safety equipment inside the drywell<br />
has a 600-V r<strong>at</strong>ing with cross-linked polyethelene insul<strong>at</strong>ion. It has<br />
seven conductors of number 12 wire with no she<strong>at</strong>h. It is estim<strong>at</strong>ed th<strong>at</strong><br />
the ten-hour temper<strong>at</strong>ure r<strong>at</strong>ing is in excess of 160.0°C (320°F).7<br />
The results of these tests and investig<strong>at</strong>ions indic<strong>at</strong>e th<strong>at</strong> it can be<br />
confidently predicted th<strong>at</strong> the primary relief valves will remain operable<br />
and the drywell penetr<strong>at</strong>ions will not fail if the drywell ambient tempera<br />
ture is prevented from exceeding 148.9°C (300°F) during the normal recov<br />
ery phase of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
With the oper<strong>at</strong>or acting to maintain reactor vessel level by use of<br />
the RCIC system and to control vessel pressure between 7.688 and 6.309 MPa<br />
(1100 and 900 psig) by remote-manual relief valve actu<strong>at</strong>ion as previously<br />
discussed, the drywell ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure would reach 148.9°C (300°F) in<br />
one hour (curve A of Fig. 3.3). Before this occurs, the oper<strong>at</strong>or should<br />
act to reduce the reactor vessel pressure by blowdown to the pressure sup<br />
pression pool. This will reduce the temper<strong>at</strong>ure of the s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ed liquid<br />
within the reactor vessel and thereby reduce the driving potential for<br />
he<strong>at</strong> transfer into the drywell.<br />
The vessel pressure reduction would be by remote-manual actu<strong>at</strong>ion of<br />
the primary relief valves, and should proceed <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Techni<br />
cal Specific<strong>at</strong>ions limit of a r<strong>at</strong>e equivalent to a 55.6°C/h (100°F/h) de<br />
crease in s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ed liquid temper<strong>at</strong>ure. The response of the drywell ambi<br />
ent temper<strong>at</strong>ure to such a reactor vessel depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion begun <strong>at</strong> one<br />
hour after the inception of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout is shown by curve B of Fig.<br />
3.3.
DRYWELL AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°F)<br />
03 P<br />
3 13<br />
0. (D<br />
Oh 03 13<br />
rl 00 fD<br />
rt p.<br />
(D 3<br />
03 H<br />
Hi fD<br />
Oh CO<br />
Cd P<br />
^g<br />
3 m<br />
CD fa<br />
fi<br />
H<br />
fD<br />
03 rf<br />
o<br />
o<br />
CJ<br />
CJ1<br />
o<br />
^ (D °<br />
1-t<br />
03 -<br />
rj fD<br />
£<br />
fD<br />
°<br />
3*<br />
rj 3<br />
OQ<br />
O<br />
3<br />
o<br />
(D<br />
O &)<br />
• rt<br />
cr» o<br />
ro H<br />
ro co p.<br />
H» rt<br />
I-h rt<br />
a o<br />
03 i-J o<br />
cr ro pi<br />
h X o<br />
O O rt<br />
c ro o<br />
OQ H- H<br />
CO O<br />
141 r-i B<br />
5 fB Cd On rt H- <<br />
rt 3 cr I-1 . (D rt (D<br />
fa on rt CD<br />
& _H O<br />
fo cr e o o 3 rt co<br />
vj rt *• n 03 rjH (D<br />
p --, rt (D H<br />
<<br />
fi rr<br />
/-\ fD e j> rt < B fa<br />
« rj H.<br />
fD Co (D<br />
H. [U < s3 h- H !>< 13<br />
rt oo fD o o<br />
a4 ro<br />
c o tJ 03 5 CD<br />
rj O /-n<br />
rt v< Hi Nj m a^ 0. P) rl<br />
2 5 oo fD <br />
MOO Tl rt fD (D CD ft<br />
oo CO 00<br />
pa ««• rt fi W m m<br />
3)<br />
8 V)<br />
O c C ><br />
z 33 31<br />
H<br />
— N N<br />
H±<br />
O<br />
> ><br />
_, H H<br />
o<br />
O O<br />
3 z z<br />
3 Cfl Cfl<br />
-H H<br />
> ><br />
H<br />
3) 3)<br />
><br />
-H -1<br />
3J<br />
-H Z Z<br />
a o<br />
Z<br />
O > ><br />
Tl Tl<br />
> H H<br />
m m<br />
-1<br />
3) 3)<br />
m<br />
OJ<br />
3"<br />
fD<br />
03 a<br />
03<br />
r>Hl<br />
r- |-H fD<br />
rovj pj<br />
Ui O<br />
O rt<br />
01 o P<br />
rl<br />
rt It 3<br />
O CD •<br />
rt 43<br />
fD C P<br />
M H-fl<br />
O- (D<br />
l-l<br />
crop<br />
CD 3 H<br />
ro<br />
n<br />
o><br />
oo<br />
ro<br />
|-H fB<br />
On rt<br />
0.<br />
H<br />
Oh rt<br />
i-l <<br />
MO It<br />
«H NJ<br />
H" O<br />
p<br />
Ul |-H CD<br />
CD<br />
13 rt (D<br />
M P"H<br />
pi p.<br />
rt a<br />
n> a<br />
H- fD<br />
00<br />
x-' < CO<br />
• fD<br />
CO fa<br />
CD fD<br />
a1<br />
fD<br />
P <<br />
SI 03 o<br />
M 03<br />
1—0 0<br />
r-' CD<br />
ui cr<br />
• P CD<br />
On rt)<br />
o CO<br />
O — fD<br />
oj n><br />
-tn oo a<br />
N5 •<br />
P- OJ rt<br />
o o jr<br />
O O 03<br />
*l rt<br />
s<br />
m<br />
13<br />
ro<br />
rl<br />
03<br />
rt<br />
fi<br />
rl<br />
ro<br />
ID<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
a<br />
H<br />
H~<br />
N<br />
fD<br />
Oh<br />
H-<br />
CO TJ<br />
n<br />
13 ID<br />
rl CO<br />
(D CD<br />
CO B<br />
CD l-(<br />
a fD<br />
fD r- (S<br />
I-" ~j n<br />
Q O M<br />
33 o O<br />
O<br />
r- CO<br />
H>^-\"^j<br />
oo oj co<br />
• oj rt<br />
VO 00 fD<br />
o o B<br />
• ho rt<br />
00 rf<br />
r- fD<br />
o<br />
fa<br />
fi<br />
rl<br />
H><br />
3<br />
00<br />
>*• l-t<br />
» V,<br />
S3<br />
-»<br />
33 ro<br />
o<br />
ro cr<br />
CO 3<br />
13 O<br />
fD fD<br />
O >o<br />
H- rt<br />
Hi Hi<br />
lt ©<br />
O 3<br />
03<br />
rt p<br />
H- Hi<br />
P<br />
3 rt<br />
co -r<br />
fD<br />
a m<br />
01 |-H<br />
-T<br />
IS)<br />
O d<br />
3 3<br />
3<br />
rl rf<br />
03 33<br />
a .. fD . H-<br />
oq ro co<br />
ro a<br />
n<br />
H- rt (D<br />
to JfO<br />
_ ro p<br />
a* s<br />
^-M i>- (U<br />
rt rt<br />
o<br />
3)<br />
H-<br />
P<br />
3<br />
ro<br />
3<br />
Oh<br />
ID<br />
fa<br />
00 p.<br />
a- B<br />
00 CO<br />
3*13<br />
P<br />
«S i-J<br />
(D fD<br />
r-1<br />
(D<br />
r- I<br />
VJ
16<br />
The curves of Fig. 3.3 show th<strong>at</strong> the maximum drywell average temper<br />
<strong>at</strong>ure can be kept below 148.9°C (300°F) provided th<strong>at</strong> the oper<strong>at</strong>or takes<br />
action to depressurize within one hour following the loss of drywell cool<br />
ers concomitant with a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.* A depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>at</strong> the<br />
Technical Specific<strong>at</strong>ions limit of 55.6°C/h (100°F/h) will produce a grad<br />
ual reduction of the drywell ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure; a rapid depressuriza<br />
tion will produce a faster drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure reduction, but is probably<br />
not necessary. Certainly, if the oper<strong>at</strong>or perceives developing difficul<br />
ties with the in-drywell equipment such as the relief valve solenoids, he<br />
should convert an ongoing 55.6°C/h (100°F/h) depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion into a more<br />
rapid one.<br />
Summary. Assuming no independent secondary failures of equipment,<br />
reactor vessel level control and pressure control can be maintained during<br />
a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout for as long as the DC power supplied by the unit b<strong>at</strong><br />
tery lasts. This is expected to be a period of from four to six hours,<br />
and this portion of the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout severe accident sequence is<br />
graphically displayed with commentary in Section 7. If AC power is re<br />
gained <strong>at</strong> any time during this period, a completely normal recovery would<br />
follow.<br />
If AC power is not regained, and DC power is lost, remote-manual op<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ion of the primary relief valves would no longer be possible and the<br />
reactor vessel pressure would increase to 7.722 MPa (1105 psig), the low<br />
est setpoint for autom<strong>at</strong>ic actu<strong>at</strong>ion of the relief valves. Thereafter,<br />
the reactor vessel pressure would cycle between 7.722 and 7.377 MPa (1105<br />
and 1055 psig) while the vessel level steadily decreased because injection<br />
capability would be lost as well. The sequence of events following the<br />
loss of injection capability is described in Sections 9 through 11.<br />
*If the backup HPCI system were used for injection, the average re<br />
actor vessel pressure after depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion would have to be maintained<br />
<strong>at</strong> about 1.14 MPa (150 psig), which corresponds to an average s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
liquid temper<strong>at</strong>ure of 185°C (365°F). This is only 15°C (25°F) higher than<br />
the average temper<strong>at</strong>ure associ<strong>at</strong>ed with RCIC oper<strong>at</strong>ion and would not<br />
significantly increase the drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ures shown in Fig. 3.3.
17<br />
4. COMPUTER MODEL FOR SYSTEM BEHAVIOR<br />
PRIOR TO LOSS OF INJECTION CAPABILITY<br />
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the BWR-LACP (BWR-Loss of<br />
AC Power) computer code th<strong>at</strong> was developed to calcul<strong>at</strong>e the effects of<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>or actions prior to loss of injection capability after <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout. Topics covered include: general fe<strong>at</strong>ures, simplifying assump<br />
tions, solutions to more important modeling problems, and model valid<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
efforts.<br />
BWR-LACP is a digital computer code written specifically to predict<br />
general <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> thermal-hydraulic behavior following a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Black<br />
out event (defined in Sect. 2). The code consists of the differential and<br />
algebraic equ<strong>at</strong>ions of mass and energy conserv<strong>at</strong>ion and equ<strong>at</strong>ions of st<strong>at</strong>e<br />
for the reactor vessel and containment. The code was written in the IBM<br />
CSMP (Continuous System Modeling Program)8 Language to minimize program<br />
ming and debugging time. The listing in Appendix A specifies all required<br />
input parameters.<br />
Some of the important variables calcul<strong>at</strong>ed by the BWR-LACP code in<br />
clude:<br />
1. Reactor vessel levels (above the fuel as well as in the downcomer<br />
annulus),<br />
2. Reactor vessel pressure,<br />
3. Total injected w<strong>at</strong>er volume,<br />
4. Safety-relief valve (SRV) flow r<strong>at</strong>es,<br />
5. Containment pressures and temper<strong>at</strong>ures, and<br />
6. Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er level and temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
These variables may be calcul<strong>at</strong>ed for arbitrary time periods follow<br />
ing the loss of AC power — typically several hours. Run specific in<br />
put includes:<br />
1. Injection flow vs time or a law to represent oper<strong>at</strong>or control of re<br />
actor vessel level with injection flow.<br />
2. SRV opening(s) vs time or a law to represent oper<strong>at</strong>or control of re<br />
actor vessel pressure with SRV opening,<br />
3. Initializ<strong>at</strong>ion parameters: initial time elapsed since reactor trip,<br />
initial reactor vessel pressure and level, and initial containment<br />
pressures, temper<strong>at</strong>ures, and suppression pool level.<br />
Specific characteristics of the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout event allowed sim<br />
plifying assumptions to be made, or required specific assumptions for ade<br />
qu<strong>at</strong>e description of system response. These assumptions are discussed be<br />
low:<br />
1. Reactor trip <strong>at</strong> time zero: he<strong>at</strong> input from the reactor is as<br />
sumed to consist of decay he<strong>at</strong> and is calcul<strong>at</strong>ed from the ANS standard9.<br />
2. No fuel temper<strong>at</strong>ure calcul<strong>at</strong>ion: the fuel remains covered for<br />
transients considered here and 100% of the decay he<strong>at</strong> is assumed to be<br />
transferred directly to w<strong>at</strong>er.
18<br />
3. Density of steam-w<strong>at</strong>er mixture calcul<strong>at</strong>ed by drift-flux correla<br />
tion: the low steaming r<strong>at</strong>e of decay he<strong>at</strong> oper<strong>at</strong>ion requires a model,<br />
such as the drift-flux model10 th<strong>at</strong> can allow rel<strong>at</strong>ive slip between<br />
steam and w<strong>at</strong>er.<br />
4. Phase separ<strong>at</strong>ion is likely in the standpipes: the low steaming<br />
r<strong>at</strong>es of decay he<strong>at</strong> oper<strong>at</strong>ion allow phase separ<strong>at</strong>ion to occur11 if the<br />
2-phase level is below the steam separ<strong>at</strong>ors (in standpipes or core outlet<br />
plenum).<br />
5. Recircul<strong>at</strong>ion pumps trip <strong>at</strong> time zero: these pumps require AC<br />
power for oper<strong>at</strong>ion. During the loss of AC power transients, the w<strong>at</strong>er in<br />
the recircul<strong>at</strong>ion piping is tre<strong>at</strong>ed as an inactive volume.<br />
6. Steam flow through the SRV's is calcul<strong>at</strong>ed by r<strong>at</strong>ioing the flc Low<br />
<strong>at</strong> r<strong>at</strong>ed conditions:<br />
where,<br />
W =Wr ^(pP)/(pr Pr)<br />
Wr = r<strong>at</strong>ed SRV flow <strong>at</strong> pressure Pr and density pr<br />
W = SRV flow <strong>at</strong> pressure, P, and density p.<br />
This rel<strong>at</strong>ionship is rigorously true for choked flow of an ideal gas with<br />
constant Cp/Cv r<strong>at</strong>io12 and should give reasonable results for choked<br />
flow of dry steam.<br />
7. A realistic estim<strong>at</strong>e of SRV relieving capacity is calcul<strong>at</strong>ed by<br />
taking into account the ASME code rule which requires nominal valve flow<br />
to be only 90% of the flow measured <strong>at</strong> 103% of the nominal actu<strong>at</strong>ion pres<br />
sure. For the two-stage Target Rock SRV's <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong>, the resulting<br />
estim<strong>at</strong>e of actual valve capacity is:<br />
Wr = 121.2 kg/s @ 7.79 MPa<br />
(= 960,000 lb/h @ 1115.0 psig).<br />
8. Steam flowing to RCIC and HPCI turbines is calcul<strong>at</strong>ed by r<strong>at</strong>io<br />
ing the steam flowing <strong>at</strong> r<strong>at</strong>ed conditions;<br />
where,<br />
W = Wr*(P/Pr)*(AHr/AH)<br />
Wr = turbine flow required <strong>at</strong> conditions Pr and Allr<br />
(available enthalpy difference for isentropic expansion<br />
between Pr and Pexhaust) Lo PumP r<strong>at</strong>ed injection flow.<br />
W = turbine flow required <strong>at</strong> conditions P and AH (isen<br />
tropic expansion between P and Pexhaust) to PumP the same<br />
(r<strong>at</strong>ed) injection flow.
19<br />
This equ<strong>at</strong>ion predicts a. linear rel<strong>at</strong>ionship between steam pressure and<br />
turbine flow providing steam pressure is high enough to establish choked<br />
flow across the turbine nozzles. Turbine steam flow is zeroed when the<br />
turbine is tripped.<br />
Several modeling problems had to be solved in order to adequ<strong>at</strong>ely<br />
simul<strong>at</strong>e behavior of the system following loss of AC power:<br />
1. Reactor vessel steaming r<strong>at</strong>e,<br />
2. Reactor vessel n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion flow,<br />
3. Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure(s), and<br />
4. Drywell air temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
These particular problems are highlighted because of their importance in<br />
determining the overall results and to point out approxim<strong>at</strong>ions th<strong>at</strong> were<br />
made in formul<strong>at</strong>ing the solutions.<br />
Reactor vessel steaming r<strong>at</strong>e is defined here as the r<strong>at</strong>e <strong>at</strong> which<br />
steam flows from the liquid regions in the reactor vessel into the steam<br />
volume in the upper part of the vessel. When pressure is constant the<br />
steaming r<strong>at</strong>e equals steam production r<strong>at</strong>e in the reactor core which is a<br />
function of core inlet enthalpy, flow, and pressure. However, when pres<br />
sure is changing, the steaming r<strong>at</strong>e is influenced by the significant<br />
amount of w<strong>at</strong>er th<strong>at</strong> normally exists in the steam-w<strong>at</strong>er mixture above the<br />
core in the core outlet plenum, standpipes and steam separ<strong>at</strong>ors. This<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er adds to the steaming r<strong>at</strong>e when pressure is decreasing by flashing.<br />
It is assumed to subtract from the steaming r<strong>at</strong>e when pressure is increas<br />
ing by condensing part of the core steam production. In modeling this ef<br />
fect, it was assumed th<strong>at</strong> this w<strong>at</strong>er remains <strong>at</strong> s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>at</strong> all times.<br />
The net effect on the steaming r<strong>at</strong>e was calcul<strong>at</strong>ed using the following re<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ionship:<br />
where<br />
dP dhf lf M,<br />
w<br />
Wn = Wc - —- *<br />
dt dP (hK - hf)<br />
Wn = net steam production r<strong>at</strong>e<br />
Wc = core steam production r<strong>at</strong>e<br />
P = reactor vessel pressure<br />
hf = s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ed fluid enthalpy<br />
hg = s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ed vapor enthalpy<br />
Mj, = mass of w<strong>at</strong>er in core boiling region and above the core in<br />
outlet plenum, standpipes, and steam separ<strong>at</strong>ors.<br />
The inherent n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion capability of BWRs is an important<br />
fe<strong>at</strong>ure th<strong>at</strong> should be considered even in calcul<strong>at</strong>ion of thermal-hydraulic<br />
transients <strong>at</strong> decay he<strong>at</strong> level. The n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion flow p<strong>at</strong>h is from<br />
the area outside the standpipes and steam separ<strong>at</strong>ors (referred to here as<br />
the downcomer annulus), down through the jet pump diffusers into the lower<br />
plenum and then into the reactor. As it flows up through the core the<br />
fluid becomes s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ed and begins to boil. The steam/w<strong>at</strong>er mixture flows<br />
up through the outlet plenum and standpipes to the steam separ<strong>at</strong>ors, where<br />
the w<strong>at</strong>er is returned to the downcomer annulus and the steam flows through
20<br />
the steam dryers to the steam dome. The n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion r<strong>at</strong>e is de<br />
pendent on a number of variables including: w<strong>at</strong>er level in the downcomer<br />
annulus, w<strong>at</strong>er-steam level above the core, core steaming r<strong>at</strong>e, and density<br />
of the w<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture in and above the core. <strong>One</strong> phenomenon th<strong>at</strong><br />
makes the calcul<strong>at</strong>ion more difficult is th<strong>at</strong> when w<strong>at</strong>er level gets low<br />
enough the recircul<strong>at</strong>ion of w<strong>at</strong>er from the steam separ<strong>at</strong>ors ceases and<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er flows from the downcomer annulus only as required to counter-balance<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er lost by boil-off from the core.<br />
The equ<strong>at</strong>ion used to calcul<strong>at</strong>e core inlet flow is:<br />
where<br />
KfWci2 = Pdc*Ldc - Ptp * Ltp<br />
Kf = empirically determined friction coefficient<br />
wci = core inlet tiow<br />
Pdc = downcomer w<strong>at</strong>er density<br />
Ldc = downcomer w<strong>at</strong>er level (ref. to zero <strong>at</strong> bottom of active<br />
fuel)<br />
Jt = elev<strong>at</strong>ion-averaged density of w<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture in and<br />
above core<br />
LtD = level of steam-w<strong>at</strong>er mixture above bottom of active fuel.<br />
The value of the friction coefficient, Kf, was calcul<strong>at</strong>ed from the<br />
n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion curve on Fig. 3.7-1 of the BFNP FSAR by forcing agree<br />
ment with the predictions of this equ<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>at</strong> the 30% thermal power point.<br />
This procedure resulted in a reasonably good approxim<strong>at</strong>ion of the flow <strong>at</strong><br />
other points, as shown on Fig. 4.1. _<br />
The r<strong>at</strong>e of recircul<strong>at</strong>ion of w<strong>at</strong>er back to the downcomer annulus is<br />
calcul<strong>at</strong>ed as a function of the w<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level in the steam<br />
separ<strong>at</strong>ors:<br />
where<br />
wrecir = * f
100<br />
90<br />
£ 80<br />
o<br />
Q- 70<br />
<<br />
2<br />
22<br />
proportional to the difference between reactor coolant temper<strong>at</strong>ure (Trc)<br />
and drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere temper<strong>at</strong>ure (Tdw). Therefore,<br />
Qdw " 980*(Trc - Tdw)/(Trc - Tdw)0 .<br />
To test the validity of the 980 kW he<strong>at</strong> load, an independent calcu<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ion was performed under the following assumptions:<br />
1. Total he<strong>at</strong>ed surface area is 1115 m**2 (12,000 sq ft). This includes<br />
539 m**2 (5800 sq ft) for the reactor vessel, 372 m**2 (4000 sq ft)<br />
for the steam lines, and 204 m**2 (2200 sq ft) for other he<strong>at</strong>ed pip<br />
ing inside the drywell.<br />
2. 90% of the he<strong>at</strong>ed surface is insul<strong>at</strong>ed. This is a rough estim<strong>at</strong>e to<br />
account both for uninsul<strong>at</strong>ed piping and for imperfectly installed<br />
insul<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
3. Total he<strong>at</strong> loss through insul<strong>at</strong>ed surfaces is 0.25 kW/m**2 (80 Btu/h<br />
sq ft). This is a good nominal estim<strong>at</strong>e for MIRROR insul<strong>at</strong>ion when<br />
total hot surface to ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure difference is about 220°C<br />
(400°F).<br />
4. Radiant he<strong>at</strong> loss from uninsul<strong>at</strong>ed surface is figured using emmissivity<br />
=0.8 (i.e., unpolished surface)<br />
5. Convective he<strong>at</strong> loss from uninsul<strong>at</strong>ed surface figured using the rela<br />
tion Nu = 0.13 (Gr*Pr)**0.3333 (as discussed in a following para<br />
graph).<br />
The results were as follows:<br />
Qins,total " 281 kW<br />
Qunins,convective = 170 kW<br />
Qunins,radiant = 375 kW<br />
Qtotal - 826 kW<br />
This shows th<strong>at</strong> the he<strong>at</strong> losses assumed here for <strong>Unit</strong> 1 are realistic and<br />
perhaps slightly conserv<strong>at</strong>ive. The <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout analysis presented in<br />
the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR (response to AEC Question 14.2) assumes a much more<br />
conserv<strong>at</strong>ive he<strong>at</strong> loss of 2000 kW.<br />
In addition to he<strong>at</strong> transfer from hot surfaces, the r<strong>at</strong>e of steam es<br />
caping directly to the drywell must be known in order to calcul<strong>at</strong>e drywell<br />
pressure and temper<strong>at</strong>ure. Figure 9.2-2 of the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR<br />
specifies a total drywell drain sump input during normal power oper<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
of 22 m**3 (5800 gallons) per day or 4 gpm as measured <strong>at</strong> the normal sump<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure of about 38°C (100°F). Recircul<strong>at</strong>ion pump seals and control<br />
rod drive flange seals are identified as the major source of this leakage.<br />
This 4 gpm leak r<strong>at</strong>e is believed to be realistic for <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> 1<br />
during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. The fraction of the leak th<strong>at</strong> flashes to steam<br />
was calcul<strong>at</strong>ed in terms of s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ion properties:<br />
Xflash -
23<br />
<strong>at</strong>mosphere, to cold surfaces (such as the drywell liner). Such n<strong>at</strong>ural<br />
circul<strong>at</strong>ion probably exists in the lower part of the drywell where the<br />
main steam isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves and drywell coolers are loc<strong>at</strong>ed. However it<br />
is likely th<strong>at</strong> temper<strong>at</strong>ures in certain areas near the top of the drywell<br />
could be much hotter than the single <strong>at</strong>mosphere temper<strong>at</strong>ure this model<br />
calcul<strong>at</strong>es.<br />
He<strong>at</strong> transfer between drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere and liner was calcul<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
using the rel<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
where<br />
Nu = 0.13*(Gr*Pr)**0.333<br />
Nu = Nusselt Number (hL/k)<br />
Gr = Grashof Number (p2ggL3AT/p:,d)<br />
Pr = Prandtl Number (u C /K) .<br />
This formula is also used for the same purpose in the MARCH and CONTEMPT-<br />
LT codes.13>1H<br />
Internal he<strong>at</strong> transfer resistance of the steel drywell liner is low<br />
rel<strong>at</strong>ive to the resistance between liner and the <strong>at</strong>mosphere. This allows<br />
the use of one temper<strong>at</strong>ure to represent the whole thickness and it also<br />
means th<strong>at</strong> the entire ~364,000 kg (800,000 lbs) of drywell metal is ef<br />
fectively available as a he<strong>at</strong> sink during drywell he<strong>at</strong>-up. The he<strong>at</strong> sink<br />
effect of the drywell liner is important because without this he<strong>at</strong> sink<br />
the drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere would very quickly approach primary coolant tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ure after loss of the drywell coolers.<br />
Various code comparison activities were pursued in order to test the<br />
validity of the BWR-LACP simul<strong>at</strong>ion:<br />
1. Comparisons of BWR-LACP results to calcul<strong>at</strong>ions reported in the FSAR.<br />
2. Comparison to results computed by the RELAP-IV computer code.<br />
The first FSAR comparison was the "Loss of Auxiliary Power — All<br />
Grid Connections" transient reported on Figs. 14.5—12 and 14.5—13<br />
of the BFNP FSAR. Plant conditions assumed by the FSAR analysis include:<br />
1. Loss of all external grid connections <strong>at</strong> time = 0.<br />
2. All pumps tripped <strong>at</strong> time = 0.<br />
3. Reactor trip and main steam isol<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>at</strong> about time = 2 s.<br />
The BWR-LACP calcul<strong>at</strong>ion was started <strong>at</strong> time equals 20 s with reactor<br />
vessel level and pressure equal to those shown for t = 20 s on FSAR Figs.<br />
14.5-12 and 14.5-13. Figure 4.2 compares the code and FSAR<br />
predictions of reactor vessel pressure and core inlet flow between 20 and<br />
50 s. During this period the core inlet flow is decreasing because steam<br />
production is falling off rapidly; reactor vessel pressure is being con<br />
trolled between the assumed 7.59 MPa (1100 psia) and 7.41 (1075 psia) SRV<br />
set and reset points. Results are reasonably close. Figure 4.3 shows<br />
BWR-LACP and FSAR calcul<strong>at</strong>ions of reactor vessel level from 20 to 2200 s.<br />
During this period, the vessel level decreases slowly until the mass addi<br />
tion r<strong>at</strong>e of the 0.0378 m**3/s (600 gpm) injection flow exceeds the mass<br />
loss r<strong>at</strong>e due to steam produced by decay he<strong>at</strong>. The results show similar<br />
behavior. The FSAR minimum level is 11.76 m (463 in.) <strong>at</strong> time equals 1600<br />
s and the BWR-LACP predicted minimum level is 11.56 m (455 in.) <strong>at</strong> time<br />
equals 1200 s.
(MPa) (psi)<br />
100<br />
UJ<br />
O<br />
< 0.6 i-<br />
X<br />
o<br />
_ 75<br />
g 0.5<br />
Z3<br />
$ 0.4<br />
rr<br />
a. 50<br />
w 0.3<br />
00<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
> 0.2<br />
rr 25<br />
O<br />
o 0.1<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
rr<br />
0L 0<br />
5 50<br />
O<br />
UJ<br />
CURVE A<br />
CURVE B<br />
L<br />
24<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8605 ETD<br />
TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM FSAR<br />
FIGURE 14.5-12<br />
BWR-LACP RESULTS USING FSAR<br />
INPUT ASSUMPTIONS<br />
TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM FSAR FIGURE 14.5-12<br />
BWR-LACP RESULTS USING FSAR INPUT<br />
ASSUMPTIONS<br />
TIME (s)<br />
Fig. 4.2 Comparison of FSAR and BWR-LACP results for loss of<br />
auxiliary power transients.<br />
±<br />
50
00<br />
00<br />
(m)<br />
14<br />
13<br />
><br />
z 12<br />
I"<br />
LU 10<br />
> UJ<br />
(in.)<br />
570<br />
520<br />
470<br />
420<br />
370<br />
320<br />
I I |llll|—| I I Mill —<br />
LEVEL REFERENCED TO BOTTOM OF VESSEL<br />
DIRECTLY FROM FSAR<br />
FIGURE 14.5-13<br />
O CALCULATED BY BWR-LACP<br />
USING FSAR INPUT<br />
TOP OF ACTIVE FUEL<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-7858 ETD<br />
| I I |llll| 1 I I | Mil<br />
I I I I Mill I I I I Mill I I I I Mill I I I I INI<br />
10 5 100 2<br />
TIME (s)<br />
1000 2<br />
Fig. 4.3 Comparison of FSAR and BWR-LACP results for reactor<br />
vessel level.<br />
5 10,000<br />
ro
26<br />
Comparison of FSAR and BWR-LACP calcul<strong>at</strong>ions of drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
was performed for the "Loss of All AC Power" results shown on Fig.<br />
Q.14.2-1 of the BFNP FSAR. Plant conditions assumed by the FSAR calcula<br />
tions include:<br />
1. Initial power = 100%.<br />
2. Loss of all AC power <strong>at</strong> time = 0.<br />
3. Drywell perfectly insul<strong>at</strong>ed on outside.<br />
4. He<strong>at</strong> capacity of interior equipment and structures is negligible.<br />
5. Energy input from primary surfaces is initially 2000 kW.<br />
6. He<strong>at</strong> transfer coefficient between <strong>at</strong>mosphere and wall is 11.36<br />
w/m**2°C (2 Btu/h ft2 °F) without steam condens<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
7. Drywell coolers lost <strong>at</strong> time = 0 and not restarted.<br />
8. Steam leak = 0<br />
The conditions assumed for this analysis are of the same order as those<br />
assumed for the "Normal Recovery" part of the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout as dis<br />
cussed in this report. Comparisons of various predictions of drywell<br />
<strong>at</strong>mosphere temper<strong>at</strong>ure to the FSAR result are shown on Fig. 4.4. The drywell<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure climbs rapidly during the first 5 to 10 min, before he<strong>at</strong><br />
27<br />
transfer to the drywell liner is established. After the first 10 min, the<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure climbs much more slowly, with the metal liner acting as the<br />
he<strong>at</strong> sink. Curve 2 on Fig. 4.4 was calcul<strong>at</strong>ed using as input to the con<br />
tainment model the FSAR assumptions as listed above. The resulting curve<br />
is similarly shaped, but about 17°C (30°F) above the FSAR prediction. In<br />
order to estim<strong>at</strong>e the possible magnitude of input parameter difference,<br />
the calcul<strong>at</strong>ion was repe<strong>at</strong>ed with identical input except a 40% increase in<br />
drywell liner area. Results are shown on Curve 3 and are very close to<br />
the FSAR prediction.<br />
A boil-off transient was selected for comparison to RELAP-IV and<br />
BWR-LACP predictions. The RELAP-IV calcul<strong>at</strong>ion was prepared and run by<br />
Idaho N<strong>at</strong>ional Engineering Labor<strong>at</strong>ory. It starts <strong>at</strong> nominal full power<br />
plant conditions. During the first several seconds the reactor trips and<br />
the main steam isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves close. Initially, several SRVs are re<br />
quired to control vessel pressure, but after about 40 seconds one SRV is<br />
sufficient. Injection flow is zero throughout. The BWR-LACP calcul<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
was intialized <strong>at</strong> 30 seconds because it is programmed only for decay he<strong>at</strong><br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ion. Figure 4.5 compares the results of the calcul<strong>at</strong>ions of reactor<br />
><br />
ui<br />
(m) (in.)<br />
15 i—<br />
14<br />
13<br />
12<br />
11<br />
_i<br />
Ui<br />
OJ<br />
CO<br />
UI<br />
> 10<br />
600<br />
— 550<br />
500<br />
450<br />
400<br />
350<br />
300<br />
250<br />
500<br />
BWR-LACP<br />
O RELAP-IV RESULTS<br />
1000 1500<br />
TIME (s)<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-7859 ETD<br />
STEAM/WATER ABOVE CORE<br />
2000 2500<br />
Fig. 4.5 Comparison of RELAP-IV and BWR-LACP results for reactor<br />
vessel level.
28<br />
vessel level. The steam/w<strong>at</strong>er level above the core is shown for both<br />
codes. Results are very similar, with RELAP predicting 33 minutes and<br />
BWR-LACP predicting 30 minutes to begin uncovering active fuel. Figure<br />
4.6 shows RELAP and BWR-LACP results for reactor steam pressure control.<br />
Results are similar although RELAP predicts a longer SRV cycle (about 60<br />
seconds) than BWR-LACP (about 38 seconds).<br />
Results presented in this Section show th<strong>at</strong> the BWR-LACP code is cap<br />
able of providing reasonable predictions of overall thermal-hydraulic<br />
UJ<br />
29<br />
variables such as reactor vessel levels and pressure and containment tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ure for extended periods after reactor trip prior to system damage<br />
due to loss of injection capability. Fe<strong>at</strong>ures of the code th<strong>at</strong> have con<br />
tributed to its utility in the analysis of the Normal Recovery portion of<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout include:<br />
1. The code is specifically designed for BWRs; therefore, parameter<br />
changes are straightforward and easily made.<br />
2. The code is designed for flexibility to model the plant response to<br />
different oper<strong>at</strong>or actions.<br />
3. It is locally available and has quick turnaround time.
30<br />
5. INSTRUMENTATION AVAILABLE DURING STATION BLACKOUT<br />
AND NORMAL RECOVERY<br />
For some time following a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, the reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
level can be maintained in the normal range by oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the HPCI and/<br />
or RCIC systems, and the pressure can be maintained in any desired range<br />
by remote-manual relief valve oper<strong>at</strong>ion. Restor<strong>at</strong>ion of AC power <strong>at</strong> any<br />
time during this period of stable level and pressure control would permit<br />
complete and normal recovery without core damage. The Control Room in<br />
strument<strong>at</strong>ion available and necessary to monitor the plant st<strong>at</strong>us during<br />
the period of stable control following the inception of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout<br />
is discussed in the following paragraphs.<br />
1. Electrical system st<strong>at</strong>us. The <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout would be clearly<br />
discernible by the loss of much of the control room indic<strong>at</strong>ion and the<br />
loss of normal Control Room lighting. Emergency Control Room lighting is<br />
available. Numerous instruments would indic<strong>at</strong>e the loss of voltage, am<br />
perage, and frequency on the electrical supply and distribution boards.<br />
2. Reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level. Two channels of Control Room instru<br />
ment<strong>at</strong>ion would provide indic<strong>at</strong>ion of the reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level over<br />
a range between 13.41 and 14.94 m (528 and 588 in.) above the bottom of<br />
the vessel. This range includes the normal oper<strong>at</strong>ing level of 14.15 m<br />
(561 in.) and extends over the upper portion of the steam separ<strong>at</strong>ors, a<br />
distance of 4.27 to 5.79 m (14 to 19 ft) above the top of the active fuel.<br />
Mechanical Yarway indic<strong>at</strong>ion available outside of the Control Room would<br />
provide an additional range from the low point of the Control Room indica<br />
tion, 13.41 m (528 in.) above vessel zero down to a point 9.47 m (373 in.)<br />
above vessel zero, which is 0.33 m (13 in.) above the top of the active<br />
fuel in the core.<br />
The level instrument<strong>at</strong>ion derives the reactor w<strong>at</strong>er level by compar<br />
ing the head of w<strong>at</strong>er within the downcomer region of the reactor vessel to<br />
the head of w<strong>at</strong>er within a reference leg installed in the drywell. With<br />
the loss of the drywell coolers, the drywell ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure will in<br />
crease significantly, he<strong>at</strong>ing the reference leg w<strong>at</strong>er to above-normal tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ures. This will reduce the density of the w<strong>at</strong>er in the reference<br />
leg, causing an error in the indic<strong>at</strong>ed w<strong>at</strong>er level, which will be too<br />
high. For example, if the drywell ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure increases from its<br />
normal range of 57.2 to 63.6°C (135 to 150°F) to 171.1°C (340°F), the in<br />
dic<strong>at</strong>ed level can be as much as 0.76 m (30 in.) too high.15 As dis<br />
cussed in Sect. 3, the drywell ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure is expected to reach<br />
about 148.9°C (300°F). However, the lower boundary of reactor vessel<br />
level indic<strong>at</strong>ion is 4.27 m (168 in.) above the top of the active fuel.<br />
Therefore, if the oper<strong>at</strong>or maintains the level in the indic<strong>at</strong>ing range, a<br />
0.76 m (30 in.) error is not significant as far as the goal of keeping the<br />
core covered is concerned.<br />
3. Reactor vessel pressure. Two channels of pressure instrumenta<br />
tion would provide indic<strong>at</strong>ion of reactor vessel pressure over a range of<br />
8.274 MPa (0 to 1200 psig).<br />
4. Main steamline flow. Two channels of steam flow instrument<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
with a range of 2016 kg/s (0 to 16 x 106 lbs/h) would provide verifica<br />
tion th<strong>at</strong> steam flow had ceased following Main Steam Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Valve<br />
(MSIV) closure.
31<br />
5. Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow. <strong>One</strong> channel of flow instrument<strong>at</strong>ion with a range<br />
of 1008 kg/s (0 to 8 x 106 lbs/h) for each of the three feedw<strong>at</strong>er pumps<br />
would indic<strong>at</strong>e the decay of feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow following loss of steam to the<br />
feedw<strong>at</strong>er turbines.<br />
6. Neutron flux. The power range meters fail on loss of AC power.<br />
The source range and intermedi<strong>at</strong>e range monitors remain oper<strong>at</strong>ional, but<br />
the detectors for these systems are withdrawn from the reactor core during<br />
power oper<strong>at</strong>ion and could not be reinserted under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout condi<br />
tions. Nevertheless, the oper<strong>at</strong>or could verify the reactor scram which<br />
occurs when the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout is initi<strong>at</strong>ed by observing the decay of<br />
the indic<strong>at</strong>ed levels on these monitors.<br />
7. Control rod position indic<strong>at</strong>ion. The control rod position indi<br />
c<strong>at</strong>ion system remains oper<strong>at</strong>ional so th<strong>at</strong> the oper<strong>at</strong>or could verify th<strong>at</strong><br />
the control rods had inserted with the scram.<br />
8. Relief valve position. There is no provision for direct indica<br />
tion of the actual position of any primary relief valve, even under normal<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ing conditions. Thus the oper<strong>at</strong>or has no indic<strong>at</strong>ion of autom<strong>at</strong>ic<br />
actu<strong>at</strong>ion of a specific relief valve other than the recorded tailpipe tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ures available on charts behind the control room panels, or the re<br />
lief valve acoustic monitors, all of which would be inoperable under Sta<br />
tion Blackout conditions. However, remote-manual actu<strong>at</strong>ion of a relief<br />
valve is accomplished by energizing its DC solenoid oper<strong>at</strong>or; lights on<br />
the control panel for each valve indic<strong>at</strong>e whether or not these solenoids<br />
are energized, and this capability is maintained during <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
9. RCIC instrument<strong>at</strong>ion and controls. The RCIC system can be oper<br />
<strong>at</strong>ed and monitored under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout conditions.<br />
10. HPCI instrument<strong>at</strong>ion and controls. The HPCI system can be oper<br />
<strong>at</strong>ed and monitored under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout conditions.<br />
11. Condens<strong>at</strong>e Storage Tank Level. The condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank<br />
level indic<strong>at</strong>ion [range: 9.75 m (0 to 32 ft)] remains oper<strong>at</strong>ional so th<strong>at</strong><br />
the oper<strong>at</strong>or can determine the remaining amount of w<strong>at</strong>er available for re<br />
actor vessel injection via the RCIC (or HPCI) system.<br />
12. Drywell Pressure. Drywell pressure instrument<strong>at</strong>ion [range:<br />
0.55 MPa (0 to 80 psia)] remains oper<strong>at</strong>ional so th<strong>at</strong> the oper<strong>at</strong>or can mon<br />
itor the increase in drywell pressure due to the ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure in<br />
crease following loss of the drywell coolers.<br />
13. Pressure Suppression Pool W<strong>at</strong>er Level. Indic<strong>at</strong>ion of torus<br />
level [range: —0.63 to 0.63 m (—25 to +25 in.)] remains available allow<br />
ing the oper<strong>at</strong>or to monitor the increasing pool level caused by both the<br />
relief valve blowdowns and the increasing pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
The above instrument<strong>at</strong>ion is powered during <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout either<br />
by DC power directly from the installed b<strong>at</strong>teries or by AC power indi<br />
rectly obtained from the b<strong>at</strong>tery systems. The sources of AC power during<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout are the feedw<strong>at</strong>er inverter and the unit-preferred and<br />
plant-preferred systems where single-phase 120V AC power is provided by<br />
gener<strong>at</strong>ors driven by emergency b<strong>at</strong>tery-powered DC motors.<br />
It is important to note th<strong>at</strong> Control Room temper<strong>at</strong>ure instrument<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
for the drywell and the pressure suppression pool does not remain opera<br />
tional under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout conditions. However, the ambient tempera<br />
tures <strong>at</strong> various points in the drywell would be available <strong>at</strong> an indic<strong>at</strong>ormeter<br />
and a recorder mounted on panel 9-47, which is loc<strong>at</strong>ed on the back<br />
of the Control Room panels and is accessible from outside of the Control
32<br />
Room. Also, Using a portable self-powered potentiometer, st<strong>at</strong>ion person<br />
nel can monitor local pressure suppression chamber and drywell tempera<br />
tures which are sensed by installed thermocouple elements.<br />
Following the restor<strong>at</strong>ion of normal AC power, either by recovery of<br />
the offsite power sources or by the delayed but finally successful loading<br />
of the onsite diesel-gener<strong>at</strong>ors, the Instrument<strong>at</strong>ion and Control buses<br />
would be re-energized, restoring all normal Control Room instrument<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
for use in monitoring the normal recovery.
33<br />
6. OPERATOR ACTIONS DURING STATION BLACKOUT<br />
AND NORMAL RECOVERY<br />
In the event of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, the immedi<strong>at</strong>e result would be a<br />
turbine trip, reactor scram, and Main Steam Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Valve (MSIV) clo<br />
sure, which would all occur autom<strong>at</strong>ically with no oper<strong>at</strong>or action; the re<br />
actor would be shut down and isol<strong>at</strong>ed behind the closed MSIVs within 30<br />
seconds following the initi<strong>at</strong>ing loss of offsite power. Immedi<strong>at</strong>ely fol<br />
lowing the isol<strong>at</strong>ion, the reactor vessel pressure would increase to the<br />
setpoints of as many relief valves as are required to termin<strong>at</strong>e the pres<br />
sure increase. The affected relief valves would open to pass steam di<br />
rectly from the reactor vessel to a terminus bene<strong>at</strong>h the w<strong>at</strong>er level in<br />
the pressure suppression pool so th<strong>at</strong> the released steam is condensed.<br />
The core w<strong>at</strong>er void collapse caused by both the scram and the pres<br />
sure increase following MSIV closure would result in a rapid drop in re<br />
actor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level to some point below the lower limit of level in<br />
dic<strong>at</strong>ion available in the Control Room under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout conditions<br />
[13.41 m (528 in.) above vessel zero]. Standard <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Emergency<br />
Oper<strong>at</strong>ing Instructions for immedi<strong>at</strong>e action following reactor scram and<br />
MSIV closure call for the oper<strong>at</strong>or to manually initi<strong>at</strong>e both the HPCI and<br />
the RCIC systems. The combined injection flow of 0.353 m3/s (5600 GPM)<br />
would rapidly restore the level into the indic<strong>at</strong>ing range and the oper<strong>at</strong>or<br />
would secure the HPCI system when the indic<strong>at</strong>ed level reached a point<br />
equivalent to about 13.72 m (540 in.) above vessel zero. The level would<br />
then continue to increase due to the remaining 0.038 m /s (600 GPM) of<br />
RCIC system flow and the he<strong>at</strong>up and expansion of the injected w<strong>at</strong>er, but<br />
<strong>at</strong> a slower r<strong>at</strong>e.<br />
For pressure control, standard procedure is for the oper<strong>at</strong>or to<br />
remote-manually oper<strong>at</strong>e the primary relief valves as necessary to cycle<br />
the reactor vessel pressure between 7.69 and 6.31 MPa (1100 and 900 psig).<br />
This prevents the autom<strong>at</strong>ic actu<strong>at</strong>ion of the relief valves [lowest setpoint:<br />
7.72 MPa (1105 psig)], and since the pressure reduction following<br />
autom<strong>at</strong>ic actu<strong>at</strong>ion is only 0.34 MPa (50 psi), gre<strong>at</strong>ly reduces the total<br />
number of relief valve actu<strong>at</strong>ions. The purpose is to decrease the oppor<br />
tunity for a relief valve to stick open, and to allow the oper<strong>at</strong>or to al<br />
tern<strong>at</strong>e the relief valves which are in effect passing the decay he<strong>at</strong><br />
energy to the pressure suppression pool; this more evenly distributes the<br />
pool he<strong>at</strong>up.<br />
Throughout the period of <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, the oper<strong>at</strong>or would oper<strong>at</strong>e<br />
the RCIC system intermittently as necessary to maintain the reactor vessel<br />
level in the indic<strong>at</strong>ing range, i.e., between 13.41 and 14.94 m (528 and<br />
588 in.) above vessel zero. Thus, it is expected th<strong>at</strong> the oper<strong>at</strong>or would<br />
turn on the RCIC system <strong>at</strong> an indic<strong>at</strong>ed level of about 13.61 m (538 in.)<br />
and turn the system off <strong>at</strong> about 14.68 m (578 in.). The periods of RCIC<br />
system oper<strong>at</strong>ion would become less frequent as the decay he<strong>at</strong> intensity<br />
subsides during a prolonged <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout; after the first hour, the<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>or would find it necessary to run the RCIC system for only about<br />
one-third of the time. This is illustr<strong>at</strong>ed in Sect. 7.<br />
As previously discussed, the oper<strong>at</strong>or would control reactor vessel<br />
pressure by remote-manual oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the relief valves. It is important<br />
th<strong>at</strong> the oper<strong>at</strong>or take action to begin to lower the reactor vessel pres<br />
sure to about 0.79 MPa (100 psig) within 60 min following the inception of
CO O* cr o Cu CO CO H- cr 3" rt CO "3 VO g o rt rt CO CO rt £ rt o rt TJ rt H- Oh rt CO ~J co Hi rt Oh N rt H- Ul CO X-N rt ii O CU<br />
n> c fD *< *o pJ fD pJ 3 fD cu ZT V! ro u> fD o 3d H- 3 rt l-l H- H- Hi cr CO 3 3 i-J O CO . o 11 3 tl CU H- 3 UI CU OJ ro O<br />
sf<br />
01 e< rt fD rt Oh cu CO < ro CO l-l . 3 3 fD O fD O M o ro H- tl 00 >< rt o rt o H ^< rt o O . 11 o cu g O on<br />
CO fD sS P- 11 *< n c fD fD CO rt CO U) rt CO 3 O cu (-" M 3 o 00 3d « OJ 3 o 3 B ro H- 3 H as ^ 00 Cu rt "C rt Co n M 3 O CU n Hi Tl rt fD 3 rt<br />
CO 3 fD O c rt rt H- O CO CO i-l 3 3 n rt i-i o cr O I-1 -^4 (D to fD ro i-j o rt O 3d H- o h-1 Hi CO ^^ o v-x 3d i 00 prt<br />
e i-( rH rt rt P- I—1 »< ro •—s cr fD M 3 fD rt CU H 3 TJ H- ro O CD 1* 3 H- ro 3d H ro O<br />
g §<br />
fD Hi o<br />
3 XT p. O ^ rt CO CU N3 o 3 CD CO o rt o CU CO Cl H- en cu ^H> O O 3 3 CO h-1 CO rt H- CD O 3<br />
g . p.<br />
Mi CO p- CU CO 3 cu rt l-l B O cu rt cu 3d fD rt 3d O t-t ?r 3 rt CO rt s **• . 3 Hi Oh Oj 3d rt X-N rt Hi Cu 3 O<br />
TJ p. o> rt XT CO CO rt Oh X* fD fD H- o ti r-> 3 O CL 3d cu X) fD o Cl O H- CU cl -~J rt CD fD fD 3 fD 3d 1—H cr < C 3 CO<br />
fD n ro rt O P- cr o fD B 00 o CL V< a 3 fD rt ro J-i 3 ft CO o H rt rt U3 3d o rt o CO fD fD o ro rt ro Co O M<br />
rt p. cu e g<br />
CO CO 3 fD 3 CO o \T Tl M H H i-j 3 rt O CO H- H-J cr fD fD M "~< CO H- n 1 o cr 1 M O Co<br />
CU fD cu 3 i—1<br />
1 fD I-l "3 rt fD CU 3 rt s_^ CO CO r* Cl fD s rt CO H- . rt O TJ O H- H- g s fD 3 00 fD fD O o o H- Co<br />
O<br />
H.<br />
rr 3 3 rt a. o o O s3 O I-"- fD 3 3d n h-1 H- 3d rt 11 -3 cr> O Hi CU 3 a CD TJ TJ O 3 CD CO 3 CO M O Tl o CO 00 Cu ?r<br />
c rr a. I-l rt l-l ro H- rt CO i-l cr cu Cl C M cr H- CO ro O fD 3d KJ rt cr H- fD CU TJ O rt ro fD CO H- O *-^» o ro O rt o<br />
rl o a ^< P- M<br />
rt fD 3 H- cu fD 3 rt n ro ro ro H H- CO ro i-1 CO rt n H •« ro H- Cu Oj cu ro h-1 cr M CO rt rt 3<br />
— (0 TJ o Tl cu O cu 3 O n rt O- O Hi %» CO CU h-1 S O 3 fD I-" CD fD CO H CL 3 CD H Hi Oj N—^ Oj o Co 3 CO rt<br />
i-i . fD P- 3 CO 3 rt 3 M ro l-l 3 Oh rt ti 0 g 3 ro TJ rt CO CL rt ^"N CU CD CL fD Hi < 3 fD X < p* CL CL 3d ro fD o CO h-1 CO o UI to 3 fD CO rt H- TJ o rt »* 00 H CD rt fD rt CO O 3d CD<br />
i-l CO xr O B H- fD n O 3 fD CD Cl g n H- rt CO s3 3 CL H rt X 3d rt CO rt 3d Co . ro fD Cu ro Cl Hi<br />
cu rt •->* O fD 3* o O rt TJ 1—' l-l o 3 Cu O OJ CO P CU O fD H- fD CU 3 fD CU O H- ro 3d H» CD ro sS 3 OJ o cu D rt •1 Cu P-<br />
CO O ^4 I-h Cu o CO c ro fD H- i-i 3 rt 3 rt rt fD s; rt ^ h-> 3 H < 11 3 CO H rt B H- 00 O Oh o i-1 H H- rt rt Co *< rt CO<br />
Ul O £ fD i-( i-i CU H- Hi i-i ro 3" 3d 3 ro CL M H- CU 3 Oh 3 rt H- 3 n 3 fD Hi O O ?r XT C/3<br />
%<br />
TJ !-( rt rr i-l rt cu l-l Oh H- cr H- 3 CD CO H- CO cr s "3 Co H M rt O cr g H rt O 3 I-- fD Oh ii fD fD fD rt 3<br />
o c cu 3" O rt p. ro XT rt "^ fD 3 rD 3 3 0 "< 0 rt fD cu O rt 3 fD •^xS cr 3 o H- rt O rt CL X X^s ro TJ rt ro 3 H" Co fD<br />
OJ<br />
M<br />
CO 5 3 fD i-l p* 3 3 cu c fD 3 00 i-i CD cr n rt O fD C B Ul fD 3 Cl fD fD < X rt O<br />
1—1 "^<br />
CO a. 5 On rt rt i-l H- rt o. fD ro CO rt rt o fD M g CU O CO s3 rt H H- ro H- ro 00 rt fD 00 CO H B fD n<br />
1 P- ro<br />
5.<br />
P- rr ?o < rt p. pj ft> 3 ZT . Hi CO CO c fD CO 3d S i-l rt cr H- TJ O ro H- •~< 3 O On H 3d 3 K- 3 O TJ CO fD rt H> O CD<br />
cr 3- 3<br />
h- O fD o VT, 3 1 CO ro H* CO Xi<br />
1 i-i fD fD s 3d fD 3 CO 3 rt i- « 00 < o 3 H- H CO o m fD CO ro rt fD CD<br />
i cu<br />
i—' fD ro 1—| CO CX CU O pi rt CO rt 3 o Xi m i-i rt Cu fD H CO H> rt o 3d h> ro fD o rt fD H- Tl fD H* •1 fD Oj 3d B CO<br />
fD Ui o CO e rt fD n i-l ro 1—i i-i 3 M fD rt fD rt 00<br />
H,<br />
H o 00 h"0 CO TJ fD *< Cu < '^w' X < cu 1—' H- TJ 1 co 1<br />
fD fD x ro rt c rt) O O Co V3 cr CL O g fD l-l o Co w O 3 CU • H- O CO CO rt fD<br />
o<br />
. O fD rt rt 3 fD "-< 1—' ^^<br />
rr "3 CO pj p. O. p. B I-j. i CO Hl I-1 cr V! ro CU O -3 •I fD Hi < M CL 3 VO rt fD H- rt O fD ro Cl 3 o 3d tl Co<br />
o 1—1 CO "-< a CO fD < ro ^H rt O i-1 H- CD l-l ro M cu Oh H- O CU fD H-00 3d Hi 3 CL CO . 1 o fD O CO 1 n cr<br />
CJ p. CO p.i no cr rt l-i cu 3 CD 3d CO 3 ro CO o H- fD 3d H P- H- l-l H- 3 < rt H- n < 3 s—^ ro JU W CO fD o 3 rt fD CO H- Oh S2 3d O Hi «. CO<br />
S cr cu i-i fD H v; i-i o H- o C/3 CO H- H •3 Hi fD ro CU Hi fD m . o ro 11 O TJ TJ CO CO CO 3 3 3 3 s ro<br />
p. p. H 3<br />
& O xr fD a CO o n rt •<br />
3 O fD rt fD o 3 M<br />
CO TJ o Hi o o rt h H rt H* B, O ** H- H H- cu<br />
. ^<br />
N 3 3* Dh (—i O ro TJ H-1 o C o CU 00 3 0 l-l l-l CO M < < TJ tl Tl Co O g o O H- H- O < cr 11 fD O h-1 Co 3 o<br />
fD fD P- rt O i-i cu cr M i-i o rt 00 O Co 3 V5 CD CU TJ H M ro w B 11 ti H B B fD H- fD Oj a" cu M M Oj Hi<br />
«# CO CO 3d 3 Ipy o O ^ *<br />
p.i fD fD rt l—l O fD cu X) CO cu Co to . H fD H- H- Cl rt H- fD ro o rt rt K3 Oj M 3 H r-1 h-1 B < fD H- O X<br />
O<br />
p.i £T<br />
fD n cu *rt I-h 3 3 p. P- cu O CO O 3 (D 3" o rt H M ro O *< l-l rt CO TJ rt o o H TJ 3 00 11 H- Hi ,Q cu ii CD fD n CL ro 1—'<br />
fD CO rt Cu O CO o l-l . fD Co l-t O c 3d 3d H- CO H CO rt H- . 3d fD 3 3 O fD CO rt fD 3 3 g CO fD sS 11 cu cu °- "!? o<br />
cu o n p. 3 rt 3 1—' (U c rt H- fD g 3 CO rt 3d rt 3 O O tl ro CO •^j H Hi O H CD B
p TJ Cu rt rt rt Oj cr rt CO B n Co o rt pj r1 Oj »i M rt rt CO TJ P- O co Oh P- rt O rr 3 o rt O rt r> rt CU Hi < p. Hi<br />
O 3 cr cr •I ro XT Co CO fD P.<br />
8 3 o Cu o o H fD O cr p- n •1 CO n p- P- 3 O Hi fD O CU p. 3 p. XT XT 3 O p. a O<br />
fD p- 3<br />
to •1 rt CO On o<br />
3 n<br />
ft ro<br />
3 1 rt p- fD rt pj ro ^ > rt<br />
XT ^ O 3 fD O rt O to Cu X O<br />
3 rr TJ rt O Co fD O- 3 OjOO n<br />
o 00<br />
3 p- < O Co o<br />
h rt rt<br />
CU ro 3 rj rt fD<br />
1 rt o 00 TJ to CU CO p-1 pj O rt cu CO < - ro 00 1 o CO o P- O 03 -«r m fD XT XT o cr O Co CO 00 TJ rt Oj CO p.<br />
. 3d TJ H s M XT -< -< ii XT 3 to rt M 3 rt S . o<br />
Pi<br />
S" 3 Cl O fD o . Cu fD to cu fD Pi u p- ii H fD O 3- XT a H<br />
sf fD to XT p- 3 P1 fD •<br />
3<br />
fD to rt cu CO p. cr pj P- ro XT<br />
fD pj Oh 3 CO 3 rt c 3 fD O cr CD p. to O rt CO LJ- XT<br />
rt CO 11 to CD TJ 3 rr NJ CL n CO • fD N<br />
B<br />
§ to rt ro rt ro Tj CC 3 VJ rt O Hi ro 3 3 XT rt to ro<br />
rt fD CO CU 01 . . TJ O n M rt ro ro Co fD 3 o H O Co Cl rt i. H CO 11 TJ cr 01 P- pj CO cr rt TJ rt Co co 0 hj<br />
fD fD 3 rt 3 rt tl 3d Hi H NJ o 3 p- p-> • H rt rt XT 3 O XT ro O ro fD p- 3 3 XT rl i-i fD 11 03 rt rt rt ro<br />
t-( TJ O O XT o ro * O P- TJ cr S3 P- rt co M CL CO 00 CL O fD rD 00 ro i. p. p.<br />
H* > TJ H<br />
§•<br />
i Cu Cu CO P- 1—' H fD fD 3 TJ CL o XT o n tl 01 tl P- ^< CO XT CO O 03 3 . fD pJ-O p. 03 p-<br />
fD<br />
O O Co<br />
TJ 11 rt 3 01 rt XT CO XT O i cr 3 CO Cu o 1 fD 3 cr to 3 TJ 01 CO rt CL 3 P- 3 3 fD CO rt 3 3 3 hi<br />
CO TJ ro XT Co 3 XT to B to CO rt rt fD P- O TJ rt MTJ o o < CU rt o 3 M CU H 3 rD CC 3 XT ro p. CO H 3 3* Oh ro<br />
fD CD CU P-1 rt cr •I to CO Hi UJCD TJ P- O oi oo rt XT P- o TJ cu to CL XT 3 fD 3 fD 3 CL & Hi to P- O Hi r| ro t-i fD fD<br />
H- 3 CO CO<br />
01 XT ro ro CL P* --— to tl O CO XT P- to rt 3 3 fD 3 3 fD to rt rt < TJ s3 Hi 3 3 fD rr fD *3 1—1 Co<br />
CO<br />
CU<br />
CL p" •1 to O O CO CU 3 TJ 3 O H XT 00 fD H rt .O XT ro Pi 01 CO rS P- TJ < Oj O rt CO fD Co 3<br />
P*<br />
o<br />
B<br />
cu<br />
TJ<br />
X<br />
3 g ro rr CD TJ o S3 01 *< tl H O 3 ro fD 11 PJ cr 3 K -^j to M 3 3<br />
CD < n ro CO rt CO XT CO < 3 0 Oj<br />
o O 3 p- ro Hi s~^ >«", /—N to fD O Hi rt to rt Co CO h- OjTJ ft to p- H fD cr pj Hi 3d to 3 CO Oj •r h-1<br />
CO 3 o TJ 1 00 ii S OJ CO CO r1 < 3 O Hi P- O P- fD XT rt rt . TJ «3 P- TJ M cu H ro pi n ro rt *< TJ to i—i rt Hi o 3 1 CO CL o- P- fD ro K- H pi O 1 pJ i. 3 o rt fD fD CD TJ pj 3 3 XT<br />
3 o TJ to ii ro cu rt cr 3 »• ro CD O 3 01 CO M O o 01 H O ro P1 Cu fD cr rt Oh P- TJ CD X3 p. 3 rj Co rr rt to CO<br />
g Hi o 3
36<br />
7. COMPUTER PREDICTION OF THERMAL-HYDRAULIC<br />
PARAMETERS FOR NORMAL RECOVERY<br />
7.1 Introduction<br />
The purpose of this chapter is to present the results of BWR-LACP<br />
calcul<strong>at</strong>ions (see Sect. 4) of system behavior for two different portions<br />
of the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout:<br />
1. Normal Recovery: DC power from the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery remains available<br />
during this period; therefore RCIC and HPCI injection flows are assumed<br />
available throughout, and<br />
2. Loss of 250 vdc B<strong>at</strong>teries: The b<strong>at</strong>teries are assumed to fail after<br />
four hours, causing failure of RCIC and HPCI injection, ultim<strong>at</strong>ely leading<br />
to uncovering of the core about eight hours after the <strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
The normal recovery portion of the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout is discussed in<br />
detail in Sects. 3 and 6. Oper<strong>at</strong>or actions assumed here are consistent<br />
with those sections. Results were calcul<strong>at</strong>ed to five hours* for normal<br />
recovery in order to provide some overlap with the MARCH code severe ac<br />
cident calcul<strong>at</strong>ions (see Sects. 9 and 10), which assume th<strong>at</strong> the boil-off<br />
begins after four hours from a fully pressurized condition. The Loss of<br />
250 vdc B<strong>at</strong>teries results are given in this section in order to provide an<br />
estim<strong>at</strong>e of system behavior possible after loss of dc power if the plant<br />
is depressurized during the normal recovery period.<br />
7.2 Conclusions<br />
Major conclusions drawn from the calcul<strong>at</strong>ed results are given below,<br />
succeeded by a detailed discussion of code input assumptions and transient<br />
results.<br />
7.2.1 Normal Recovery — Conclusions<br />
If power were recovered within five hours of the inception of the<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, a normal recovery would be possible. System parameters<br />
are within acceptable ranges after five hours:<br />
1. The 250 vdc b<strong>at</strong>teries, by assumption, last the full five hours.<br />
2. Reactor vessel level is within the normal control range, about 5.08 m<br />
(200 in.) above the top of active fuel.<br />
3. Reactor vessel pressure is being controlled <strong>at</strong> about 0.69 MPa (100<br />
psia).<br />
4. About 354 m3 (93,500 gal.) of w<strong>at</strong>er have been pumped from the Con<br />
dens<strong>at</strong>e Storage Tanks, which had an assured capacity of 511 m3<br />
(135,000 gal.) before the <strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
5. Suppression pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure is about 82°C (180°F), but this should<br />
not be a problem for the T-quencher type of SRV discharge header pip<br />
ing.<br />
6. Containment pressures are elev<strong>at</strong>ed to about 0.17 MPa (25 psia), well<br />
below the 0.53 MPa (76.5 psia) design pressure.<br />
*These results are extended to seven hours in Appendix G.
37<br />
7. Drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere temper<strong>at</strong>ure is below the 138°C (281°F) design tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
7.2.2 Loss of 250 vdc B<strong>at</strong>teries — Conclusions<br />
The results of this transient show very clearly how fuel damage is<br />
postponed because the reactor vessel was depressurized early in the Sta-t<br />
tion Blackout:<br />
1. The repressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion time after loss of the 250 vdc b<strong>at</strong>teries is<br />
gre<strong>at</strong>er than one hour, during which time there is no significant<br />
coolant loss from the reactor vessel.<br />
2. When the boil-off does begin, it takes a much longer time to uncover<br />
fuel because of the higher starting inventory of w<strong>at</strong>er.<br />
Although fuel damage is significantly delayed, the ability to avoid<br />
ultim<strong>at</strong>e fuel damage is compromised because of the elev<strong>at</strong>ed drywell tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ure experienced after loss of the 250 vdc b<strong>at</strong>teries. As discussed in<br />
Sect. 3, a containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure of 149°C (300°F) would not prevent nor<br />
mal recovery. This temper<strong>at</strong>ure is reached about 40 min. after loss of the<br />
b<strong>at</strong>teries. At about four hours after the b<strong>at</strong>tery loss, the fuel is begin<br />
ning to be uncovered, and the drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure is above 191°C (375°F).<br />
This elev<strong>at</strong>ed temper<strong>at</strong>ure may cause failure of the drywell electrical pen<br />
etr<strong>at</strong>ions and may fail the solenoid oper<strong>at</strong>ors necessary for oper<strong>at</strong>ion of<br />
the SRVs, inner isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves, and containment cooler dampers (which<br />
fail closed on loss of AC power). Even if electrical power were fully re<br />
stored <strong>at</strong> this point, considerable oper<strong>at</strong>or ingenuity would be required to<br />
effect a normal recovery if the MSIV and SRV solenoid oper<strong>at</strong>ors have<br />
failed.<br />
In addition, the chances for a normal recovery are compromised by the<br />
elev<strong>at</strong>ed suppression pool temper<strong>at</strong>ures experienced <strong>at</strong> the end of the tran<br />
sient. Condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ion during SRV discharge (see Appendix D),<br />
which can damage the suppression pool pressure boundary, becomes more<br />
likely <strong>at</strong> higher pool temper<strong>at</strong>ures. Steam discharge without oscill<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
from the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> T-quencher type discharge piping is assured up to<br />
88°C (190°F), but average pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>at</strong> the end of the Loss of 250<br />
vdc B<strong>at</strong>teries calcul<strong>at</strong>ion is above 93°C (200°F).<br />
7.3.1 Normal Recovery — Assumptions<br />
7.3 Normal Recovery<br />
Assumptions specific to programming and input prepar<strong>at</strong>ion for the<br />
normal recovery calcul<strong>at</strong>ion include:<br />
1. The calcul<strong>at</strong>ion begins 30 s following the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout initi<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
with the reactor tripped and the main steam isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves closed.<br />
Values for system parameters <strong>at</strong> the 30-s point are taken from the re<br />
sults reported by Sect. 14.5.4.4 of the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR. The cal<br />
cul<strong>at</strong>ion ends <strong>at</strong> the 5 hour point.<br />
2. The RCIC system is used in an on-off mode to control vessel level be<br />
tween 13.7 m (538 in.) and 14.7 m (578 in.) above vessel zero. The
38<br />
HPCI system is actu<strong>at</strong>ed only when level is more than 0.25 m (10 in.)<br />
below the 13.4-m (528-in.) lower limit of control room indic<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout conditions. Suction for both systems is from<br />
the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank (CST). The oper<strong>at</strong>ors actu<strong>at</strong>e HPCI and<br />
RCIC 1 min. after the <strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
3. Following 1 min. of autom<strong>at</strong>ic SRV actu<strong>at</strong>ion, reactor pressure is con<br />
trolled by remote-manual actu<strong>at</strong>ion of the SRVs. Control range dur<br />
ing the first hour is 7.52 MPa (1090 psia) to 6.31 MPa (915 psia).<br />
After 1 hour the reactor is depressurized to about 0.79 MPa (115<br />
psia) <strong>at</strong> a r<strong>at</strong>e consistent with the 55.6°C/h (100°F/h) cooldown r<strong>at</strong>e<br />
limit. After depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion, pressure is controlled between 0.62<br />
MPa (90 psia) and 0.86 MPa (125 psia).<br />
Manual sequential SRV action is used to spread SRV discharge around<br />
the suppression pool and thereby avoid localized he<strong>at</strong>ing of the pool.<br />
4. The assumed reactor system leakage into the drywell is 0.0089 m /s<br />
(4 gpm).<br />
7.3.2 Normal Recovery — Results<br />
Results for normal recovery are shown on Figs. 7.1 through 7.9.<br />
Each system variable is discussed below.<br />
7.3.2.1 Reactor vessel pressure. Figure 7.1 shows reactor vessel<br />
pressure. During the first minute, reactor pressure cycles between 7.72<br />
MPa (1120 psia) and 7.38 MPa (1070 psia) on autom<strong>at</strong>ic SRV actu<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
After 1 min. the oper<strong>at</strong>or opens one SRV to lower pressure to 6.31 MPa (915<br />
psia). Since the HPCI is running, pressure continues to decrease to below<br />
6.21 MPa (900 psia) until the HPCI is shut down. During the first hour a<br />
single SRV is cycled open and shut seven times to keep pressure in the de<br />
sired range.<br />
After one hour, the depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion begins. Initially, intermittent<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ion of one SRV is sufficient to meet the target depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
r<strong>at</strong>e [i.e., 55.6°C (100°F)/h], As pressure decreases, the r<strong>at</strong>e of de<br />
crease begins to slow until finally an additional SRV is opened. For<br />
choked flow of dry steam, the mass flow r<strong>at</strong>e is linearly proportional to<br />
reactor pressure . Therefore an extra valve is required <strong>at</strong> the lower pre<br />
ssure. When depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion is complete, the oper<strong>at</strong>or controls pressure<br />
between 0.62 and 0.86 MPa (90 and 125 psia).<br />
After depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion, the steam flow through one SRV is nearly<br />
equal to the core steaming r<strong>at</strong>e, resulting in much slower pressure change.<br />
Under these conditions, the most rapid pressure change is caused by the<br />
RCIC system. When RCIC comes on the 600 gpm injection of cold w<strong>at</strong>er tends<br />
to lower the core steaming r<strong>at</strong>e, causing pressure to decrease. This ef<br />
fect can be seen in Fig. 7.1. At 256 min., the RCIC comes on, reducing<br />
pressure until the open SRV is shut. When the RCIC is shut off 23 min.<br />
l<strong>at</strong>er, pressure increases rapidly until the SRV is reopened.<br />
Steam flow from the reactor vessel is shown in Fig. 7.2. The large<br />
spikes are due to SRV actu<strong>at</strong>ion. Also included in the total steam flow<br />
are the smaller amounts of steam flowing to the RCIC and HPCI turbines<br />
when they are running.
UJ<br />
rr<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
a.<br />
S<br />
< to-<br />
Pig.<br />
pressure.<br />
150<br />
TIME (min)<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8489 ETD<br />
7.1 Normal recovery after st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong> - reactor vessel<br />
300<br />
OJ
5 O<br />
co 9-<br />
LLI<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
><br />
.*> 10<br />
< 2<br />
UJ<br />
Ico<br />
uis-fi<br />
co —<br />
CO<br />
LL!<br />
><br />
M<br />
flow.<br />
o<br />
rr<br />
X<br />
o<br />
o<br />
tr<br />
I<br />
r-<br />
o<br />
30<br />
—P"<br />
60<br />
7<br />
U —r~<br />
so<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8490 ETD<br />
LARGE SPIKES DUE TO INTERMITTENT OPERATOR ACTUATION<br />
OF A SINGLE SRV DURING DEPRESSURIZATION<br />
N<br />
150<br />
TIME (min)<br />
I—OPERATOR OPENS SECOND SRV TO<br />
SPEED DEPRESSURIZATION<br />
LLI<br />
z<br />
CD<br />
CC<br />
I-<br />
O<br />
CJ<br />
CC<br />
X<br />
C5<br />
o<br />
cr<br />
x<br />
H<br />
VESSEL IS<br />
DEPRESSURIZED<br />
FLOW THROUGH<br />
ONE SRV<br />
Fig. 7.2 Normal recovery after st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong> - vessel steam<br />
270 300<br />
o
41<br />
7.3.2.2 Reactor vessel level — normal recovery. Figure 7 .3 shows<br />
vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level (distance above vessel zero) in the region outside the<br />
core outlet plenum, standpipes, and steam separ<strong>at</strong>ors. This is the level<br />
measured by vessel level instrument<strong>at</strong>ion and available in the control<br />
room. As discussed in Sect. 4, there is a corresponding level of twophase<br />
mixture in and above the core. For an undamaged core in a mild<br />
transient such as <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, the level of steam/w<strong>at</strong>er mixture in<br />
and above the core will be higher than the downcomer level whenever down<br />
comer level is below the top of the steam separ<strong>at</strong>ors.<br />
Downcomer level is initialized <strong>at</strong> 12.7 m (500 in.) and, <strong>at</strong> first, de<br />
creases rapidly until the oper<strong>at</strong>or initi<strong>at</strong>es injection via the RCIC and<br />
HPCI systems. When level recovers to 13.7 m (540 in.), the oper<strong>at</strong>or shuts<br />
off the HPCI system, and when level reaches 14.7 m (578 in.), the RCIC<br />
injection is shut off. Level continues to increase due to the continuing<br />
he<strong>at</strong>up of the large quantity of cold w<strong>at</strong>er injected by the RCIC and HPCI<br />
systems and due to form<strong>at</strong>ion of additional voids in and above the core as<br />
the steaming r<strong>at</strong>e increases. The level peaks <strong>at</strong> 15.2 m (600 in.). This is<br />
about 0.30 m (12 in.) above the top of the range of level indic<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
available in the control room during <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
Control Room level indic<strong>at</strong>ion during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout is limited to<br />
a range of 3.66 m (0 to 60 in.) with instrument zero corresponding to<br />
13.41 m (528 in.) above vessel zero, which is the bottom of the reactor<br />
vessel. The basic cycle of RCIC actu<strong>at</strong>ion by the oper<strong>at</strong>or when level<br />
reaches an indic<strong>at</strong>ed 0.25 m (10 in.) and shut-off when level reaches an<br />
indic<strong>at</strong>ed 1.27 m (50 in.) is repe<strong>at</strong>ed eight times on Fig. 7.3. The fine<br />
structure is caused by action of the SRVs. When the SRV opens, vessel<br />
level first swells due to increased steaming, but then begins to decrease<br />
due to inventory loss. When the SRV shuts, level <strong>at</strong> first continues to<br />
decrease due to decrease in steaming r<strong>at</strong>e, but then begins to recover due<br />
to he<strong>at</strong>up of subcooled liquid still within the downcomer.<br />
Injection flow from the CST to the reactor vessel is shown in Fig.<br />
7.4. The oper<strong>at</strong>or controls the RCIC and HPCI systems in an off-on mode in<br />
order to maintain vessel level within the desired control band as speci<br />
fied in Para. 7.3.1.2. The HPCI system is only run during the initial few<br />
minutes. The periods of RCIC system oper<strong>at</strong>ion become less frequent as the<br />
decay he<strong>at</strong> subsides with time. Total injected flow (i.e., total amount of<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er taken from the CST) is shown in Fig. 7.5. The injected total in<br />
creases rapidly <strong>at</strong> first during the brief period of combined HPCI and RCIC<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ion; the increase is much slower during the subsequent intermittent<br />
periods of RCIC oper<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
7.3.2.3 Suppression pool level — normal recovery. When steam flows<br />
from the reactor vessel to the suppression pool, it is condensed by the<br />
colder pool w<strong>at</strong>er. Suppression pool level increases both because of the<br />
extra mass of the condensed steam and because of the temper<strong>at</strong>ure increase<br />
of the original pool w<strong>at</strong>er. Suppression pool level is shown in Fig. 7.6,<br />
referenced to instrument zero of the torus. The torus has a 9.45 m (31<br />
ft) inside diameter and instrument zero is 0.1 m (4 in.) below the midplane.<br />
(A zero level indic<strong>at</strong>es the torus is about half filled with<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er.) The pool level is normally maintained between -0.051 and -0.152 m<br />
(—2 and —6 in.) indic<strong>at</strong>ed; an initial pool level of -0.102 m (—4 in.)<br />
was assumed for this analysis. The pool condenses steam both from the
120 150 180<br />
TIME (min)<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8491 ETD<br />
210 240 270 300<br />
Fig. 7.3 Normal recovery after st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong> - reactor vessel<br />
level.<br />
ro
8<br />
8-<br />
* o. —' o<br />
u- o.<br />
o<br />
Q to<br />
UJ —^<br />
r-<br />
-? «N.<br />
5000 gpm HPCI PLUS 600 gpm RCIC<br />
TOTAL INJECTED FLOW<br />
HPCI OFF<br />
RCIC OFF<br />
30<br />
—r<br />
60<br />
—r-<br />
90 120<br />
RCIC<br />
ON OFF ON OFF<br />
{ \ { \<br />
150<br />
TIME (min)<br />
—T-<br />
180 210<br />
Fig. 7.4 Normal recovery after st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong> - injection flow.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8492 ETD<br />
240 270 300
O<br />
><br />
Q<br />
UJ<br />
r-<br />
CJ<br />
UJ<br />
<<br />
t °<br />
S-><br />
a<br />
QJ oo<br />
o<br />
><br />
Ch-<br />
ID<br />
ra<br />
UJ<br />
5°<br />
OS<br />
I- -r<br />
flow.<br />
RCIC<br />
OFF ON<br />
4=4 /<br />
30<br />
HPCI OFF<br />
RCIC IS OFF DURING PERIODS WHEN<br />
•INDICATED VESSEL LEVEL IS ABOVE"<br />
DESiRED LOWER LIMIT<br />
/<br />
INJECTION BY COMBINED HPCI<br />
AND RCIC SYSTEMS<br />
T<br />
60 90 120 150<br />
TIME (min)<br />
OFF-<br />
RCIC<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8493 ETD<br />
180 210 240 270 300<br />
Fig. 7.5 Normal recovery after st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong> - total injected<br />
4>
o<br />
X<br />
E<br />
^<br />
c<br />
_J<br />
UJ<br />
_l ><br />
UJ UJ<br />
>
46<br />
SRVs and the RCIC and HPCI turbine exhaust. The effect of RCIC turbine<br />
exhaust shows up in Fig. 7.6 as a very slow background r<strong>at</strong>e of increase<br />
against the dominant effect of the SRVs.<br />
7.3.2.4 Suppression chamber temper<strong>at</strong>ures — normal recovery. Sup<br />
pression chamber temper<strong>at</strong>ures are shown in Fig. 7.7. For all practical<br />
purposes, the average pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure responds solely to condens<strong>at</strong>ion of<br />
reactor vessel steam. Therefore, this curve has almost the same shape as<br />
the pool level curve. The pool <strong>at</strong>mosphere can be influenced by mass and<br />
he<strong>at</strong> transfer from the pool w<strong>at</strong>er and by mass transfer from the drywell<br />
<strong>at</strong>mosphere.<br />
During the first 30 min. the suppression chamber <strong>at</strong>mospheric tempera<br />
ture increases rapidly because of mixing with the inflow of hotter gases<br />
from the expanding drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere. Drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure (Fig. 7.8) in<br />
creases rapidly <strong>at</strong> first due to loss of the drywell coolers. As a result,<br />
the drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere expands into the suppression chamber <strong>at</strong>mosphere<br />
through the pool w<strong>at</strong>er via the eight vent pipes, the single ring header,<br />
and the 96 downcomer pipes.<br />
In the long term, mass transfer from the drywell ceases and the sup<br />
pression chamber temper<strong>at</strong>ure continues to increase due to he<strong>at</strong> transfer<br />
and evapor<strong>at</strong>ion from the suppression pool surface.<br />
7.3.2.5 Containment pressures — normal recovery. The suppression<br />
chamber and drywell pressures are shown in Fig. 7.9. The drywell and sup<br />
pression chamber <strong>at</strong>mospheres are coupled in the following manner:<br />
1. When suppression chamber pressure exceeds drywell pressure by 0.00345<br />
MPa (0.5 psi), the vacuum breaker valves will open and allow flow of<br />
suppression chamber <strong>at</strong>mosphere into the drywell.<br />
2. When drywell pressure exceeds suppression chamber pressure by more<br />
than about 0.0121 MPa (1.75 psi), this will clear the 1.22 m (4 ft)<br />
of w<strong>at</strong>er from the downcomer pipes and allow drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere to<br />
bubble up through the pool w<strong>at</strong>er into the suppression chamber.<br />
Immedi<strong>at</strong>ely after the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, drywell pressure increases<br />
rapidly due to the concurrent rapid he<strong>at</strong>up of the drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere.<br />
Even after the drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere reaches its peak temper<strong>at</strong>ure and starts<br />
down, the drywell pressure continues to increase under the influence of<br />
the assumed 0.0089 m3/s (4 gpm) leak of hot reactor coolant, some of<br />
which flashes to steam. Throughout the first 2 hours, conditions in the<br />
drywell bring the suppression chamber pressure up <strong>at</strong> about the same r<strong>at</strong>e<br />
by expansion (via the downcomers) into the suppression chamber. After the<br />
first two hours, suppression chamber pressure is increasing faster than<br />
dict<strong>at</strong>ed by the drywell because of increasing r<strong>at</strong>es of he<strong>at</strong> transfer and<br />
evapor<strong>at</strong>ion from the overhe<strong>at</strong>ed suppression pool. After about 190 min.<br />
the pressure is high enough to open the vacuum breakers and cause expan<br />
sion of suppression chamber <strong>at</strong>mosphere back into the drywell.<br />
7.3.2.6 Drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure — normal recovery. Drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure response is shown in Fig. 7.8. The initial r<strong>at</strong>e of increase<br />
is very rapid because the drywell coolers are lost <strong>at</strong> time zero, and about<br />
half of the 100% power drywell he<strong>at</strong> load is assumed to remain. The r<strong>at</strong>e<br />
of increase becomes much slower when drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure is high enough
SUPPRESSION CHAMBER TEMPERATURES (°C)<br />
110<br />
l<br />
50 60 70 80 90 100<br />
_l_ _i_ _1_ _1_<br />
40<br />
I<br />
30 L_<br />
SUPPRESSION CHAMBER TEMPERATURES (°F)<br />
130 150 170 190 210<br />
O<br />
-U<br />
z<br />
r-<br />
I<br />
o<br />
S<br />
o<br />
(O<br />
oi<br />
m<br />
H<br />
O<br />
L*i
O<br />
o__<br />
UJ<br />
cr<br />
<<br />
rr<br />
UJ<br />
o.<br />
UJ<br />
t-<br />
UJ<br />
rr<br />
UJ<br />
x<br />
o.<br />
co<br />
O<br />
< -<br />
UJ<br />
><br />
rr<br />
a<br />
o<br />
uv<br />
o<br />
•«r<br />
8r-><br />
r— DEPRESSURIZATION<br />
u. BEGINS<br />
1<br />
UJ<br />
rr i DRYWELL DESIGN TEMPERATURE<br />
P o /<br />
< M<br />
cr<br />
UJ /<br />
a.<br />
5<br />
UJ<br />
H<br />
UJ 0 >-<br />
UJ <br />
I<br />
a.<br />
CO<br />
O<br />
r-<br />
UJ<br />
><br />
cr<br />
Q<br />
o<br />
^ LO-jo ui uii j vvi_i_u<br />
cc;uLcri5<br />
DEPRESSURIZATION—^<br />
COMPLETED<br />
2- i<br />
30 60 90 120 150 180<br />
TIME (min)<br />
210 240<br />
Fig. 7.8 Normal recovery after st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong> - drywell<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ures.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8496 ETD<br />
270 300<br />
00
a.<br />
o<br />
o<br />
to<br />
LLI<br />
rr<br />
—^<br />
co<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
50<br />
to establish n<strong>at</strong>ural convection he<strong>at</strong> transfer to the drywell liner (see<br />
discussion in Sect. 4). Drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure begins decreasing after about<br />
60 min. because a reactor coolant system (RCS) depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion is begun<br />
<strong>at</strong> this point. The depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion reduces s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ion temper<strong>at</strong>ure within<br />
the RCS, hence surface temper<strong>at</strong>ures of the reactor vessel and piping.<br />
7.4 Loss of 250 vdc B<strong>at</strong>teries<br />
7.4.1 Loss of 250 vdc B<strong>at</strong>teries — Assumptions<br />
Assumptions specific to programming and input prepar<strong>at</strong>ion for the<br />
Loss of 250 vdc B<strong>at</strong>teries calcul<strong>at</strong>ion include:<br />
1. When the b<strong>at</strong>teries are lost, injection capability is lost; in addi<br />
tion, the SRVs can be opened only by autom<strong>at</strong>ic actu<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
2. Under autom<strong>at</strong>ic actu<strong>at</strong>ion, the lowest set SRV will open <strong>at</strong> about 7.72<br />
MPa (1120 psia) and close <strong>at</strong> about 7.38 MPa (1070 psia).<br />
3. The calcul<strong>at</strong>ion begins 4 h after the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout and proceeds to<br />
about 8 h.<br />
4. Initial values of system parameters, except reactor vessel level, are<br />
equal to those calcul<strong>at</strong>ed <strong>at</strong> the 4 h point in the normal recovery re<br />
sults (see Figs. 7.1 through 7.9). Reactor vessel level is assumed<br />
to begin <strong>at</strong> 14.2 m (558 in.), the midpoint of the control range as<br />
sumed for the normal recovery calcul<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
7.4.2 Loss of 250 vdc B<strong>at</strong>teries — Results<br />
Results for the Loss of 250 vdc B<strong>at</strong>teries case are shown in Figs.<br />
7.10 through 7.16. Each system variable is discussed below.<br />
7.4.2.1 Reactor vessel pressure. Reactor vessel pressure is shown<br />
in Fig. 7.10. During the first 90 min., pressure climbs slowly from the<br />
0.86 MPa (125 psia) initial value to the 7.72 MPa (1120 psia) actu<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
point of the lowest set SRV. The r<strong>at</strong>e of increase is slow because the de<br />
cay he<strong>at</strong> after 4 hours is small compared to the thermal inertia of liquid<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er within the vessel.<br />
After repressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion, the pressure is controlled between 7.72 MPa<br />
(1120 psia) and 7.38 MPa (1070 psia) by one SRV, actu<strong>at</strong>ing autom<strong>at</strong>ically.<br />
As shown in Fig. 7.11, no steam flows from the vessel until pressure re<br />
aches the SRV autom<strong>at</strong>ic actu<strong>at</strong>ion setpoint.<br />
7.4.2.2 Reactor vessel level. Reactor vessel level is shown in Fig.<br />
7.12. No injection is provided <strong>at</strong> any time in this transient, since DC<br />
power is assumed lost.<br />
The initial response of level is a brief but rapid decrease caused by<br />
closing of the previously open SRV <strong>at</strong> time zero. Within several minutes<br />
level begins slowly rising and peaks <strong>at</strong> about 15.88 m (625 in.). Level<br />
swells during repressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion because the large mass of w<strong>at</strong>er in the ves<br />
sel is he<strong>at</strong>ed from about 165°C (330°F) to about 288°C (550°F) with about a<br />
25% increase in specific volume, and there is no coolant loss (other than<br />
the assumed leakage) during repressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion.
360 390 420<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 7.10 Loss of 250 VDC b<strong>at</strong>teries - reactor vessel pressure.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8498 ETD<br />
ij.
i. o. =<br />
•? 5<br />
o o<br />
_l _l<br />
LL o<br />
(O<br />
?<br />
u.<br />
S<br />
< < —<br />
11J LU<br />
1-<br />
CO<br />
in<br />
H<br />
co<br />
in<br />
in-<br />
_1 _l o<br />
UI LU o<br />
'<br />
"0 CO *<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
LU<br />
><br />
JT<br />
LU<br />
><br />
NO STEAM FLOW FROM<br />
VESSEL DUE TO LOSS<br />
OF RCIC TURBINE AND<br />
REMOTE-MANUAL SRV<br />
CAPABILITY<br />
240 270<br />
—I—<br />
300<br />
AUTOMATIC ACTUATION OF<br />
LOWEST SET SRV<br />
330 360 390 420<br />
TIME (min)<br />
450<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8499 ETD<br />
CALCULATIONS<br />
STOPPED<br />
Fig. 7.11 Loss of 250 VDC b<strong>at</strong>teries - vessel steam flow.<br />
480 51C 540<br />
ro
240 270 300 330 360 390 420<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 7.12 Loss of 250 VDC b<strong>at</strong>teries - vessel level.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8500 ETD<br />
450 480 510 540<br />
OJ
54<br />
After repressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion, the SRVs begin to discharge steam so level<br />
decreases throughout the remainder of the transient. Fuel is beginning to<br />
be uncovered <strong>at</strong> the end of the transient.<br />
7.4.2.3 Suppression pool level. The suppression pool level is shown<br />
in Fig. 7.13. During the first 90 min., there is no SRV discharge, so<br />
pool level is constant. After SRV discharge resumes, the pool level be<br />
gins increasing steadily.<br />
7.4.2.4 Suppression chamber temper<strong>at</strong>ures. Figure 7.14 shows sup<br />
pression pool and suppression chamber <strong>at</strong>mosphere temper<strong>at</strong>ure. Pool tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ure, like pool level, is constant for the first 90 min. and then be<br />
gins a steady increase. Atmosphere temper<strong>at</strong>ure continues to rise during<br />
the first hour due to he<strong>at</strong> transfer and evapor<strong>at</strong>ion from the pool sur<br />
face. Atmosphere temper<strong>at</strong>ure rise acceler<strong>at</strong>es slightly between the first<br />
and second hours due to an influx from the expanding drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere.<br />
After about 2 hours, the mass interchange ceases, and the suppression<br />
chamber <strong>at</strong>mosphere temper<strong>at</strong>ure is responding solely to the increasing pool<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
7.4.2.5 Containment pressures. Figure 7.15 shows containment pre<br />
ssures. During the first 90 min., drywell pressure increases rapidly due<br />
to he<strong>at</strong>up of the drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere during repressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion. This brings<br />
drywell pressure from slightly below suppression chamber pressure to about<br />
0.0125 MPa (1.8 psi) above, allowing some drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere to expand<br />
into the suppression chamber. After about 2 hours, the drywell and sup<br />
pression chamber pressures are increasing independently <strong>at</strong> about the same<br />
r<strong>at</strong>e, with little mass interchange.<br />
7.4.2.6 Drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere temper<strong>at</strong>ure. Drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere tempera<br />
ture is shown in Fig. 7.16. During the repressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion, the coolant tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ure within the reactor vessel increases by over 111 C° (200 F°),<br />
thereby increasing the drywell he<strong>at</strong> source. Atmosphere temper<strong>at</strong>ure rises<br />
to new quasi-equilibrium values, with increased n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion he<strong>at</strong><br />
transfer from the <strong>at</strong>mosphere to the drywell liner. After repressuriza<br />
tion, the coolant temper<strong>at</strong>ure becomes approxim<strong>at</strong>ely constant, and the tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ure of the drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere rises more slowly <strong>at</strong> a r<strong>at</strong>e limited by<br />
the thermal inertia of the liner.
o<br />
X<br />
o<br />
o<br />
a.<br />
z<br />
o<br />
LU<br />
cc<br />
a.<br />
a.<br />
3<br />
to<br />
.= o<br />
-I<br />
UJ<br />
><br />
LU<br />
_l<br />
_l<br />
o<br />
0D_<br />
O to<br />
rs. ^<br />
Z<br />
o<br />
to<br />
t/><br />
LU<br />
CC<br />
a.<br />
0- o,.<br />
3 <br />
CO<br />
OJi<br />
i<br />
"'<br />
i—- NO DISCHARGE<br />
INTO POOL ^<br />
\— INTERMITTENT SRV DISCHARGE<br />
INTO POOL BEGINS WHEN VESSEL<br />
PRESSURE REACHES SETPOINT<br />
OF LOWEST SET SRV<br />
240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 7.13 Loss of 250 VDC b<strong>at</strong>teries - suppression pool level.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8501 ETD<br />
460 510 540<br />
UI<br />
Ln
to<br />
UJ<br />
rr<br />
5 LU<br />
I— O<br />
rr<br />
LU<br />
m<br />
< <<br />
X t^- I<br />
o O<br />
z z<br />
o o<br />
8<br />
to<br />
o_ (O<br />
UJ UJ<br />
cc rr<br />
Q_ Q.<br />
CL. a.<br />
D D<br />
CO to<br />
o_<br />
•—CONTINUED HEATUP BY HEAT<br />
AND MASS TRANSFER FROM<br />
HOTTER POOL<br />
8- 240 270 300 330 360 390 420<br />
-POOL TEMPERATURE INCREASES WHEN<br />
SRV DISCHARGE RESUMES<br />
HEATUP ACCELERATES DUE TO INFLUX<br />
"OF HOTTER DRYWELL ATMOSPHERE<br />
VIA DOWNCOMERS<br />
TIME (min)<br />
450 480<br />
Fig. 7.14 Loss of 250 VDC b<strong>at</strong>teries - suppression chamber<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ures.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8502 ETD<br />
510 540<br />
Ln<br />
ON
Fig. 7.15 Loss of 250 VDC b<strong>at</strong>teries - containment pressures.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8503 ETD<br />
510 540<br />
Ui<br />
--J
o<br />
o__<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
o<br />
o-<br />
(N<br />
ATMOSPHE100 1<br />
07<br />
o_<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
^H<br />
o<br />
in<br />
to<br />
SRV DISCHARGE BEGINS<br />
SLOWER INCREASE BECAUSE REACTOR<br />
VESSEL TEMPERATURE APPROXIMATELY<br />
CONSTANT __j^<br />
1— lt>-<br />
< —<br />
CC<br />
UJ<br />
0.<br />
<br />
cc<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
\—DR<br />
VWELL TE VIPERATU RE INCRE/ \SES<br />
AS REACTOR VESSEL COOLANT<br />
TEI\ /IPERATUR E INCREASES<br />
240 270 300 330 360 390 420<br />
TIME (min)<br />
DRYWELL DESIGN TEMPERATURE<br />
450 480<br />
Fig. 7.16 Loss of 250 VDC b<strong>at</strong>teries - drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8504 ETD<br />
510 540<br />
en<br />
oo
59<br />
8. FAILURES LEADING TO A SEVERE ACCIDENT<br />
As discussed in Sect. 3, control can be maintained over reactor ves<br />
sel pressure and w<strong>at</strong>er level <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> 1 for a significant<br />
period of time during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout provided the installed equipment<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>es as designed and the oper<strong>at</strong>or takes the required actions. The<br />
first objective of this Section is to briefly discuss the other sequences<br />
which might occur given significant secondary independent equipment fail<br />
ures or improper oper<strong>at</strong>or actions. Subsequently, the equipment failures<br />
which have the potential to directly convert the rel<strong>at</strong>ively stable period<br />
of level and pressure control of the isol<strong>at</strong>ed reactor vessel during the<br />
early stages of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout into a Severe Accident will be dis<br />
cussed in detail.<br />
The several sequences which are considered most probable in a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout during the period in which DC power remains available are dis<br />
played in the "event tree" of Fig. 8.1. Each of these sequences is dis<br />
cussed below.<br />
Sequence 1; Following the complete loss of AC power, the oper<strong>at</strong>or<br />
takes remote-manual control of the RCIC system and maintains the reactor<br />
vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level within the limits of the available Control Room indica<br />
tion. Since the RCIC System is being used for level control, the st<strong>at</strong>us<br />
of the HPCI system is not a factor in this sequence. The oper<strong>at</strong>or also<br />
controls the reactor vessel pressure by remote-manual oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the<br />
primary relief valves and takes action to begin depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion of the<br />
reactor vessel within one hour; this lowers the temper<strong>at</strong>ure of the s<strong>at</strong>u<br />
r<strong>at</strong>ed liquid within the vessel and thereby decreases the driving potential<br />
for he<strong>at</strong> transfer into the drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere. As a result of this de<br />
pressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion, the maximum average ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure in the drywell is<br />
limited to 148.9°C (300°F), as discussed in Sect. 3. The oper<strong>at</strong>or will be<br />
able to maintain reactor vessel level and pressure control for as long as<br />
DC power is available from the <strong>Unit</strong> B<strong>at</strong>tery. This is considered to be the<br />
most realistic sequence should a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout occur, and served as the<br />
basis for the plots of thermohydraulic parameters as functions of time<br />
which were presented in Sect. 7. This sequence will also serve as the<br />
starting point for the degraded accident behavior discussed in Section 9<br />
in which the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout develops into a Severe Accident when DC<br />
power is lost so th<strong>at</strong> cooling w<strong>at</strong>er can no longer be injected into the re<br />
actor vessel.<br />
Sequence 2; This sequence differs from Sequence 1 only in th<strong>at</strong> the<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>or does not act to depressurize the reactor vessel. The average<br />
ambient drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure continues to increase beyond the one-hour<br />
point, reaching 176.7°C (350°F) about four hours after the inception of<br />
the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout (cf. Curve A of Fig. 3.3). This excessive tempera<br />
ture existing over a period of several hours can cause serious damage to<br />
the equipment loc<strong>at</strong>ed within the drywell and a breaching of the primary<br />
containment due to failure of the drywell electrical penetr<strong>at</strong>ion assembly<br />
seals. If the DC solenoid oper<strong>at</strong>ors for the primary relief valves fail<br />
because of the excessive temper<strong>at</strong>ure, the oper<strong>at</strong>or will lose remote-manual<br />
relief valve control. If the solenoid oper<strong>at</strong>ors for the inboard Main<br />
Steam Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Valves also fail, the oper<strong>at</strong>or will be unable to depres<br />
surize the reactor vessel through the primary relief valves even after AC
COMPLETE LOSS<br />
OF AC POWER<br />
OPERATOR ACTION<br />
TO CONTROL LEVEL<br />
AND RCIC OPERABLE<br />
HPCI OPERABLE<br />
OPERATOR ACTION<br />
TO DEPRESSURIZE<br />
WITHIN 1 h<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-1544A ETD<br />
HPCI SUCTION SHIFTS TO PSP AT<br />
PSP LEVEL = +7"<br />
Fig. 8.1 Event tree for initial phase of a st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong> in<br />
which DC power remains available.<br />
©<br />
©<br />
©<br />
©<br />
©<br />
©<br />
©<br />
©<br />
ON<br />
o
61<br />
power is restored. There is no reason to accept these risks to the drywell<br />
integrity and installed equipment; the oper<strong>at</strong>or should take action to<br />
depressurize, as in Sequence 1.<br />
Sequence 3; Either the RCIC system is inoperable or the oper<strong>at</strong>or<br />
does not choose to employ it for long-term reactor vessel level control.<br />
The HPCI System is operable, and either autom<strong>at</strong>ically functions as neces<br />
sary to cycle the reactor vessel level between 12.1 and 14.8 m (476 and<br />
582 in.) above vessel zero, or is remote-manually controlled by the oper<br />
<strong>at</strong>or to maintain the w<strong>at</strong>er level within the indic<strong>at</strong>ing range, 13.4 to 14.9<br />
m (528 to 588 in.). The oper<strong>at</strong>or controls the reactor vessel pressure by<br />
remote-manual oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the relief valves and takes action to begin depressur<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
within one hour. Up to this point, this sequence is similar<br />
to Sequence 1, except th<strong>at</strong> the injection of condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
into the reactor vessel is by the HPCI System instead of the RCIC System.<br />
When the indic<strong>at</strong>ed w<strong>at</strong>er level in the pressure suppression pool in<br />
creases to 0.18 m (+7 in.), the HPCI pump suction is autom<strong>at</strong>ically shifted<br />
from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank to the pressure suppression pool. De<br />
pending on the initial suppression pool level, the necessary amount of<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er to cause this shift will have been transferred from the reactor ves<br />
sel via the primary relief valves <strong>at</strong> some time between two and four hours<br />
after the inception of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. Since the lubric<strong>at</strong>ing oil for<br />
the HPCI turbine is cooled by the w<strong>at</strong>er being pumped, and the average sup<br />
pression pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure will be about 71.1°C (160°F) <strong>at</strong> this point, an<br />
early failure of the HPCI system is thre<strong>at</strong>ened.<br />
Sequence 4; This sequence is the same as Sequence 3, except th<strong>at</strong> the<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>or has recognized the difficulties with the elev<strong>at</strong>ed suppression<br />
pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure and has taken action to prevent the shift in HPCI pump<br />
suction. The oper<strong>at</strong>or will be able to maintain reactor vessel level and<br />
pressure control for as long as DC power remains available from the <strong>Unit</strong><br />
B<strong>at</strong>tery. The continuing increase in suppression pool level will not cause<br />
any significant problems during the remaining period in which DC power<br />
would remain available.<br />
It should be noted th<strong>at</strong> pressure suppression pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure instru<br />
ment<strong>at</strong>ion would be inoperable during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. Oper<strong>at</strong>or train<br />
ing and the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout Emergency Oper<strong>at</strong>ing Instruction (which does<br />
not now exist) must provide for oper<strong>at</strong>or understanding of the need to pre<br />
vent a shift of the HPCI pump suction to the overhe<strong>at</strong>ed pressure suppres<br />
sion pool.<br />
Sequence 5: This sequence represents the case of <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout<br />
with no oper<strong>at</strong>or action and no secondary independent equipment failures.<br />
The HPCI System autom<strong>at</strong>ically cycles the reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level be<br />
tween the HPCI system initi<strong>at</strong>ion point of 12.1 m (476 in.) and the HPCI<br />
turbine trip point of 14.8 m (582 in.) above vessel zero. Over the long<br />
term, one primary relief valve would repe<strong>at</strong>edly oper<strong>at</strong>e as necessary to<br />
maintain the reactor vessel pressure between about 7.722 and 7.377 MPa<br />
(1105 and 1055 psig).<br />
There are three problem areas with this case of no oper<strong>at</strong>or action:<br />
1. the difficulties with high drywell ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure as discussed in<br />
connection with Sequence 2,<br />
2. the increased probability of loss of injection capability after the<br />
undesirable shift of the HPCI pump suction to the overhe<strong>at</strong>ed pressure<br />
suppression pool as discussed in connection with Sequence 3, and
62<br />
3. the decrease in suppression pool effectiveness caused by the highly<br />
localized he<strong>at</strong>ing of the pool w<strong>at</strong>er surrounding the discharge of the<br />
one repe<strong>at</strong>edly oper<strong>at</strong>ing relief valve. The possible consequences are<br />
discussed in Appendix D.<br />
Sequence 6: This sequence differs from Sequence 5 only in th<strong>at</strong> the<br />
HPCI pump suction is maintained on the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank, either by<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>or action, or by fortuitous failure of the pertinent HPCI system<br />
logic. This reduces the probability of HPCI system failure due to inade<br />
qu<strong>at</strong>e lube oil cooling during the period of <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout in which DC<br />
power is still available. The difficulties with high drywell ambient tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ure and localized suppression pool he<strong>at</strong>ing as discussed in connec<br />
tion with Sequence 5 remain.<br />
Sequence 7: The RCIC system is not available because of equipment<br />
failure, or lack of oper<strong>at</strong>or action. The HPCI system has failed because<br />
of a system malfunction. The represents the worst case of loss of injec<br />
tion capability while DC power remains available. A boiloff of the ini<br />
tial reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er inventory begins immedi<strong>at</strong>ely after the complete<br />
loss of AC power, leading to a rel<strong>at</strong>ively quick core uncovery and subse<br />
quent meltdown. In this sequence, the core uncovery is hastened by a de<br />
pressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion of the reactor vessel either by means of a stuck-open re<br />
lief valve or because of inappropri<strong>at</strong>e oper<strong>at</strong>or action; the depressuriza<br />
tion increases the r<strong>at</strong>e of loss of the irreplaceable reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
inventory.<br />
Sequence 8: This sequence is the same as Sequence 7, except th<strong>at</strong><br />
there is no reactor vessel depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion. The uncovery of the core<br />
would begin about one-half hour after the loss of AC power. The plant re<br />
sponse to Sequences 7 and 8 will be discussed further in Section 9.<br />
The preceding discussion of altern<strong>at</strong>e sequences again shows th<strong>at</strong> a<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant will not evolve into a<br />
Severe Accident as long as reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er injection capability is<br />
maintained. The remainder of this section contains a discussion of the<br />
methods by which this injection capability might be lost. There are three<br />
main areas of concern for the viability of the injection systems: <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout induced direct failure of the HPCI and RCIC systems, a stuck-open<br />
relief valve which might reduce reactor vessel pressure below th<strong>at</strong> neces<br />
sary for HPCI and RCIC turbine oper<strong>at</strong>ion, and the ultim<strong>at</strong>e loss of DC<br />
power. Each of these will be discussed in turn.<br />
8.1 Induced Failure of the HPCI and RCIC Systems<br />
The design and the principles of oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the HPCI and RCIC sys<br />
tems are discussed in Appendices E and F, respectively. Each of these<br />
systems has the capacity to provide the necessary reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
level control during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout; both must fail to cause a total<br />
loss of injection capability.<br />
The failure modes considered in this Section will be limited to those<br />
induced by the conditions of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. Independent secondary<br />
failures, whose occurrence during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout would be purely coin<br />
cidental, have been considered in other studies16 and will not be dis<br />
cussed here.
63<br />
The first thre<strong>at</strong> to the continued oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the HPCI and RCIC sys<br />
tems under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout conditions is due to the loss of the Reactor<br />
Building cooling and ventil<strong>at</strong>ion systems. The major components of the<br />
HPCI and RCIC systems are loc<strong>at</strong>ed in the basement of the Reactor Building,<br />
where the average temper<strong>at</strong>ures during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout would be signif<br />
icantly affected by the temper<strong>at</strong>ure of the pressure suppression pool. The<br />
HPCI and RCIC systems are designed for continuous oper<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>at</strong> an ambient<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure of 64.4°C (148°F). As was shown in Section 7, the average<br />
pressure suppression pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure would reach 71.1°C (160°F) after<br />
about three hours under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout conditions. However, it is ex<br />
pected th<strong>at</strong> the ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure in the vicinity of the HPCI and RCIC<br />
systems would significantly lag the increasing suppression pool tempera<br />
ture; it is estim<strong>at</strong>ed th<strong>at</strong> the design temper<strong>at</strong>ure of 64.4°C (148°F) would<br />
not be exceeded for <strong>at</strong> least four hours. In any event, exceeding the de<br />
sign ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure would not assure failure of the HPCI and RCIC<br />
systems.<br />
A more probable cause of HPCI or RCIC system failure is the autom<strong>at</strong>ic<br />
isol<strong>at</strong>ion of these systems due to the tripping of the temper<strong>at</strong>ure sensing<br />
circuits designed to detect steam leaks in the system piping. As des<br />
cribed in Appendices E and F, each of these systems has a set of four trip<br />
logics with four temper<strong>at</strong>ure sensors per logic. The 16 sensors are physi<br />
cally arranged in four groups placed near the HPCI or RCIC equipment, with<br />
the four sensors in each group arranged in a one-out-of-two taken twice<br />
trip logic. If the trip setpoint of 93.3°C (200°F) is reached, an auto<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ic closure signal is sent to the RCIC or HPCI primary containment in<br />
board and outboard steam supply valves, and the system turbine is tripped.<br />
Since the inboard steam supply valve for each of these systems is ACmotor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed,<br />
it would not close, but the system would be effectively<br />
isol<strong>at</strong>ed due to closure of the outboard (DC-motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed) steam supply<br />
valve.<br />
As shown in Section 7, it is expected th<strong>at</strong> the RCIC turbine would be<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ed only intermittently during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, while the HPCI<br />
system would serve only as a backup in the event of RCIC system failure.<br />
Also, the RCIC equipment is not loc<strong>at</strong>ed in a closely confined space, and<br />
some n<strong>at</strong>ural convection within the reactor building will certainly occur.<br />
Nevertheless, it is conceivable th<strong>at</strong> the local temper<strong>at</strong>ure in the vicinity<br />
of the steam leak detection sensors could reach 93.3°C (200°F) during RCIC<br />
system oper<strong>at</strong>ion after the average space temper<strong>at</strong>ure has increased to over<br />
60°C (140CF). If this occurs, the resulting RCIC system isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal<br />
can be overriden in the auxiliary instrument<strong>at</strong>ion room and the steam sup<br />
ply valves reopened and the turbine trip reset. Thereafter, the HPCI sys<br />
tem and the RCIC system, which are loc<strong>at</strong>ed on opposite sides of the sup<br />
pression pool torus, might be altern<strong>at</strong>ely used for reactor vesssel level<br />
control so as to reduce the he<strong>at</strong>up in the vicinity of the RCIC system.*<br />
Thus, the tripping of the temper<strong>at</strong>ure sensing circuits is not expected to<br />
lead to a total loss of injection capability.<br />
*The HPCI room has not been designed to permit n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
and the HPCI system has much more surface area for he<strong>at</strong> transfer Into its<br />
surrounding space. Therefore, it is expected th<strong>at</strong> the he<strong>at</strong>up associ<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
with HPCI oper<strong>at</strong>ion would be more severe than th<strong>at</strong> associ<strong>at</strong>ed with RCIC<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ion.
64<br />
Another challenge to the viability of the HPCI and RCIC systems would<br />
be posed by the loss of control air pressure during a prolonged <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout. The plant control air system is supplied from three air receiv<br />
ers with a combined capacity of 22.60 m3 (798.0 ft3). Under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout conditions, the air compressors which normally run intermittently<br />
as necessary to maintain the receiver pressure in the range of 0.66 to<br />
0.86 MPa (80 to 105 psig) would be inoperable; the stored inventory of<br />
pressurized air would gradually be lost due to valve oper<strong>at</strong>ions and leak<br />
age.<br />
Control air is used in the HPCI and RCIC systems to oper<strong>at</strong>e the steam<br />
supply line drain isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves. In each of these systems, the two<br />
primary containment isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves in the steam line to the turbine are<br />
normally open so th<strong>at</strong> the steam supply piping is kept <strong>at</strong> elev<strong>at</strong>ed tempera<br />
tures; this permits rapid turbine startup on demand. The w<strong>at</strong>er formed by<br />
the steam which condenses in this line when the turbine is not oper<strong>at</strong>ing<br />
is removed to the main condenser via a thermost<strong>at</strong>ic steam trap. The two<br />
air-oper<strong>at</strong>ed drain isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves close to prevent the flow of w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
from the steam trap to the main condenser when the primary containment is<br />
to be isol<strong>at</strong>ed; the closing signal is autom<strong>at</strong>ically gener<strong>at</strong>ed on low re<br />
actor w<strong>at</strong>er level [12.10m (476.5 in.) above vessel zero].<br />
The steam supply line drain isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves fail closed on loss of<br />
control air, which would eventually occur during a prolonged <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong><br />
Blackout. This should not cause serious difficulties for the RCIC system<br />
which would be run intermittantly so th<strong>at</strong> the accumul<strong>at</strong>ion of w<strong>at</strong>er in the<br />
steam supply piping between runs would not be excessive. However, a sub<br />
stantial amount of w<strong>at</strong>er would collect in the HPCI steam supply piping if<br />
this system is not oper<strong>at</strong>ed over a long period following the loss of con<br />
trol air pressure. Subsequent initi<strong>at</strong>ion of the HPCI system might cause<br />
turbine damage. However, it should be noted th<strong>at</strong> the HPCI and RCIC tur<br />
bines are two-stage, non-condensing Terry turbines, which are of very rug<br />
ged construction and are designed for use under emergency conditions, and<br />
the oper<strong>at</strong>or could take action to run the HPCI turbine for short periods<br />
to clear the lines of w<strong>at</strong>er as necessary. Thus the loss of control air<br />
during a prolonged <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout should not lead to a total loss of in<br />
jection capability.<br />
A third challenge to the viability of the w<strong>at</strong>er injection systems<br />
should affect the HPCI system only. This challenge would occur because of<br />
the HPCI system logic which provides for an autom<strong>at</strong>ic shifting of the HPCI<br />
pump suction from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank to the pressure suppression<br />
pool when the indic<strong>at</strong>ed pressure suppression pool level reaches 0.18 m (+7<br />
in.). As previously discussed, this would occur between two and four<br />
hours after the inception of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, when the pressure sup<br />
pression pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure has increased to about 71.1°C (160°F). Since<br />
the turbine lubric<strong>at</strong>ing oil is cooled by the w<strong>at</strong>er being pumped, and the<br />
oil cooler is designed for a maximum inlet w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure of 60.0°C<br />
(140°F), the oil would become overhe<strong>at</strong>ed, possibly leading to failure of<br />
the turbine bearings. This can be avoided if the oper<strong>at</strong>or takes action to<br />
maintain suction on the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank for any HPCI system oper<br />
<strong>at</strong>ion. There is an ample supply of condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank w<strong>at</strong>er avail<br />
able for injection, and the continuing increase in pressure suppression<br />
pool level will in no way thre<strong>at</strong>en the continued oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the
p- rt o rt rt p- co rr O CO CD h- ft n TO O O 1 H H 00 5 H CO 1 P- CC Pi O Pi s CO Hi .o C JO P" O Cfl rt t* Pi P-<br />
3 XT TJ XT XT 3 G ro fu ro Xi CO XT (0 rt |"d *o ro P> CO H ro ro M ro co hfl 3 Hi C p. C H C 1 o O Hi rt cr o G 3* TO P- G O 00 rt to o cr p. • o. •- •< rt ro M h cr ro P- c ro 3 TO ro M H ro p- o<br />
tj 1 o •.. oj TO (0 3 *- B 0 CO CO rt 3d 3 PJ o Oj o pi V£> PI cr p. O O P1 O cr rt p. CO cr ro 3<br />
ro xr co co CO 3d 3 \~s rt 3 rt 3 O ro •-< H G i Co c r-> P- H OJ H p. pj >a pi Xi Oj H ro ro ro 3 Cfl P"0 p- ro •<br />
i-l O 00 rt rt B O O 00 rt . ro o o 00 o ro H ro r-> pj < 3 ro . 3 ro<br />
to pj to ro B L-l. rt 3 Hi TO<br />
* S<br />
h- c to ro G O § o ro 3d M XT m ro cr O Hi O to P- pi CO CO to pi oj rt ro H cr pi cr Xi CO ro CO o S ro Hi -<<br />
o i p- o. n i-i 3 o » ro VS . H X) o TO 3 n O rt<br />
n o O rt 3 •-< PI ro o o H w o rt TTXi TO ro TO<br />
Cl 3 pr ro G CD rt P- to rt pj ro 00 rt ro M 1- rt O P> G rt rt rt rt ro rt p. O v o rt<br />
co tj i-i 1 o i-i rt r-l Xi I-1 G 3 n cr o. o G o. P- P- o rt a h p. p. H- o cr a cr P- o G TO rt ro<br />
ro rt ro O CD 3 TO XT to H o n o 00 pj ro p- p) H TO Hi O H /-n XT Oj cr rt to O 1 H pi C O 3 rt C o TO B<br />
«; i-i c co Tj rt to CO o -,3 3 rt SJ CD cr ro G rt cr ro Pi p- H- O 3 p. rt H rt 3 1 O Hi CO<br />
XT P- i-i o ro ro tj PI O XI ro co o rt O CC P> o < a. TO P- < O rt O 3 (D p" 3 < cr ro CO O rt o<br />
ro O 3 rt 3 to p- rt o rt o r-l ro XT H « rt CL c ro P- 3 o ro O • ro TO pi O rt ro ro Oj rt O P1 o p. rt Hi Cu<br />
3 Oj CO O B oo a o r-l o ro o ro G rt TO p- 3 00 3 CO o K rt Hi CO TO XT CO pi 3 O XT G<br />
i-i i-i • co ro r-l rt H Hi rt C M H to TO 3 00 CD ro CO *i XT H^- o ro p- TO ?o rt to 3 o O. 3 to P- H<br />
rt CO O ro p- c ii P- CO Hi p* H CO rt ro ro v—- P- 00 rt Hi rt 3 ro n o Pi 7? P- 3 p.<br />
3d XT Xi < M CO 00 O CO < O rt ro ro ro co hi cr 3d h-1 rt rt P- H P1 ro XT o cr ro p- M o zT O rt rt rH O 3<br />
£ rt CO ro cr ro rt o CO pi • XT P> o Oh O rt CO to ro P"0 TO i-d rt TO Pi to P1 rt O CO ro<br />
pd 3 XT TO mi ro i-l CO P1 ro ro rt a- S XT Hi rt TO p- H O Pi rt ro pj ro p- >a pi oo<br />
H P- 1 3 Co CO pi rt<br />
o ro ro p- p- ro . ro < O o po p- ro Oh o cr ro ro TJ O H PI o 3 c 3 g* CO rt P- TO 3 TO cr<br />
M H- M < 3 CD >£> rt M rt h-s xa to H rt O rt rt H S ro o o Hi CO H O ^^ P- B € p- ro Oh ro rt V! 3 O ro ro<br />
O 3 pd Co 00 G O h m p cr m xr O TO s CO p- x> o e ro pr TO CO H < P- Hi TO H 3 3 o. ?S vo ro h C O G ro o ro H ro Oj h O. rt<br />
cl ro ro > & < to TO rt G a" a. rt Co CO rt 3 P- o cr • ro O OJ ro O H Hi h ro X ro cr P-<br />
CO X) Oj rt v: ro rt B ro 00 CD p- co ro oo P1 XT 00 H ro Co O rQ M rr » w 7? * cr H o n X) p- O ro 3<br />
G. B Cu TO (0 GO 3 TO 3" ro p- 3 co ro < to "3 c p- TO Hi G o 3 cr co pi 1 XT p- < ro Hi rt to 3 TO Hi<br />
fD rt rt CO 3* CO rt ^*. ro TO rQ 3 rt o ro P- H O* Xi p- h3 1 c o O to 3 pi o D G < «<br />
O xi rr O zT to to P- TO CO 3 rt C rt O co Hi rt zn oo ro to o to rt -a rt pi O H XT Xi rt ro p- rt rt Hi rt rt tj PI p- cr<br />
r-t i-t to O (I H O i H 3* ro O XT 0! CO rt . TO Oj p- P- S C G to ro XT TO < P- XT pi ro cr tj 3 n pro<br />
ro i-t rt G rr 3 ^ ro ro 3 rt O o 3 3 pi 3 H B ro 1 /-^ 00 o 3 ro ro < to p- o. P- H H- o<br />
» TO 3 XT rt xi o> rt O ro CO to Xi to On a" rt O ro o c o. 3 On rt rt ro ro ro pi o H o TO CO rt rt a<br />
CO I-i CO Xi P- rt co V TO M H o P- OJVJ O 3 P1 Cfl Hi M G TO ro xr -a cr M 3 o rt ro G H- O V! o<br />
ro o B XT TO ro o rt p- ro o o 3 - Oj c ro o rt H •o • 13 ro h ro P- O o- rt ro P1 0- o S<br />
hS (IP- ro p- c J-T TJ O ro ro cd x> 3 B rr rt Cd ro o. o H P- CO TO ro TO ro c H p- 3 o ro TO 3 Pi O TJ<br />
XT P- O 3 3 r-l O SXl X h> co ro rt *! coCT cr M o ro rt O 3 o P-OO < ro H!00 p- o rt Hi to ro rt Hi o<br />
ro 3 3 rt .o ro C N-' Xi G 1 H p-—. ro ro P> H o- . rt Hi 00 ro H Pi m ro cr < 3 P- o. (1 TJ P- «<br />
3 O rt 00 rr rt o I-1 < H P> O 00 TO O ro cr 3-w Pi 3 CO < ro TO Co rt rt O ro rt ro<br />
H P- SI XT cr • Pd i-n CO pi ro rt h-> • O p- ?r ft) p- H> p- rt Co rt ro 3 rt ro o p. M P- p> ro p. ro rt TO c p- P- to Pi 3d p1 ro O •a rt H Hi M O z ro M P-<br />
M O. < XT TO (T> rt 11 TO 3 3 TO Co 3 p. CO Oj o H . i H rt O rt rt ro TO TO s H ro ro Co rt O H O 3<br />
o c ro ro ><br />
On
CL<br />
s<br />
LU<br />
cr<br />
w ^<br />
to<br />
LU<br />
CC<br />
o.<br />
S<br />
< „<br />
o<br />
o.<br />
o<br />
o<br />
01<br />
o<br />
— o<br />
F<br />
oo<br />
LU<br />
c 8-<br />
3 S<br />
LU<br />
rr o<br />
<<br />
IT)<br />
r- 8-<br />
(fl §<br />
o<br />
M<br />
O<br />
r\i<br />
L<br />
\<br />
n<br />
CICO N r~H<br />
'<br />
\<br />
o<br />
o-<br />
-RCIC OFF<br />
i L<br />
"-RCIC OFF<br />
1<br />
rR CICON<br />
30 60 90 120 150 180<br />
TIME (min)<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8505 ETD<br />
210 240 270<br />
Fig. 8.2 Reactor vessel pressure response to a stuck-open relief<br />
valve during a st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
300<br />
en
S<br />
8<br />
5<br />
o<br />
CO-<br />
Q co J<br />
UJ -H<br />
I-<br />
? CM<br />
E<br />
a<br />
o><br />
O -I o<br />
O<br />
o<br />
o.<br />
5600 gpm COMBINED HPCI AND RCIC INJECTION<br />
T"<br />
30<br />
HPCI OFF<br />
60<br />
RCIC<br />
OFF ON<br />
/ V<br />
-1—<br />
90<br />
—p-<br />
120<br />
-600 gpm RCIC INJECTION FLOW<br />
T —T"<br />
150 180<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 8.3 Reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er injection with a stuck-open relief<br />
valve during a st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
—r-<br />
210<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8506 ETD<br />
—r—<br />
240<br />
—r—<br />
270<br />
300
9 i-J 0) Cfl TJ iH u tj<br />
B tJi 3 O 4-1<br />
CO cfl O. 4-1 o •H Cfl rH /-N<br />
cu cu o •H u u O 4-1<br />
CO « 4-1 4H 4-J CU CU I-l CO<br />
cfl co co B O cfl Oh O. 4-1 O<br />
cu cu cu In o C rH<br />
I-l CO rH 4-J TO cu CO o<br />
a ca cu co >-i Oh tH CO u to<br />
cu cu co >*> 3 o X tH •H<br />
TJ In CO CO O 4-1 rH<br />
O CU X G 0 CU u<br />
CU CU > rH tH oo S > s O 33 4J cu H >> o. ><br />
CO rH 4J h xi co rH rH<br />
0) 3 CJ TJ 4J TJ CU CJ cfl<br />
U O cfl CU 3 TJ CJ co Q ><br />
0.rH tH CU<br />
CCJ 4-1 CU 4-1 X o Cfl 4-1 •H<br />
CU cfl 00 C »-i CO cO O. 4.) u<br />
0) 4-1 1 CJ W<br />
0) >i > (U cfl 4-J 0) CO in a o G<br />
00 cfl cfl In TO U CO \0 1 4-1<br />
TO X &n o 4H o o 3 cu IH l-l 4-1 PQ rH ^ £ q H-J 3 cu cu CU 3 XI rH >1 3 cu U rH cO<br />
-5 •H CJ CN TO 3 o XI G o CU 9 a CO 4-1 CO CJ 4J Oh 0 o 4-1 O rH 3<br />
9 T3 CU CO u CJ •H CO CO CO cu o. cfl X! cfl 4J 01 "3 •H<br />
O iH a<br />
. 4-1 XI TO 4-1 CU •H cj o 1 U TO cfl TJ •H >> 3 rH X o 3 4J In O 9 3<br />
I-i u 4-1 rH H •H 4-1 CU 3 CO 3 cu •H o CU TJ rH CO O rH 4-1 4J CO 4-1 •H a> CO cfl In<br />
03 cfl 3 o B rH XI OJ o XI 4-> 4-1 CN 4H Cfl PQ 4J cu CO •H cfl 9 Oj CU CO 01<br />
1 cu > CO O H a cu a 4-1 •H CO rH cu o rH m c -h 9 3 m In XI o In cfl 3 4-1<br />
CU TJ a 1 . c > OjX! 3 4J U rH 3 o 01 O TJ cu cu 01 4-1 A **<br />
XI cfl o. o 4-1 cfl 1 •H 4-1 TO 4H 3 CO cfl Q. o > XI -H 4-1 9 CO o 0) 4-1 o rH<br />
S s<br />
4-> CU tH vO 3 In O . 3 cfl o cj •H 1 4-1 4-1 CO iH 9 O o o cu 4-1 3 3 Tj cfl<br />
l-l rH xi 1—1 o 4-1 CN 4-1 cr « 00 IH CO in 4J Q 4-1 o 3 a 3 o. Ph TO 4-1 o cu 4-1 3<br />
TJ 3<br />
cu 4J cr-* M 1—1 3 cu a cu o o •H cd m 4-1 X 3 CU >-. iH 4H<br />
o rH l-l cfl C cfl M 4-> 4-1 CJ o c 3 rH CO X In CO XI •H O Q 4-1 •H In B cj TO<br />
a<br />
cfl<br />
O. TO 01 G 3 rH cfl CJ 3 CO cfl 1-4 iH In O CU 4J >> CJ 4-1 In 1 cd •H cd cj<br />
3 cfl<br />
a cj o o PQ l-l cfl cfl >i 4-1 TJ cu u cu CJ > cfl X » CO TO cfl 4-1 > 3 CU<br />
CJ cu tH 4-1 4J O rH rH TO CO CU 9 3 9 < 1 4-1 >> iH CU 01 3 o cr i_> a" 3 4n Xi<br />
Q 4J O 4_l c G 4-1 PQ Oh TJ O Q o o oo Mfl >> XI o m cu d CU O TO cfl +J<br />
CO CN 3 cu o cfl 3 CU •H o. a 4-1 m 3 TJ CU In 4J 4-1 CJ CM T3 In •H CO<br />
4-J >1 rH Xi XI •H rH I-l c 3 O XI > rH CN H cu 4J 4J 01 cfl 1 cfl In CO CO<br />
B cfl<br />
rH CO •H 4J 4-1 o. cu o O -H 4-1 o 4H • cu o u CU 4-> T-I 4-1 4-1 0) >1 O In cu<br />
XI<br />
o cfl l-l cfl 9 •H a 4J 1-4 O CO > > rJ 3 4-1 cd 3 4-> >1 cfl > In 01 4H cu CU X 05<br />
> 9<br />
>1 4-1 o 4-> G O 4J a cj 3 Oh TJ •H 1 o TJ X 3 cfl <br />
1<br />
CO 3<br />
U MH CO 4J to o o. cfl o cu 3 CU cfl In O •"-) o X •H 4-J Cfl cu >1 o trH<br />
o cu o •H 4-1 CJ 4-1 cfl CO cj O TJ CN cfl CO 4-1 - cu rH 3 > CXI rH rH Oj >i 00 In<br />
ui 4J -d tH cfl B cu CO o •H 1-4 rH rH a cu CO X 4-1 •H o rH Oj TO TH o<br />
M<br />
CN 4-1 CO cu o > CU u 3 cu •H cu 4-1 4-> 3 X -Sri "3 TO<br />
Cl, (_; CO 4H<br />
cfl 4-1 J TJ 9 00 CJ -H cfl T3 O. Jri CO O I-i TJ CU 01 In rH •H Cfl cfl CJ 3 3 3 (H TO CU o<br />
,3<br />
4H X CO cu o c u 3 CJ 4-1 CO o •H XI X! cu X 3 4H rH O. CO cfl 9 TO TO TJ Tj TJ<br />
CU<br />
o •H 4-1 a. tH U T3 00 rH CU o •H 4J > H H 4-1 •H 3 O Oh cfl rH o ^ cu In 4-J<br />
CJ CO cfl S-l o c O I-i rH 3 cfl O o 4-1 CO CJ PQ cj u —1 >1 3 X cd cd In s<br />
CO Q C •H rH 3 4H >-, •H 3 iH CJ 3 a l-l cfl CO u >, u •H • PQ •• 4J cfl 4-1 3 tH In .<br />
CO o CJ o XI rH l-l •H 4H CO o. . . X o CU 3 O c 3 O0T3 4-J iH CJ 00 4H xi CU TO<br />
o 4J CJ o u I-i o. 3 I-l >1 Cfl CJ 4J —1 O. X cd o o o CU cu<br />
rS CJ M cu o W X 4-J<br />
l_J rH CO 4J TJ CU O. T3 CO CN CU l-l Q o cu . 4-1 4-1 U •H •H -H 4J X cd TO 0) 4H 0) 4-1 rH<br />
o a CO c CU 9 xi TJ O 4-1 1-4 TO CO TO 00 •H TO O O CU 4-1 4-1 CO 4-1 4-1 Oh 0) rH Cd 4-1 u o o<br />
> cu cfl o TO O TO 4-1 cfl O 3 cu a 4-i rH 3 iH C 4J s CJ co u 3 cd •H X co 3 ><br />
C"> 1 4J a 3 Oj cu o O. Cu CU iH cfl m cu 3 cfl 3 O cu 4-1 Q CO In CO u In cfl cu In 0)<br />
. O CO cu TJ CO rH CU a 4-1 3 O rH 4-1 •H O- •r-l CO XI o CU cu rH TJ > X o<br />
s<br />
00 u~l >i X cu cu CO rH XI o CO co 3 TJ 4J X 0) M a 3 4-J X 4H TJ >1 4-1 •H 01 01 9 4-1 -H<br />
CN CO 4J TJ Xi CU 3 l-l a *-' CJ 3 >1 rH CO CO X O In rH •H -3 rH 01 •H In 4-1 cfl In o CM<br />
•H TJ O o 5) 3 co 3 3 m h 4-1 In CU O 0) o CO > cu cfl > 01 0) On MH<br />
4J XI T3 > 4-1 •H 9 4J 4-> * CU o •H O CU . 4-1 9 U . 4H oo > TO •H o U X cd 0) X o 4H<br />
x cj c o o > cfl TO S XI u<br />
9 3 3 m CN O 4J XI o 3 cu TO In 4-1 3 4J<br />
o<br />
00 CO cfl u 3 O TJ I-l >i o 4-1 M &2 CU -H o • 4J O- C o. o o a cfl o. cd 4-1 CO iH X 3<br />
•H W Oj M 3 cu CO o CU In 00 00 •H O cd CO rH m o X 0Q •H In 00 3 3 cu<br />
M<br />
cu<br />
TJ Oh CO 3 l-l A cu 4-1 CU t: 1 TJ X^<br />
In CO O CN a<br />
§B ° § : 3 01 3 iH cu o 00<br />
In CO rH cu X) 1-4 X 4-1 O CU u cu CJ CU 00 o In CU 3 3 00 CU X TJ cfl<br />
cu • cu a 3 a co 00 CU CO cu 4-1 cfl 4-1 O 4J cO rH TJ cd rH O. CO X 00 4J In 4-1 4-1 rH 4-1<br />
l-l 4-1 00 cu o CU 3 1 1-4 3 TJ xi m 4-1 4J CO cu X CU 00 In In cu iH TO g CU tH o rH<br />
2<br />
cfl S l-l 4-1 3 4-1 O l-l IH O l-l 4-1 o cfl O iH cfl 3 3 cd cd rH Cfl tH TO >. 9 X X 3 TO o o<br />
cfl cfl TO TO -H o CU iH o o O 4H XI B rH >iH O iH O o, cd rH i 0) CO IH V 4-1 3 CO CJ ><br />
CU rH .3 >iTJ ;>. 4J 4J 4H 4-1 CJ Q X >iX 4-1 00 O. 0) TJ<br />
U 0-i CJ CO G CO o o CU CO cu XI TJ 4-1 TJ CU 3 4H rH 00 O G O- 4-1 3<br />
cu cfl c a 1-4 CJ 1-4 CJ 4-1 3 •H CU In TJ •H O CL C 3 4-1 •H 3 TO 0) o<br />
XI M >1 >» CJ 3 O. tH cfl rH CO 3 IH Cfl CU O. 9 •H In CO r>ix •H<br />
H cfl M l-l TO a 4h TJ 3 TO w o 3 m •H TJ a 3 o TJ < 3 CO EH 4-><br />
cu cu cu TJ cu 4J 3 4-1 > TO CU CO rH cu cu co -o cu T3 X 3<br />
rH 4-) 4-1 l-l 4J rH l-l c a 3 1 3 X 4H TJ Oh 4-1 4J 4J CJ CJ M X<br />
CJ 4-1 4-1 cfl rH O 1-4 co a cu O O CJ cu eg Oj TO TO In 3 01 M TH CJ •H<br />
3 cfl cfl O O l-l cu rH O > m in cd U O 3 •H >i O XI In 3 X cu In<br />
55 XI Xi XI > 4-1 4-1 o. cj cu CN 4-1 cu an CO rH TO 14H CO a CJ 5 cc 4-J
69<br />
Table 8.1 <strong>Unit</strong> preferred system loads<br />
1. Containment Isol<strong>at</strong>ion panel<br />
2. Feedw<strong>at</strong>er Control panels<br />
3. Reactor Manual Control panel<br />
4. Drywell Ventil<strong>at</strong>ion and Reactor Building Closed<br />
Cooling W<strong>at</strong>er System Control panel<br />
5. Feedpump Turbine Control panels<br />
6. Rod Position Inform<strong>at</strong>ion System<br />
7. EHC Control <strong>Unit</strong><br />
8. <strong>Unit</strong> Computer and Rodworth Minimizer panels<br />
9. Reactor W<strong>at</strong>er Cleanup panel<br />
Table 8.2 Major unit 250-volt DC loads<br />
1. Turbine Building Distribution Board<br />
2. 480-volt Shutdown Board Control Power<br />
3. Emergency DC Lighting<br />
4. <strong>Unit</strong> Preferred AC Motor-Gener<strong>at</strong>or<br />
5. Circuit Breaker Board 9-9 (Feedpump Turbine<br />
Controls)<br />
6. Reactor Motor-Oper<strong>at</strong>ed Valve Boards<br />
a) Primary Relief Valve DC Solenoids<br />
b) Main Steam Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Valve DC Solenoids<br />
c) Recircul<strong>at</strong>ion Motor-Gener<strong>at</strong>or Set Emergency Oil<br />
Pumps<br />
d) Backup Scram Valves<br />
e) RHR Shutdown Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Valves<br />
f) Engineered Safeguards Logic Power Supplies<br />
g) HPCI System Controls, Valves, and Auxiliaries<br />
h) RCIC System Controls, Valves, and Auxiliaries
70<br />
"The engineered safeguards systems th<strong>at</strong> are sup<br />
plied from the 250 volt DC system shall be designed to<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>e <strong>at</strong> a minimum of 200 volts."<br />
It has previously been estim<strong>at</strong>ed5 th<strong>at</strong> under the less severe con<br />
ditions of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, with all unit b<strong>at</strong>teries avaiable, and as<br />
suming prudent actions by a well-trained oper<strong>at</strong>or to conserve b<strong>at</strong>tery po<br />
tential by minimizing DC loads, the necessary 250 volt DC power for HPCI<br />
or RCIC system oper<strong>at</strong>ion would remain available during the first four to<br />
six hours of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
In summary, it is reasonable to expect th<strong>at</strong> control can be maintained<br />
over reactor vessel pressure and w<strong>at</strong>er level <strong>at</strong> each of the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong><br />
<strong>Unit</strong>s during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout for as long as the 250 volt DC power re<br />
mains available. This period will depend on the oper<strong>at</strong>or's ability to<br />
conserve the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery potential by minimizing the DC loads, but is ex<br />
pected to last from four to six hours.* During this period the oper<strong>at</strong>or<br />
may have to take other actions to maintain the operability of the HPCI and<br />
RCIC systems as -Hscussed in subsection 8.1.<br />
*A b<strong>at</strong>tery life of seven hours is considered in Appendix G.
71<br />
9.0 ACCIDENT SEQUENCES RESULTING IN CORE MELTDOWN<br />
9.1 Introduction<br />
This section deals with the various accident sequences which might<br />
occur during a complete <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout (CSB) <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear<br />
Plant which can lead to core meltdown.18 Event trees are presented for<br />
wh<strong>at</strong> are considered to be the six most probable sequences. The character<br />
istics and event timing for each of these sequences were determined by use<br />
of the MARCH code, and include consider<strong>at</strong>ion of the oper<strong>at</strong>or's role in re<br />
actor vessel pressure and level control. The progression of core damage<br />
and containment failure following core uncovery will be discussed in this<br />
section; an event tree for oper<strong>at</strong>or key actions in mitig<strong>at</strong>ing the accident<br />
progression will be discussed in Sect. 10.<br />
Of the sequences modelled by MARCH and presented in this section, the<br />
sequence TB'* is deemed to be most represent<strong>at</strong>ive of the events which<br />
would occur after core uncovery following a four-hour period during which<br />
the availability of DC power permitted reactor vessel level and pressure<br />
control. For this analysis, it is assumed th<strong>at</strong> no independent secondary<br />
equipment failures occur, and this sequence was chosen to serve as the<br />
basis for the fission product transport analysis discussed in Volume 2 of<br />
this report.<br />
9.2 Accident Phenomenology<br />
9.2.1 Accident Progression Resulting in Core Melt<br />
Upon a loss of offsite and onsite AC power, a number of reactor<br />
safety systems respond immedi<strong>at</strong>ely and autom<strong>at</strong>ically. First of all, a<br />
full load rejection (i.e., fast closure of the turbine control valves) oc<br />
curs, followed by the tripping of the recircul<strong>at</strong>ion pumps and the main<br />
condenser cooling w<strong>at</strong>er pumps. With the load rejection, the scram pilot<br />
valve solenoids are deenergized and the control rods start to move toward<br />
the fully inserted position. The main steam isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves (MSIVs) be<br />
gin to close, resulting in a rapid reactor vessel pressure increase. The<br />
se events are closely followed by a main turbine trip (i.e., closure of<br />
the turbine stop valves) and the tripping of the feedw<strong>at</strong>er turbines.<br />
After the autom<strong>at</strong>ic actions described above, core flow is provided by<br />
n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion and excess reactor vessel pressure is relieved by<br />
steam blowdown through the safety/relief valves (SRVs) into the pressure<br />
suppression pool. If any SRV fails to reclose after actu<strong>at</strong>ion, the reac<br />
tor vessel will continue to depressurize with an accompanying loss of<br />
*The nomencl<strong>at</strong>ure TB' follows th<strong>at</strong> used in the Reactor Safety<br />
Study,19 where T denotes a transient event and B' denotes failure to<br />
recover either offsite or onsite AC power within about 1 to 4 hours. In<br />
effect, TB' is a loss of decay he<strong>at</strong> removal (TW) sequence with the loss<br />
of both offsite and onsite AC power as an initi<strong>at</strong>ing event.
72<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er inventory similar to th<strong>at</strong> occurring in a small break LOCA. Accord<br />
ing to the Reactor Safety Study,ly the probability of a stuck-open re<br />
lief valve (SORV) event is estim<strong>at</strong>ed to be 0.10 with an error spread of 3.<br />
However, this estim<strong>at</strong>e was based upon consider<strong>at</strong>ion of three-stage SRVs<br />
such as those originally installed <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> site, with the<br />
two-stage relief valves of improved design which have a recently been in<br />
stalled <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Plant, the probability of a SORV event is sub<br />
stantially reduced and is estim<strong>at</strong>ed to be less than 10-z. The occur<br />
rence of a sequence involving a SORV, design<strong>at</strong>ed sequence TPB', is in<br />
cluded in the event trees of this section.<br />
The reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level decreases rapidly during the initial<br />
moments of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout due both to the void collapse caused by the<br />
increased pressure and to the w<strong>at</strong>er inventory lost through the SRVs. When<br />
the w<strong>at</strong>er level sensed by the wide range detector reaches the low w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
level setpoint (Level 2), the DC-powered HPCI and RCIC systems are auto<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ically initi<strong>at</strong>ed, with their turbine-driven pumps supplied by steam<br />
gener<strong>at</strong>ed by the decay he<strong>at</strong>. The HPCI and RCIC systems are assumed to re<br />
main oper<strong>at</strong>ional until the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery is exhausted <strong>at</strong> four hours into<br />
the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. Following the loss of these injection systems, the<br />
reactor vessel level decreases until the core is uncovered about one hour<br />
l<strong>at</strong>er. Subsequently, the core begins to melt.<br />
The failure probability for HPCI has been estim<strong>at</strong>ed19 to be 9.8 x 10~2<br />
with an error spread of 3 and for RCIC has been estim<strong>at</strong>ed to be 8 x 10~2<br />
with an error spread of 3. The overall failure probability of both HPCI<br />
and RCIC to provide makeup w<strong>at</strong>er during the sequence TB', is design<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
TUB' and has been estim<strong>at</strong>ed19 to be 2 x 10-3 with an error spread of about<br />
4. The failure of both HPCI and RCIC together with a SORV occurrence is<br />
design<strong>at</strong>ed TUPB'.* Sequences TUB' and TUPB' have been included in the<br />
event trees of this section.<br />
9.2.2 Containment Failure Modes<br />
Any sequence resulting in core melt will eventually lead to contain<br />
ment failure if electrical power is not restored before the reactor vessel<br />
fails. According to the Reactor Safety Study,19 BWR containment failure<br />
could occur in the following c<strong>at</strong>egories:<br />
a — Containment failure due to steam explosion in vessel,<br />
0 — Containment failure due to steam explosion in containment,<br />
Y — Containment failure due to overpressure - release through reactor<br />
building,<br />
Y' — Containment failure due to overpressure-release direct to <strong>at</strong>mos<br />
phere,<br />
j — Containment isol<strong>at</strong>ion failure in drywell,<br />
e — Containment isol<strong>at</strong>ion failure in wetwell,<br />
5 — Containment leakage gre<strong>at</strong>er than 2400 volume percent per day.<br />
Containment failure by overpressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion was considered to be the<br />
dominant failure mode for a BWR inerted containment in the Reactor Safety<br />
*TUB' and TUPB' are in effect TQUV and TPQUV sequences with the<br />
loss of both offsite and onsite AC power as an initi<strong>at</strong>ing event.
lU S rMU<br />
TJ CU CU TJ u<br />
Xi B CU 3 3<br />
4-1 iH 3 4-1 CO<br />
CO rH 4-1 TO TO<br />
TJ<br />
o-> B<br />
rH Cd<br />
TJ Cfl<br />
rH TJ Mn<br />
CU 01<br />
•H TJ «<br />
>» iH<br />
> cu<br />
cu o<br />
X U tH<br />
4-> O.^<br />
TJ O<br />
CU<br />
4-> U<br />
Cfl 0)<br />
rH >1<br />
3 Cfl<br />
4-1 rH<br />
TO<br />
O U<br />
Oh 01<br />
B<br />
TO B<br />
Cfl tH<br />
9<br />
cu<br />
4J X<br />
3 M<br />
3<br />
S rH<br />
CO iH<br />
o. cu<br />
m<br />
cu<br />
Oj<br />
TO<br />
3<br />
4-> TJ<br />
rH B<br />
3 Cfl<br />
4H<br />
4-1<br />
CU<br />
a<br />
3<br />
TO<br />
CO<br />
Cfl<br />
B<br />
4-1 iH<br />
m<br />
CU TJ<br />
cd<br />
9 4J<br />
3<br />
cu cu<br />
XI TJ<br />
00 cu<br />
•H In<br />
x B<br />
rH CU<br />
3 CU<br />
CO X<br />
CU<br />
In >,<br />
rH<br />
CO rH<br />
CU Cfl<br />
TJ rj<br />
2 •H<br />
a In<br />
O<br />
CU 4-1<br />
In TO<br />
3 iH<br />
• rH XI<br />
r—i tH<br />
/-n cd cu<br />
CO 4H ><br />
•H CO<br />
CO In Xi<br />
Oj CU<br />
XI 4-1<br />
in 4J b<br />
r-. o oj<br />
- §<br />
X) tH<br />
B cd<br />
Cd 4-1<br />
3 cd<br />
•H iH r4<br />
o cd<br />
O. 4-> XI<br />
TJ fi CU<br />
BO,-*!<br />
cO cj cfl<br />
4-1 OJ<br />
TO CO rH<br />
CO<br />
0) O 0J<br />
XI U X<br />
00 4-1<br />
TJ<br />
B<br />
cd<br />
-H 3<br />
00 In •H<br />
CJ cd co<br />
C O Mn 01<br />
TO<br />
X * cd<br />
O TJ 01<br />
4-1 CU 3 rH<br />
X<br />
CU J 2<br />
3 r-s<br />
3 rH m cu<br />
•H rH oi xi<br />
4-1 CO XI 4-1<br />
3 3 4-1<br />
O -H o a<br />
B O Mn o<br />
01<br />
0) In<br />
> TJ O XI 4H<br />
01 H 4J 4-1<br />
u a<br />
TO<br />
O. O XI 0 01<br />
3 3 O CJ<br />
B<br />
« oi<br />
MH 3<br />
M Cr<br />
TJ 4J<br />
OJ<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
m<br />
S<br />
cu _ o<br />
Oh O o<br />
4-1<br />
c<br />
§ -a<br />
MH 4-J Cd<br />
O B O<br />
CU iH<br />
M MH 4-1<br />
a<br />
O TJ<br />
cd<br />
O >i 3<br />
•H X O<br />
oo 3<br />
O cu<br />
rH U >,<br />
O 3 4-1<br />
•H rH T-I<br />
TJ -H ><br />
cd cd in<br />
m oi x<br />
><br />
CJ TO<br />
O<br />
0)<br />
TJ M<br />
rH CU<br />
3 9<br />
g<br />
In<br />
3<br />
CJ<br />
cu<br />
co<br />
TO<br />
cu<br />
In<br />
4-1<br />
in cd co<br />
4-1 •<br />
3 -i<br />
• o<br />
X! CJ B<br />
4-> CU<br />
oo i<br />
TJ fd XI<br />
rH 3<br />
3 TJ<br />
O 4-1 CU<br />
<br />
B<br />
• co<br />
cu cd u<br />
U iH<br />
0) rH X<br />
X tH 4-1<br />
Oh Cd<br />
TO MH TJ<br />
O 3<br />
a TJ Cd<br />
4-1 iH<br />
cfl 3 •><br />
O 00<br />
3 3<br />
u<br />
OJ<br />
%<br />
>»<br />
u<br />
TJ<br />
cu oi<br />
In rl<br />
xi xi<br />
4-1 CO<br />
Cd TO<br />
In 01<br />
01 U<br />
Oj O.<br />
a<br />
TO 4-1<br />
B 3<br />
O cd<br />
•H B<br />
4-1 iH<br />
u a<br />
0 o<br />
o-tj<br />
o<br />
In CU<br />
O.XI<br />
4-1<br />
CU<br />
In TO<br />
3 CO<br />
rH<br />
iH XI<br />
cd CU<br />
MH iH<br />
MH<br />
XI iH<br />
01 4J<br />
XI B<br />
CJ cu<br />
Cfl TJ<br />
CU iH<br />
In<br />
„ 3<br />
o. cu<br />
3 01<br />
•W X<br />
cfl<br />
O) TO<br />
X! cd<br />
X<br />
rH<br />
O 3<br />
O O<br />
O-T-l<br />
•U<br />
B cd<br />
O In<br />
iH O<br />
CO iH<br />
CO In<br />
OJ OJ<br />
In 4-1<br />
O- 01<br />
O.TJ<br />
3<br />
CO rH<br />
td<br />
r*. cu<br />
x co<br />
cu cu<br />
0) ><br />
4-1 CU<br />
CO rH<br />
3 cu cd<br />
O U Pj<br />
TO 3 S<br />
cd rH<br />
CU iH rH<br />
U cd CM<br />
cu<br />
X!<br />
O 4J cd<br />
4-i m<br />
TJ 4-1<br />
TJ 0) rH<br />
cd > -H<br />
01 0) MH<br />
rH .rl<br />
rH CU<br />
4-1 CU XI<br />
I<br />
CU B XI<br />
00 O rH 4J 4-1<br />
O 3 •• rH B O<br />
o<br />
CO CU CU 00<br />
cd TO 3<br />
CJ U<br />
cu cu<br />
cu cu<br />
cj a 10 tl WT)<br />
B CU 4-1 oi otj<br />
B 3 TO M CJ B<br />
• cu cr >,<br />
cd<br />
a S 0) TO TO 00 00<br />
CU B TO<br />
B BO<br />
4J iH<br />
•H iHCM<br />
TO Cd<br />
3 3 "To<br />
rS 4J 3 CU O O 4J 01<br />
CO S q a rH rH B O<br />
o .M 4-1<br />
cd TJ<br />
4J O CJ Cfl . O<br />
B cfl CU In Mn 4H O,<br />
cu rH rH In CU<br />
a cd 0Q 4-> 3 cu B<br />
O XI o u<br />
Cd 4-1 B co Oh 4-1 iH iH O<br />
CU iH o cd<br />
tl) N O<br />
In B iH &0 CJ In O<br />
4J iH 4J i 4H O.XI<br />
TO XI 4J X MH X 4J .8*<br />
CO 00 co x) O TJ CU<br />
TO<br />
00 tH B cu 4J 3 3<br />
X cu cd<br />
a * b o o<br />
>1 XI 4J<br />
cd 3 •H T-I<br />
X 00 4J TO<br />
01 >* O 4-1 CO<br />
TJ 3<br />
O 4-J rH X a o<br />
B -H In CU a CO 0) TO Cd rH<br />
cfl > O XI cu to M In O.<br />
4J rH XI iH cd tH..<br />
cu cu X<br />
CO O<br />
4-1 TJ rH > 4-1 CU<br />
> 4J XI<br />
B cd 3<br />
CU B B O MH CO 3 XI<br />
X tH cd tH O iH •* %<br />
4-1<br />
cu >n 3 cu<br />
^ -5<br />
TO m 3 01 01 3 rHCM O 4-1<br />
MH 0J o CJ In TJ X < Oj TO<br />
O XI Oh b B 3 OOM 3<br />
B -h OJ III 01 H Q o<br />
. a •H 3 co In X 2; TO 4J<br />
4-1<br />
cr cu 3<br />
B<br />
iH CU 0» >> CU U.<br />
CU CO o cu<br />
CJ In X TJ OjiH X •H 3<br />
CO 3 3<br />
4J TO TJ<br />
OhiH O 4-1<br />
4H O Cd o<br />
cd iH 4-1 CO<br />
4-1 H CU<br />
CJ Cfl<br />
4-1 TO O. In<br />
MH TJ TO Cd C TJ 4-1 X 3<br />
B B iH O 01 C B 0) rH<br />
O •» 3 .3 CO 4-1 3 CU •H<br />
•H m O 4J cd g O S 4-1 Cd<br />
4-1 cu<br />
cu<br />
C MH<br />
Oh > B 01 3<br />
CU<br />
In CU S -H rH tj<br />
rH 4-1<br />
O 9 CU X<br />
O fi<br />
CO O 01 TJ cd cu<br />
•H 01<br />
x W X 0) In m cj x a<br />
cd<br />
In OJ 3-<br />
CU CU OnrH<br />
> TJ OH ><br />
Cfl iH fi Cd rH<br />
X) CO<br />
3 O<br />
B<br />
§<br />
B<br />
•H<br />
cd<br />
4-1<br />
B<br />
• o<br />
> CJ<br />
TJ<br />
3 OJ<br />
4-> XI<br />
TO H<br />
§ cd<br />
N<br />
r>» in<br />
rH In<br />
XI 3<br />
00 TO<br />
•H TO<br />
CU<br />
In<br />
O.<br />
U<br />
OJ<br />
><br />
O<br />
•2 °<br />
a tj<br />
01 4-1<br />
TO rH<br />
CO 01<br />
cd e<br />
01 01<br />
3<br />
TO Cd MH 01 CJ<br />
c§<br />
XI<br />
3 O<br />
4J X!<br />
Cfl<br />
01<br />
00 X X)<br />
-i In<br />
co<br />
. 01<br />
3<br />
On Oh O rH O<br />
O 01<br />
m TO Oh 3<br />
3 O<br />
rH TO<br />
iH CO<br />
Cd iH<br />
MH TJ<br />
H OJ<br />
n3<br />
4J<br />
CO<br />
r- fi<br />
01<br />
x:<br />
X XI<br />
CJ o<br />
OJ<br />
CO rl<br />
B<br />
o<br />
CJ<br />
4-1<br />
cd<br />
0 o<br />
X)<br />
CU<br />
In<br />
01<br />
TJ<br />
•H<br />
CO<br />
3<br />
O<br />
CJ<br />
/"N Tj<br />
< r-j<br />
On 3<br />
W O<br />
w 3<br />
In<br />
O<br />
XI<br />
TO<br />
cu<br />
3<br />
•H<br />
TO U<br />
rH X3<br />
cd cj<br />
cu o<br />
TO O<br />
In 3<br />
O<br />
MH TJ<br />
B<br />
•> cd<br />
TO cd<br />
OJ MH<br />
O<br />
In MH<br />
O O<br />
Mn<br />
01<br />
0) CO<br />
. co cd<br />
TO<br />
cd o<br />
Oj<br />
01 01<br />
TO T3<br />
3<br />
01<br />
X<br />
TO<br />
CO<br />
01<br />
In<br />
O.<br />
Oj<br />
3<br />
TO<br />
4-1 01<br />
O XI<br />
Cd 4-1<br />
In<br />
MH fi<br />
•H<br />
01<br />
00 TJ<br />
m cu<br />
Cfl 4-1<br />
o<br />
XI<br />
TO<br />
o<br />
m<br />
PQ<br />
TJ<br />
cu<br />
CO<br />
3<br />
. cd<br />
CJ<br />
XI<br />
4-1<br />
cu<br />
TJ<br />
X<br />
0 01<br />
4-i m<br />
o<br />
01 MH<br />
3 oi<br />
tj x<br />
•H Cfl<br />
1<br />
X<br />
00 0)<br />
dX •cl 4-><br />
01 TJ<br />
> 0><br />
•H 00<br />
TO In<br />
to cd<br />
OJ x<br />
CJ CJ<br />
X co<br />
0) iH<br />
TJ<br />
X<br />
cj cu<br />
•H m<br />
XI cd<br />
3<br />
co<br />
B cu<br />
•H rH<br />
X<br />
TO T-I<br />
0) TO<br />
CJ C<br />
C CU<br />
01 TJ<br />
3 B<br />
cr o<br />
01 CJ<br />
TO<br />
fl) B<br />
3 Oi<br />
a<br />
01 01<br />
X 00<br />
4-> B<br />
•H<br />
•> Oh<br />
oi a<br />
a -h<br />
•H<br />
4J 4-1<br />
01<br />
MH Tl<br />
O<br />
a<br />
TJ Cd<br />
o cu<br />
•H 4-1<br />
In TO<br />
CU<br />
O. 4h<br />
O<br />
CJ 4n<br />
O<br />
rH TJ<br />
rH B<br />
> cy<br />
rH Pi<br />
01<br />
4-1 01<br />
cd x:<br />
a 4-><br />
•H<br />
X fi<br />
0 iH<br />
m<br />
Oh OJ<br />
Oj In<br />
cd 3<br />
rH<br />
01 iH<br />
In cd<br />
3 MH<br />
TO<br />
TO 4-1<br />
CU 3<br />
In OI<br />
Oh a fi<br />
CO iH<br />
cd<br />
4-1 4-1<br />
cd c<br />
o<br />
m u<br />
3<br />
CJ In<br />
CJ O<br />
O MH<br />
3 01<br />
cd W fi<br />
MH tH<br />
01 Cfl<br />
4J X 4J<br />
C 4-i B<br />
CU O<br />
a oo o<br />
fi 3<br />
H H CJ<br />
cd co X<br />
4-13 4-1<br />
n cfl<br />
3 4J<br />
•H<br />
TO<br />
TJ CO<br />
01 01<br />
In rH<br />
3<br />
U 01<br />
CJ X<br />
O<br />
TJ<br />
CU rH<br />
M 3<br />
cd cd<br />
4-1 TO<br />
B<br />
4-1 OJ<br />
X TJ<br />
00 B<br />
•H O<br />
a a<br />
X 4-1<br />
•H -H<br />
TJ fi<br />
B -H<br />
CU<br />
o. cu<br />
c*x<br />
< 4-1<br />
rH < CU<br />
3 -- c<br />
-H Oh 0<br />
3 01<br />
4-1 TO<br />
0) O<br />
3 XI<br />
4-1<br />
CU<br />
X! 3<br />
U g<br />
cd cd<br />
x<br />
H<br />
CJ<br />
iH<br />
U<br />
4-1<br />
CJ<br />
CU<br />
O 3<br />
O !H,<br />
cu<br />
co xi<br />
4-1 4-1<br />
3<br />
3 O<br />
0 4-1<br />
a s<br />
cd iH<br />
B<br />
o<br />
rH iH Q cd<br />
0)<br />
X<br />
0) O<br />
XI 4-J •<br />
H rH<br />
CO rH<br />
rH Cd<br />
• cd 3<br />
cu cu<br />
In CO 4J<br />
in a<br />
TJ<br />
In 0><br />
13 §<br />
TO CO<br />
rH 0><br />
00 TJ<br />
S3<br />
cu I m<br />
I X cu en<br />
0) 4J In rH<br />
X O.V-T<br />
I<br />
3<br />
O<br />
CJ<br />
X4<br />
3 o<br />
•H<br />
cu<br />
X<br />
TO<br />
CO<br />
c<br />
cd<br />
cu<br />
4-1 a<br />
4H 0)<br />
o -o<br />
Q<br />
I<br />
cd<br />
u<br />
4-1<br />
cu<br />
B<br />
01<br />
Oh<br />
TJ<br />
a CU<br />
O<br />
rH U<br />
rH MH<br />
cu I<br />
xi cd<br />
cu<br />
00<br />
JS<br />
cd<br />
CU<br />
rH m<br />
rH 0)<br />
01 X<br />
CO<br />
CJ iH<br />
•H rH<br />
00 01<br />
I<br />
m<br />
h I<br />
OJ 0)<br />
4-1 T3<br />
T-)<br />
B OJ<br />
0) CO<br />
cu cd<br />
X O)<br />
rH<br />
01 OJ<br />
> u<br />
cd<br />
XI 4J<br />
o<br />
TJ fi<br />
rH<br />
3 01<br />
O u<br />
9 O<br />
MH<br />
TO 01<br />
4-> U<br />
CJ CU<br />
3 X!<br />
XI 4J<br />
O<br />
In tj<br />
Oh 0<br />
cd<br />
B<br />
O rH<br />
•H O<br />
TO O<br />
TO O.<br />
•H<br />
MH B<br />
O<br />
I XI<br />
OJ rH<br />
TJ 3<br />
o<br />
rS 3<br />
X<br />
00<br />
01 B<br />
U tH<br />
xi -u<br />
rH Cd<br />
iH 01<br />
co xi<br />
Mn In<br />
CU<br />
><br />
B o<br />
OJ<br />
a o<br />
B 4-><br />
•H<br />
cd 01<br />
4-1 3<br />
B TJ<br />
O<br />
U CO<br />
rH<br />
MH Cd<br />
O OJ<br />
TO<br />
cu<br />
TJ fi<br />
2 a -H °<br />
4-1<br />
TJ CO<br />
OJ In<br />
4-> 4-1<br />
cfl 01<br />
m<br />
O<br />
x r>*<br />
4-1 4-1<br />
01<br />
TO Mn<br />
to cd<br />
oi co<br />
3 CO<br />
2 TJ<br />
3<br />
CO<br />
c<br />
o<br />
OCT)<br />
TJ<br />
01<br />
In<br />
(U<br />
TJ<br />
In<br />
cd<br />
TO<br />
CO<br />
CU<br />
CJ<br />
CU<br />
fi
74<br />
9.3 Event Trees<br />
9.3.1 Event Trees for Accident Sequences Resulting in Core Melt<br />
It has been concluded in this study th<strong>at</strong> the sequence of events dur<br />
ing a prolonged complete <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout (CSB) <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nu<br />
clear Plant (BFNP) would most probably be described by one of the follow<br />
ing titles:<br />
1. CSB + HPCI/RCIC (TB')<br />
2. CSB + HPCI/RCIC + SORV (TPB')<br />
3. CSB + Manual RCIC & SRV (TyB')<br />
4. CSB + Manual RCIC & SRV + SORV (TVPB")<br />
5. CSB + No HPCI/RCIC (TUB')<br />
6. CSB + No HPCI/RCIC + SORV (TUPB')<br />
As indic<strong>at</strong>ed in this listing, a stuck-open relief valve (SORV) corresponds<br />
to a small break LOCA. The terminology "Manual RCIC & SRV" refers to the<br />
assumption th<strong>at</strong> the oper<strong>at</strong>or controls level and pressure by remote-manual<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the RCIC system and the relief valves, respectively. The<br />
phrase "No HPCI/RCIC" means th<strong>at</strong> both of these w<strong>at</strong>er-injection systems are<br />
assumed to be unavailable due to mechanical failure.<br />
The event tree identifying these six accident sequences is shown in<br />
Fig. 9.1. Sequence No. 1, traced by the dotted line in this figure, is<br />
the sequence TB' which involves no independent secondary equipment fail<br />
ures and was selected as the basis for the fission product transport anal<br />
ysis discussed in Volume 2. Other possible but much less likely sequences<br />
such as failure of reactor scram are shown on Fig. 9.1 but were not con<br />
sidered in this study.<br />
9.3.2 Core Damage Event Tree<br />
Without restor<strong>at</strong>ion of offsite or onsite AC power and with the con<br />
sequent inevitable loss of DC power, any of the numbered sequences shown<br />
on Fig. 9.1 will lead to core uncovery and subsequent core melting, reac<br />
tor vessel failure, and corium-concrete interaction. A tree for the<br />
events subsequent to core uncovery is shown in Fig. 9.2, with the p<strong>at</strong>h<br />
used for the fission product transport analysis of Vol. 2 identified by a<br />
dotted line.<br />
9.3.3 Containment Event Tree<br />
A containment event tree for the occurrences following core melt is<br />
given in Fig. 9.3. The particular p<strong>at</strong>h which has been chosen for the fis<br />
sion product transport studies is again indic<strong>at</strong>ed by the dotted line p<strong>at</strong>h.<br />
It should be noted th<strong>at</strong> if AC power is restored after core, melt, but<br />
before a failure of the reactor vessel occurs, the low-pressure Emergency<br />
Core Cooling Systems (ECCS) would function and a breach of the containment<br />
in the drywell or wetwell areas may be averted.
INITIATING EVENT<br />
LOSS OF OFFSITE<br />
AND ONSITE<br />
ac POWER<br />
YES<br />
A<br />
V<br />
NO<br />
SYSTEM<br />
AUTOMATIC<br />
RESPONSES<br />
r-<br />
I<br />
STUCK OPEN<br />
RELIEF VALVE<br />
HPCI AND<br />
RCIC<br />
OPERABLE<br />
MANUAL SRV<br />
DEPRESSURIZATION<br />
WITHIN 15 min.<br />
LOSS OF dc POWER -<br />
HPCI/RCIC INOPERABLE<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8164A ETD<br />
SEQUENCE CONSEQUENCE<br />
•© ITVPB') CORE MELT<br />
POTENTIAL DELAYED<br />
CORE DAMAGE<br />
(?) (TPB'l CORE MELT<br />
POTENTIAL DELAYED<br />
CORE DAMAGE<br />
.(6) (TUPB) CORE MELT<br />
•(5)
INITIATING EVENT -<br />
CORE UNCOVERY<br />
YES<br />
REACTOR VESSEL<br />
DEPRESSURIZED<br />
dc POWER RESTORED<br />
BEFORE EXTENSIVE<br />
CORE DAMAGE -<br />
HPCI/RCIC OPERABLE<br />
OFFSITE ac POWER RESTORED<br />
BEFORE EXTENSIVE<br />
CORE DAMAGE-<br />
LOW PRESSURE ECCS<br />
OPERABLE<br />
dc POWER RESTORED<br />
AFTER SIGNIFICANT<br />
CORE MELT, BUT<br />
BEFORE VESSEL<br />
FAILURE -<br />
HPCI/RCIC OPERABLE<br />
OFFSITE ac POWER RESTORED<br />
AFTER SIGNIFICANT<br />
CORE MELT, BUT<br />
BEFORE VESSEL<br />
FAILURE-<br />
LP ECCS OPERABLE<br />
Fig. 9.2 Core damage event tree.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8200 ETD<br />
OFFSITE ac POWER RESTORED AFTER VESSEL<br />
FAILURE - LP ECCS OPERABLE<br />
SLIGHT CORE DAMAGE,<br />
LITTLE OR NO CORE MELT<br />
CORE MELT, DEBRIS<br />
CONTAINED IN VESSEL<br />
CORE MELT, RPV<br />
FAILURE, NO CONCRETE<br />
ATTACK<br />
CORE MELT, RPV<br />
FAILURE, AND CONCRETE<br />
ATTACK<br />
SLIGHT CORE DAMAGE,<br />
LITTLE OR NO CORE MELT<br />
CORE MELT, DEBRIS<br />
CONTAINED IN VESSEL<br />
CORE MELT, RPV<br />
FAILURE, NO CONCRETE<br />
ATTACK<br />
CORE MELT, RPV<br />
FAILURE, AND CONCRETE<br />
ATTACK<br />
C*
INITIATING EVENT<br />
-CORE MELT<br />
YES<br />
A<br />
LARGE AMPLITUDE<br />
CONOENSTION<br />
OSCILLATIONS IN<br />
WETWELL<br />
T-QUENCHER<br />
FAILURE<br />
WETWELL<br />
RUPTURE<br />
FAILURE<br />
VESSEL<br />
FAILURE<br />
77<br />
DRYWELL DRYWELL<br />
EPA VENTING EPA FAILURE<br />
DRYWELL<br />
RUPTURE<br />
FAILURE<br />
Fig. 9.3 Containment event tree.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-0201 ETD<br />
HIGH RELEASE (WETWELL FAILUREl<br />
VERY HIGH RELEASE (DRYWELL FAILUREl<br />
SOME RELEASE (DRYWELL VENTINGI<br />
VERY HIGH RELEASE (DRYWELL FAILUREl<br />
NO CONTAINMENT FAILURE<br />
NO VESSEL FAILURE. NO CONTAINMENT<br />
FAILURE<br />
HIGH RELEASE (WETWELL FAILUREl<br />
VERY HIGH RELEASE (DRYWELL FAILUREl<br />
SOME RELEASE (ORYWELL VENTING I<br />
VERY HIGH RELEASE (DRYWELL FAILUREl<br />
NO CONTAINMENT FAILURE<br />
NO VESSEL FAILURE, NO CONTAINMENT<br />
FAILURE<br />
VERY HIGH RELEASE (DRYWELL FAILUREl<br />
SOME RELEASE (DRYWELL VENTINGI<br />
VERY HIGH RELEASE (DRYWELL FAILUREl<br />
NO CONTAINMENT FAILURE<br />
NO VESSEL FAILURE. NO CONTAINMENT<br />
FAILURE<br />
VERY HIGH RELEASE IDRYWELL FAILUREl<br />
SOME RELEASE (DRYWELL VENTINGI<br />
VERY HIGH RELEASE (DRYWELL FAILUREl<br />
NO CONTAINMENT FAILURE<br />
— NO VESSEL FAILURE, NO CONTAINMENT<br />
FAILURE
9.4.1 MARCH computer code<br />
78<br />
9.4 Accident Sequences<br />
Detailed calcul<strong>at</strong>ions for the accident sequences have been performed<br />
with the MARCH computer code , version 1.4B. This version is based on<br />
version 1.4 <strong>at</strong> Brookhaven N<strong>at</strong>ional Labor<strong>at</strong>ory, but contains a different<br />
subroutine ANSQ for the decay he<strong>at</strong> power calcul<strong>at</strong>ions and modific<strong>at</strong>ions to<br />
the subroutine HEAD which were necessary to improve the prediction of ves<br />
sel failure time. 18<br />
In the MARCH code, the fission product decay he<strong>at</strong> source term is<br />
based on ANS Standard ANS-5.1 (1973)za which does not account for the<br />
decay of U-239 or Np-239. The new standard ANS-5.1 (1979) zl* provides<br />
decay parameters for U-239 and Np-239, but does not account for the decay<br />
power gener<strong>at</strong>ed from these or the numerous other heavy nuclides (actinides)<br />
which exist in power reactors. The new subroutine ANSQ used in<br />
this study (Cf. Appendix B) is based on the actinide decay he<strong>at</strong> source in<br />
a BWR following a depletion of 34,000 MWd/t. The actinide he<strong>at</strong>ing calcu<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ions Zb were performed using the EPRI-CINDER code and include all sig<br />
nificant actinides from Tl-208 through Cm-246. Furthermore, the initial<br />
fission energy release from the fuel is assumed to last 3 seconds r<strong>at</strong>her<br />
than 5 seconds as used originally in the MARCH code. This has been found<br />
to yield better agreement with test d<strong>at</strong>a in implementing the REDY code <strong>at</strong><br />
GE.2b<br />
A comparison of MARCH calcul<strong>at</strong>ions for the sequence TB " as per<br />
formed by versions 1.4 and 1.4B are given in Figs. 9.4 through 9.11 for<br />
the time- dependence of (1) the maximum core temper<strong>at</strong>ure, (2) the w<strong>at</strong>ersteam<br />
mixture level, (3) the containment wall temper<strong>at</strong>ure, and (4) the<br />
containment volumetric leak r<strong>at</strong>e. It should be noted th<strong>at</strong> the times pre<br />
dicted by version 1.4B for core uncovery and core melt are less by approx<br />
im<strong>at</strong>ely 18 and 26%, respectively, and th<strong>at</strong> the maximum containment wall<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure is increased by more than 120%. Other comparisons have shown<br />
th<strong>at</strong> the 1.4B version produces results in better agreement with the core<br />
uncovery time calcul<strong>at</strong>ed by the RELAP4/Mod 7 Code for the sequence TUB "<br />
<strong>at</strong> INEL. 2/<br />
9.4.2 Accident progression sign<strong>at</strong>ures<br />
This section contains the accident progression sign<strong>at</strong>ures for the<br />
six most probable sequences following complete st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong> (CSB).<br />
The early part of the plant transient characteristics follow th<strong>at</strong> con<br />
tained in the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant Final Safety Analysis Report.<br />
All other accident sign<strong>at</strong>ures have been based on the results calcul<strong>at</strong>ed by<br />
the MARCH computer code.13<br />
9.4.2.1 CSB + HPCI (TB'). The accident progression sign<strong>at</strong>ure for<br />
the sequence TB' is given in Table 9.1. This sequence has been chosen<br />
for the fission product transport studies presented in Volume 2.<br />
9.4.2.2 CSB + HPCI + SORV (TPB'). The accident progression signa<br />
ture for the sequence TPB' is given in Table 9.2. The SORV event has<br />
the same effect as a small break LOCA, ensuring th<strong>at</strong> the reactor vessel
3000.0<br />
2500.0-<br />
3 2000.0<br />
\-<br />
<<br />
cc<br />
H 1500.0<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
o<br />
o<br />
I 1000.0<br />
<<br />
2<br />
500.0-<br />
0.0<br />
0.0<br />
DECREASE FOLLOWING SCRAM<br />
50.0<br />
CORE UNCOVERY BEGINS<br />
CORE MELTING BEGINS<br />
dc POWER LOST<br />
1 —I 1 I<br />
100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.4 Maximum core temper<strong>at</strong>ure (MARCH/MOD 1.4B).<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8515 ETD<br />
I<br />
350.0 400.0
3000.0<br />
2500.0-<br />
LU<br />
3 2000.0<br />
<<br />
rr<br />
LU<br />
a.<br />
2<br />
h 1500.0<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
O o<br />
<<br />
1000.0<br />
500.0-<br />
0.0<br />
0.0<br />
DECREASE FOLLOWING SCRAM<br />
dc POWER LOST<br />
CORE UNCOVERY BEGINS<br />
CORE MELTING BEGINS<br />
T T 1 T T<br />
50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.5 Maximum core temper<strong>at</strong>ure (MARCH/MOD 1.4)<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8516 ETD<br />
350.0 400.0 450.0 500.0<br />
os<br />
o
12.0<br />
10.0<br />
3 8.0-<br />
><br />
UJ<br />
_J<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
6.0<br />
9 4.0-<br />
2<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
k i<br />
tr<br />
UJ<br />
h-<br />
<<br />
2.0-<br />
0.0-<br />
-2.0-<br />
-4.0<br />
0.0 50.0<br />
T T<br />
100.0 150.0<br />
1<br />
200.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.6 W<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level (MARCH/MOD 1.4B)<br />
LOSS OF dc POWER<br />
BOILOFF BEGINS<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8517 ETD<br />
CORE SLUMPS-<br />
—I 1 1<br />
250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0<br />
oo
12.0-1<br />
10.0<br />
1 8.0-<br />
><br />
UJ<br />
_l<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
6.0-<br />
r-<br />
* 4.0<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
fc 2.0<br />
i<br />
cc<br />
UJ<br />
<<br />
5 0.0<br />
-2.0-<br />
LOSS OF dc POWER<br />
BOILOFF BEGINS<br />
-4.0 | | 1 I i 1 1 r<br />
T T<br />
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 500.0<br />
Fig. 9.7 W<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level (MARCH/MOD 1.4)<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8518 ETD<br />
CORE SLUMPS-<br />
oo<br />
t-o
1400.0<br />
— 1200.0<br />
«—<br />
Q<br />
O<br />
Z<br />
UJ<br />
cc 1000.0<br />
D<br />
r-<br />
<<br />
CC<br />
UJ<br />
O.<br />
2<br />
UJ 800.0<br />
r-<br />
-1<br />
_l<br />
<<br />
5<br />
r-<br />
Z<br />
UJ<br />
2 Z<br />
600.0<br />
<<br />
H<br />
Z<br />
o 400.0<br />
o<br />
200.0-<br />
0.0<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS<br />
T<br />
T 1 1<br />
100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
GROSS EPA FAILURE<br />
EPA VENTING<br />
I I<br />
700.0 800.0<br />
Fig. 9.8 Containment wall temper<strong>at</strong>ure (MARCH/MOD 1.4B).<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8519 ETD<br />
—I 1^ 1<br />
900.0 1000.0 1100.0<br />
oo
600.0 -r<br />
£ 550.0-<br />
o<br />
o<br />
z<br />
cc 500.0-<br />
D<br />
r-<br />
< CC<br />
UJ<br />
a.<br />
uj 450.0<br />
<<br />
z 400.0<br />
UJ<br />
2<br />
z<br />
< r-<br />
o 350.0-<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS<br />
300.0 H 1 1 1 I 1 I i i 1 1 r<br />
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 900.0 1000.0 1100.0 1200.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.9 Containment wall temper<strong>at</strong>ure (MARCH/MOD 1.4)<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8520 ETD<br />
HEATUP DURING<br />
CORIUM-CONCRETE<br />
REACTION<br />
oo
400.0<br />
350.0-<br />
"E 300.0-<br />
<<br />
QC<br />
*<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
-1<br />
250.0<br />
o 200.0<br />
CC<br />
r-<br />
UJ<br />
2 Z><br />
_l<br />
o<br />
><br />
1-<br />
o<br />
o<br />
150.0<br />
100.0<br />
50.0-<br />
0.0-<br />
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.10 Containment leak r<strong>at</strong>e (MARCH/MOD 1.4B)<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8521 ETD<br />
700.0 800.0 900.0 1000.0 1100.0<br />
00
E<br />
UJ<br />
400.0-1<br />
350.0-<br />
300.0<br />
r-<br />
<<br />
CC 250.0<br />
< LU<br />
_l<br />
o 200.0<br />
cc<br />
K-<br />
LU<br />
2<br />
-J<br />
O<br />
><br />
1-<br />
o o<br />
150.0<br />
100.0<br />
50.0-<br />
0.0 -J<br />
0.0 100.0<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8522 ETD<br />
200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 900.0 1000.0 1100.0 1200.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.11 Containment leak r<strong>at</strong>e (MARCH/MOD 1.4).<br />
oo<br />
o>
87<br />
Table 9.1<br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant: Complete <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout<br />
Sequence of Events<br />
CSB + HPCI/RCIC<br />
(TB')<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
0.0 Loss of all AC power and diesel gener<strong>at</strong>ors. The plant<br />
is initially oper<strong>at</strong>ing <strong>at</strong> 100% power.<br />
Initial drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure = 66°C (150°F)<br />
Initial wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ure = 35°C (95°F)<br />
0.2 Full load rejection (i.e., fast closure of turbine<br />
control valves) occurs.<br />
0.2 Recircul<strong>at</strong>ion pumps and condenser circul<strong>at</strong>ory w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
pumps trip off. Loss of condenser vacuum occurs.<br />
Core flow is provided by n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
0.2 Reactor pressure increases suddenly due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
0.3 Scram pilot valve solenoids are deenergized due to<br />
load rejection. Control rod motion begins.<br />
0.5 Turbine bypass valves start to open due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
1.0 Neutron flux starts to decrease after an initial in<br />
crease to over 100% r<strong>at</strong>ed power level.<br />
1.0 Reactor power starts to decrease slowly after an ini<br />
tial rise.<br />
2.0 Control rods are 40% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.<br />
2.0 Main steamline isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves (MSIVs) start to close<br />
(relay-type reactor trip system), resulting in a rapid<br />
steam-line pressure rise.<br />
2.0 Turbine bypass valves are tripped to close.<br />
3.0 Control rods are 75% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.
88<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
3.0 Turbine trips off (turbine stop valves fully closed).<br />
3.5 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to delayed neutrons and fission<br />
product decay drops to 10% of initial r<strong>at</strong>ed power gen<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
4.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er turbines trip off.<br />
5.0 MSIVs are fully closed, resulting in a momentary 0.69<br />
MPa (100 psi) pressure increase and 1.02 m (40-in.)<br />
drop of w<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level due to collapsing of<br />
voids.<br />
5.0 All control rods are fully inserted.<br />
5*0 Reactor vessel pressure exceeds the lowest setpoint <strong>at</strong><br />
7.52 MPa (1090 psi) of safety/relief valves (S/RVs).<br />
5.0 Seven (7) out of thirteen (13) S/RVs start to open in<br />
response to pressure rise above the setpoint.<br />
5.2 W<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level recovers 0.51 m (20 in.)<br />
from the previous momentary 1.02 m (40-in.) drop.<br />
5.5 S/RV steam blowdowns into the pressure suppression<br />
pool through the T-quenchers begin.<br />
7.5 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow drops below 20%.<br />
9.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow decreases to zero.<br />
10.0 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to fission product decay drops to<br />
approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 7.2% of r<strong>at</strong>ed power gener<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
15.0 All 7 S/RVs are completely closed.<br />
15.7 Four out of 13 S/RVs start to open.<br />
17.0 Neutron flux drops below 1% of initial full power<br />
level.<br />
21.0 Narrow range (NR) sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low alarm<br />
(Level 4), i.e., 5.98 m (235.50 in.) above Level 0, or<br />
5.00 m (196.44 in.) above TAF.<br />
22.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure rises<br />
to 35.13°C (95.24°F) in response to the first S/RV<br />
pops.<br />
29.0 All 4 S/RVs are completely closed.
89<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
29.7 Two out of 13 S/RVs start to open.<br />
47.0 All 2 S/RVs are completely closed.<br />
47.7 <strong>One</strong> out of 13 S/RVs starts to open.<br />
56.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure is approxi<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ely 35.3°C (95.54°F).<br />
56.0 NR sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low level alarm (Level<br />
3), i.e., 5.50 m (216.00 in.) above Level 0, or 4.50 m<br />
(176.94 in.) above TAF.<br />
90.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure is approxi<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ely 35.4°C (95.72°F).<br />
101.0 The S/RV is completely closed. The same S/RV contin<br />
ues to cycle on and off on setpoints throughout the<br />
subsequent cyclings of HPCI and RCIC injections.<br />
625 Wide range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low w<strong>at</strong>er level<br />
setpoint (Level 2), i.e., 4.18 m (164.50 in.) above<br />
Level 0 <strong>at</strong> 2/3 core height, or 2.96 m (116.50 in.)<br />
above TAF.<br />
625 HPCI and RCIC systems are autom<strong>at</strong>ically turned on.<br />
The HPCI and RCIC turbine pumps are driven by steam<br />
gener<strong>at</strong>ed by decay he<strong>at</strong>. System auxiliaries are<br />
powered by the 250 V dc system.<br />
655 HPCI and RCIC flows enter the reactor pressure vessel<br />
<strong>at</strong> 315 Jt/s (5000 gpm) and 38 £/s (600 gpm), re<br />
spectively, drawing w<strong>at</strong>er from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage<br />
tank.<br />
12.5 min. Narrow range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches Level 8 setpoint,<br />
i.e., 6.86 m (270.00 in.) above Level 0, or<br />
5.64 m (222.00 in.) above TAF.
Time<br />
(sec)<br />
12,>5 min.<br />
20 min.<br />
26..5 min.<br />
HPCI and RCIC trip off.<br />
90<br />
Event<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures exceed 70°C (158°F) and<br />
42°C (108°F), respectively.<br />
Wide range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches Level 2 setpoint and<br />
HPCI autom<strong>at</strong>ically restarts. (RCIC does not autom<strong>at</strong>ically<br />
restart.)<br />
27.0 min. HPCI flow enters the RPV.<br />
29.0 min. Narrow range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches Level 8 setpoint and<br />
HPCI trips off again. The HPCI system, driven by steam gen<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ed by decay he<strong>at</strong>, turns on and off autom<strong>at</strong>ically between<br />
sensed Levels 2 and 8 until the b<strong>at</strong>teries run out.<br />
80 min. Auto-isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal initi<strong>at</strong>es as increase of drywell<br />
pressure exceeds 13.8 KPa (2.0 psi). The HPCI/ RCIC systems<br />
are not isol<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
240 min. The HPCI pump stops when the b<strong>at</strong>teries run out.<br />
260 min. Wide range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches Level 2 setpoint.<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 85°C (185°F) and 87°C<br />
(188°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 27.82 3.68 * 103 7.68 * 107 4.37 x 106<br />
Hydrogen 0 0 0 0<br />
302 min. Core uncovery time. Steam-w<strong>at</strong>er mixture level is <strong>at</strong> 3.58 m<br />
(11.73 ft) above bottom of the core.<br />
320 min. Average gas temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>at</strong> top of core is 485°C (904°F).<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures and pressures are 101°C<br />
(213°F) and 0.21 MPa (31 psia), respectively. Mass and<br />
energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 18.75 2.48 x io3 5.40 * 107 3.07 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 6.65 x io"7 8.80 x i(f5 3.34 1.90 x io"1
91<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
340 min. Average gas temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>at</strong> top of core is 821°C (1509°F).<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures and pressures are 103°C<br />
(218°F) and 0.23 MPa (33 psia), respectively. Mass and<br />
energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 11.75 1.56 x 103 3.76 x IO7 2.14 x ify*<br />
Hydrogen 1.52 x io"3 2.00 x io"1 1.10 x io*1 6.25 x io2<br />
355 min. Core melting starts.<br />
389 min. W<strong>at</strong>er level in vessel drops below bottom grid elev<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
390 min. Bottom grid fails and temper<strong>at</strong>ure of structures in bottom<br />
head is above w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
392 min. The corium slumps down to vessel bottom.<br />
394 min. Debris starts to melt through the bottom head.<br />
426 min. Vessel bottom head fails, resulting in a pressure increase<br />
of 0.34 MPa (49 psia).<br />
426.04 min. Debris starts to melt the concrete floor of the containment<br />
building. Temper<strong>at</strong>ure of debris is 1433°C (2611°F) initial<br />
ly. Internal he<strong>at</strong> gener<strong>at</strong>ion in metals and oxides are 1.05<br />
x IO7 and 1.95 x io' w<strong>at</strong>ts, respectively.<br />
503.27 min. Drywell electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion assembly seals have failed as<br />
the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 204°C (400°F) and start<br />
to vent through the primary containment <strong>at</strong> a leak r<strong>at</strong>e of<br />
118 SL/s (250 ft3/min).<br />
513.59 min. Containment failed as the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds<br />
260°C (500°F) and all electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion modules are blown<br />
out of the containment. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the drywell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 4.61 610 1.59 x io5 9052<br />
Hydrogen 0.11 15 0 0<br />
C02 1.01 133<br />
CO 2.35 311<br />
The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the drywell penetr<strong>at</strong>ion seals is<br />
-3.04 x io1* jt/s (6.44 x 104* ft3/min).
92<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
613 min. Drywell and wetwell pressures are <strong>at</strong> 0.10 MPa (~14.7 psia)<br />
and temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 661°C (~1222°F) and 98°C (~209°F),<br />
respectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the containment failed<br />
area is ~2.96 x 101* A/s (~6.27 x io** ft3/min).<br />
695 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 623°C (1154°F) and 97°C<br />
(207°F), respectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the contain<br />
ment failed area is ~6.47 x io1* i/s (~1.37 x io5<br />
ft3/min).<br />
1028 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 614°C (~1138°F) and<br />
97°C (~207°F), respectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the<br />
containment failed area is ~1.34 x io3 l/s (~2.83 x<br />
IO3 ft3/min).
93<br />
Table 9.2<br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant: Complete <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout<br />
Sequence of Events<br />
CSB + HPCI/RCIC + SORV (Small Break LOCA)<br />
(TPB')<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
0.0 Loss of all AC power and diesel gener<strong>at</strong>ors. The plant<br />
is initially oper<strong>at</strong>ing <strong>at</strong> 100% power.<br />
Initial drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure - 66°C (150°F)<br />
Initial wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ure - 35°C (95°F)<br />
0.2 Full load rejection (i.e., fast closure of turbine<br />
control valves) occurs.<br />
0.2 Recircul<strong>at</strong>ion pumps and condenser circul<strong>at</strong>ory w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
pumps trip off. Loss of condenser vacuum occurs.<br />
Core flow is provided by n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
0.2 Reactor pressure increases suddenly due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
0.3 Scram pilot valve solenoids are deenergized due to<br />
load rejection. Control rod motion begins.<br />
0.5 Turbine bypass valves start to open due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
1.0 Neutron flux starts to decrease after an initial in<br />
crease to over 100% r<strong>at</strong>ed power level.<br />
1.0 Reactor power starts to decrease slowly after an ini<br />
tial rise.<br />
2.0 Control rods are 40% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.<br />
2.0 Main steamline isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves (MSIVs) start to close<br />
(relay-type reactor trip system), resulting in a rapid<br />
steam-line pressure rise.<br />
2.0 Turbine bypass valves are tripped to close.<br />
3.0 Control rods are 75% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.
94<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
3.0 Turbine trips off (turbine stop valves fully closed).<br />
3.5 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to delayed neutrons and fission<br />
product decay drops to 10% of initial r<strong>at</strong>ed power gen<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
4.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er turbines trip off.<br />
5.0 MSIVs are fully closed, resulting in a momentary 0.69<br />
MPa (100 psi) pressure increase and 1.02 m (40-in.)<br />
drop of w<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level due to collapsing of<br />
voids.<br />
5.0 All control rods are fully inserted.<br />
5.0 Reactor vessel pressure exceeds the lowest setpoint <strong>at</strong><br />
7.52 MPa (1090 psi) of safety/relief valves (S/RVs).<br />
5.0 Seven (7) out of thirteen (13) S/RVs start to open in<br />
response to pressure rise above the setpoint.<br />
5.2 W<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level recovers 0.51 m (20 in.)<br />
from the previous momentary 1.02 m (40-in.) drop.<br />
5.5 S/RV steam blowdowns into the pressure suppression<br />
pool through the T-quenchers begin.<br />
7.5 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow drops below 20%.<br />
9.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow decreases to zero.<br />
10.0 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to fission product decay drops to<br />
approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 7.2% of r<strong>at</strong>ed power gener<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
15.0 All 6 S/RVs are completely closed. <strong>One</strong> S/RV is stuck<br />
open (SORV); this has the same effect as a small break<br />
LOCA of equivalent break area of 0.015 m2 (0.1583<br />
ft2).<br />
15.7 Four out of 13 S/RVs start to open.<br />
17.0 Neutron flux drops below 1% of initial full power<br />
level.<br />
21.0 Narrow range (NR) sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low alarm<br />
(Level 4), i.e., 5.98 m (235.50 in.) above Level 0, or<br />
5.00 m (196.44 in.) above TAF.
95<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
22.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure rises<br />
to 35.13°C (95.24°F) in response to the first S/RV<br />
pops.<br />
29.0 All 4 S/RVs are completely closed.<br />
29.7 Two out of 13 S/RVs start to open.<br />
47.0 All 2 S/RVs are completely closed.<br />
47.7 <strong>One</strong> out of 13 S/RVs starts to open.<br />
56.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure is approxi<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ely 35.3°C (95.54°F).<br />
56.0 NR sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low level alarm (Level<br />
3), i.e., 5.50 m (216.00 in.) above Level 0, or 4.50 m<br />
(176.94 in.) above TAF.<br />
90.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure is approxi<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ely 35.4°C (95.72°F).<br />
101.0 The S/RV is completely closed. The same S/RV contin<br />
ues to cycle on and off on setpoints throughout the<br />
subsequent cyclings of HPCI and RCIC injections.<br />
625 Wide range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low w<strong>at</strong>er level<br />
setpoint (Level 2), i.e., 4.18 m (164.50 in.) above<br />
Level 0 <strong>at</strong> 2/3 core height, or 2.96 m (116.50 in.)<br />
above TAF.<br />
625 HPCI and RCIC systems are autom<strong>at</strong>ically turned on.<br />
The HPCI and RCIC turbine pumps are driven by steam<br />
gener<strong>at</strong>ed by decay he<strong>at</strong>. System auxiliaries are<br />
powered by the 250 V dc system.<br />
655 HPCI and RCIC flows enter the reactor pressure vessel<br />
<strong>at</strong> 315 l/s (5000 gpm) and 38 l/s (600 gpm), re<br />
spectively, drawing w<strong>at</strong>er from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage<br />
tank.<br />
12.5 min. Narrow range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches Level 8 setpoint,<br />
i.e., 6.86 m (270.00 in.) above Level 0, or<br />
5.64 m (222.00 in.) above TAF.<br />
12.5 min. HPCI and RCIC trip off.
96<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
20 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures exceed 70°C (158°F) and<br />
50°C (122°F), respectively.<br />
Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 35.04 4.63 x io3 9.87 x io7 5.61 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 0 0 0 0<br />
25.5 min. Auto-isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal initi<strong>at</strong>es as increase of drywell pres<br />
sure exceeds 13.8 KPa (2.0 psi). The HPCI/ RCIC systems are<br />
not isol<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
26.5 min. Wide range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches Level 2 setpoint and<br />
HPCI autom<strong>at</strong>ically restarts. (RCIC does not autom<strong>at</strong>ically<br />
restart.)<br />
27.0 min. HPCI flow enters the RPV.<br />
29.0 min. Narrow range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches Level 8 setpoint and<br />
HPCI trips off again. The HPCI system, driven by steam gen<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ed by decay he<strong>at</strong>, turns on and off autom<strong>at</strong>ically between<br />
sensed Levels 2 and 8 until the b<strong>at</strong>teries run out.<br />
240 min. The HPCI pump stops when the b<strong>at</strong>teries run out.<br />
261 min. Wide range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches Level 2 setpoint.<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 100°C (212°F) and 96°C<br />
(205°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 10.45 1.38 x io3 2.92 x io7 1.66 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 0 0 0 0<br />
315.07 min. Core uncovery time. Steam-w<strong>at</strong>er mixture level is <strong>at</strong> 3.53 m<br />
(11.58 ft) above bottom of the core.<br />
321.5 min. Average gas temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>at</strong> top of core is 211°C (412°F).<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures and pressures are 106°C<br />
(223°F) and 0.24 MPa (35 psia), respectively. Mass and<br />
energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 22.66 3.00 x io3 6.33 x io7 3.60 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 0 0 0 0
97<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
384 min. Average gas temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>at</strong> top of core is 1046°C (1915°F).<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures and pressures are 1148C<br />
(237°F) and 0.28 MPa (41 psia), respectively. Mass and<br />
energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 2.46 325.0 8.30 x io6 4.72 x IO5<br />
Hydrogen 0.021 2.78 1.14 x io5 8.19 x io3<br />
387.77 min. Core melting starts.<br />
418.77 min. W<strong>at</strong>er level in vessel drops below bottom grid elev<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
420.77 min. Bottom grid fails and temper<strong>at</strong>ure of structures in bottom<br />
head is above w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
421.67 min. The corium slumps down to vessel bottom.<br />
422.12 min. Debris starts to melt through the bottom head.<br />
515.18 min. Vessel bottom head fails, resulting in a pressure increase<br />
of 0.34 MPa (49 psia).<br />
515.20 min. Debris starts to boil w<strong>at</strong>er from containment floor.<br />
515.20 min. Drywell electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion assembly seals have failed as<br />
the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 204°C (400°F) and start<br />
to vent through the primary containment <strong>at</strong> a leak r<strong>at</strong>e of<br />
105 i/a (222 ft3/min).<br />
515.21 min. Debris starts to melt the concrete floor of the containment<br />
building. Temper<strong>at</strong>ure of debris is 1771°C (3219°F) initial<br />
ly. Internal he<strong>at</strong> gener<strong>at</strong>ion in metals and oxides are 1.01<br />
x IO7 and 1.86 x IO7 w<strong>at</strong>ts, respectively.<br />
579.24 min. Containment failed as the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds<br />
260°C (500°F) and all electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion modules are blown<br />
out of the containment. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the drywell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 0.63 83.33 1.59 x io5 9052<br />
Hydrogen 0.22 29.10 0 0<br />
C02 2.08 275.13<br />
CO 4.63 612.44<br />
The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the drywell penetr<strong>at</strong>ion seals is<br />
~2.53 x 105 i/s (5.35 x IO5 ft3/min).
98<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
681.88 min. Drywell and wetwell pressures are <strong>at</strong> 0.10 MPa (~14.7 psia)<br />
and temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 674°C (~1245°F) and 98°C (~209°F),<br />
respectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the containment failed<br />
area is ~3.61 x IO4 n/s (-7.65 x 10^ ft3/min).<br />
810 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 1006°C (1843°F) and<br />
97°C (207°F), respectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the<br />
containment failed area is ~3.10 x io1* SL/s (~6.57 x<br />
IO4 ft3/min).<br />
1128 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 591°C (~1095°F) and<br />
97°C (~207°F), respectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the<br />
containment failed area is ~1.27 x io3 X./s (~2.70 x<br />
103 ft3/min).
99<br />
is depressurized during core uncovery and melt. However, the pressure re<br />
mains high enough so th<strong>at</strong> the HPCI turbine can be oper<strong>at</strong>ed for as long as<br />
the b<strong>at</strong>tery lasts. Compared with the sequence TB', the SORV results in<br />
a ~30 min. delay in the core melt, ~90 min. delay in vessel failure, and<br />
~65 min. delay in the containment failure.<br />
9.4.2.3 CSB + Manual RCIC & SRV (TVB'). The accident progression<br />
sign<strong>at</strong>ure for the sequence TVB' is given in Table 9.3. In this sequ<br />
ence, it is assumed th<strong>at</strong> the HPCI system is inoperable. The oper<strong>at</strong>or remote-manually<br />
opens one SRV after 15 minutes of <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout to de<br />
pressurize the vessel in order to lower the vessel temper<strong>at</strong>ure and to pre<br />
pare for use of the low pressure ECCS injection systems upon restor<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
of AC power. At the same time, the oper<strong>at</strong>or <strong>at</strong>tempts to maintain a con<br />
stant vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level by manually controlling the RCIC injection. It<br />
is noted th<strong>at</strong> the fluid loss through the SRV causes the core to become<br />
momentarily uncovered, but it refloods immedi<strong>at</strong>ely with the continued RCIC<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er injection. This short period of core uncovery is believed not to<br />
cause any core damage <strong>at</strong> th<strong>at</strong> stage.<br />
9.4.2.4 CSB + Manual RCIC & SRV + SORV (T„PB"). The accident pro<br />
gression sign<strong>at</strong>ure for the sequence TVPB' is given in Table 9.4. In<br />
this sequence, it is assumed th<strong>at</strong> an SORV event occurs <strong>at</strong> the beginning of<br />
the transient, and the oper<strong>at</strong>or remote-manually opens a SRV which causes<br />
the reactor vessel to depressurize <strong>at</strong> a faster r<strong>at</strong>e. Compared with the<br />
sequence TVB', the two sequences have produced very similar results<br />
with respect to the times of core melt, vessel failure, and containment<br />
failure.<br />
9.4.2.5 CSB + No HPCI/RCIC (TUB"). The accident progression signa<br />
ture for the sequence TUB' is given in Table 9.5. The events of this<br />
sequence as calcul<strong>at</strong>ed by MARCH have been compared with results from the<br />
RELAP4/MOD7 code2/ up to the time of core uncovery. With the modifica<br />
tions incorpor<strong>at</strong>ed in MARCH version 1.4B, the core uncovery times pre<br />
dicted by the two codes are in agreement.<br />
9.4.2.6 CSB + No HPCI/RCIC & SORV (TUPB"). The accident progression<br />
sign<strong>at</strong>ure for the sequence TUPB' is given in Table 9.6. This is the<br />
severest of the six <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout sign<strong>at</strong>ures studied, and includes a<br />
prediction of core uncovery <strong>at</strong> 17 minutes after the initi<strong>at</strong>ing loss of AC<br />
power. The mitig<strong>at</strong>ing action which might be taken by the oper<strong>at</strong>or in re<br />
sponse to this and the other accident progression sign<strong>at</strong>ures will be dis<br />
cussed in Section 10.<br />
9.4.2.7 Summary of key events. A comparison of the predicted times<br />
to key events following core uncovery for each of the six sequences as<br />
calcul<strong>at</strong>ed by MARCH version 1.4B is given in Table 9.7.<br />
9.4.2.8 Key results for sequence TB '. Key results from the MARCH<br />
calcul<strong>at</strong>ions for the sequence TB1 which is used as the base case for the<br />
fission product transport calcul<strong>at</strong>ions in Volume 2 are presented in Figs.<br />
9.12 through 9.21.
100<br />
Table 9.3<br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant: Complete <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout<br />
Sequence of Events<br />
CSB + Manual RCIC & SRV<br />
(TVB-)<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
0.0 Loss of all AC power and diesel gener<strong>at</strong>ors. The plant<br />
is initially oper<strong>at</strong>ing <strong>at</strong> 100% power.<br />
Initial drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure - 66°C (150°F)<br />
Initial wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ure - 35°C (95°F)<br />
0.2 Full load rejection (i.e., fast closure of turbine<br />
control valves) occurs.<br />
0.2 Recircul<strong>at</strong>ion pumps and condenser circul<strong>at</strong>ory w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
pumps trip off. Loss of condenser vacuum occurs.<br />
Core flow is provided by n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
0.2 Reactor pressure increases suddenly due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
0.3 Scram pilot valve solenoids are deenergized due to<br />
load rejection. Control rod motion begins.<br />
0.5 Turbine bypass valves start to open due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
1.0 Neutron flux starts to decrease after an initial in<br />
crease to over 100% r<strong>at</strong>ed power level.<br />
1.0 Reactor power starts to decrease slowly after an ini<br />
tial rise.<br />
2.0 Control rods are 40% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.<br />
2.0 Main steamline isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves (MSIVs) start to close<br />
(relay-type reactor trip system), resulting in a rapid<br />
steam-line pressure rise.<br />
2.0 Turbine bypass valves are tripped to close.<br />
3.0 Control rods are 75% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.
101<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
3.0 Turbine trips off (turbine stop valves fully closed).<br />
3.5 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to delayed neutrons and fission<br />
product decay drops to 10% of initial r<strong>at</strong>ed power gen<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
4.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er turbines trip off.<br />
5.0 MSIVs are fully closed, resulting in a momentary 0.69<br />
MPa (100 psi) pressure increase and 1.02 m (40-in.)<br />
drop of w<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level due to collapsing of<br />
voids.<br />
5.0 All control rods are fully inserted.<br />
5.0 Reactor vessel pressure exceeds the lowest setpoint <strong>at</strong><br />
7.52 MPa (1090 psi) of safety/relief valves (S/RVs).<br />
5.0 Seven (7) out of thirteen (13) S/RVs start to open in<br />
response to pressure rise above the setpoint.<br />
5.2 W<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level recovers 0.51 m (20 in.)<br />
from the previous momentary 1.02 m (40-in.) drop.<br />
5.5 S/RV steam blowdowns into the pressure suppression<br />
pool through the T-quenchers begin.<br />
7.5 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow drops below 20%.<br />
9.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow decreases to zero.<br />
10.0 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to fission product decay drops to<br />
approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 7.2% of r<strong>at</strong>ed power gener<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
15.0 All 6 S/RVs are completely closed. <strong>One</strong> S/RV is stuck<br />
open (SORV); this has the same effect as a small break<br />
LOCAL of equivalent break area of 0.015 m2 (0.1583<br />
ft2).<br />
15.7 Four out of 13 S/RVs start to open.<br />
17.0 Neutron flux drops below 1% of initial full power<br />
level.<br />
21.0 Narrow range (NR) sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low alarm<br />
(Level 4), i.e., 5.98 m (235.50 in.) above Level 0, or<br />
5.00 m (196.44 in.) above TAF.<br />
22.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure rises<br />
to 35.13°C (95.24°F) in response to the first S/RV<br />
pops.
102<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
29.0 All 4 S/RVs are completely closed.<br />
29.7 Two out of 13 S/RVs start to open.<br />
47.0 All 2 S/RVs are completely closed.<br />
47.7 <strong>One</strong> out of 13 S/RVs starts to open.<br />
56.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure is approxim<strong>at</strong>ely<br />
35.3°C (95.54°F).<br />
56.0 NR sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low level alarm (Level 3),<br />
i.e., 5.50 m (216.00 in.) above Level 0, or 4.50 m (176.94<br />
in.) above TAF.<br />
90.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure is approxim<strong>at</strong>ely<br />
35.4°C (95.72°F).<br />
101.0 The S/RV is completely closed. The same S/RV continues to<br />
cycle on and off on setpoints throughout the subsequent RCIC<br />
injections.<br />
625 Wide range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low w<strong>at</strong>er level setpoint<br />
(Level 2), i.e., 4.18 m (164.50 in.) above Level 0 <strong>at</strong><br />
2/3 core height, or 2.96 m (116.50 in.) above TAF.<br />
625 Oper<strong>at</strong>or manually controls RCIC injection to maintain con<br />
stant vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level. The RCIC turbine pump is driven<br />
by steam gener<strong>at</strong>ed by decay he<strong>at</strong>. System auxiliaries are<br />
powered by the 250 V dc system.<br />
655 RCIC flows enter the reactor pressure vessel <strong>at</strong> 38 H/s<br />
(600 gpm) drawing w<strong>at</strong>er from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank.<br />
15 min. Oper<strong>at</strong>or manually opens one SRV to depressurize the vessel.<br />
20 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures exceed 76°C (169°F) and<br />
50°C (122°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es<br />
into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 829.75 1.10 x 105 2.32 x IO8 1.32 x IO7<br />
Hydrogen 0 0 0 0
103<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
21.14 min. Core uncovery time.<br />
22.0 min. Core refloods.<br />
30 min. Auto-isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal initi<strong>at</strong>es as increase of drywell<br />
pressure exceeds 13.8 KPa (2.0 psi). The RCIC system is not<br />
isol<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
240 min. The RCIC pump stops when the b<strong>at</strong>teries run out.<br />
266.3 min. Wide range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches Level 2 setpoint.<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 99°C (210°F) and 100°C<br />
(212°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 19.16 2.53 x IO3 5.20 x IO7 2.96 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 0 0 0 0<br />
347 min. Core uncovers again.<br />
366 min. Average gas temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>at</strong> top of core is 491°C (916°F).<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures and pressures are 113°C<br />
(236°F) and 0.28 MPa (40 psia), respectively. Mass and<br />
energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 9.26 1.22 x 103 2.97 x IO7 1.69 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 4.09 x io"5 5.41 x io"3 222.28 12.64<br />
386 min. Average gas temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>at</strong> top of core is 855°C (1571°F).<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures and pressures are 115°C<br />
(239°F) and 0.29 MPa (41 psia), respectively. Mass and<br />
energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 5.05 6.68 x io2 1.81 x IO7 1.03 x IO6<br />
Hydrogen 1.68 x IO-2 2.23 1.35 x IO5 7.70 x 103
Time<br />
(sec)<br />
395.3 min.<br />
449.3 min.<br />
451,.2 min.<br />
452 min.<br />
452.,9 min.<br />
539..3 min.<br />
539.,3 min.<br />
539.,3 min.<br />
Core melting starts.<br />
104<br />
Event<br />
W<strong>at</strong>er level in vessel drops below bottom grid elev<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
Bottom grid fails and temper<strong>at</strong>ure of structures in bottom<br />
head is above w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
The corium slumps down to vessel bottom.<br />
Debris starts to melt through the bottom head.<br />
Vessel bottom head fails, resulting in a pressure increase<br />
of 0.0047 MPa (0.68 psia).<br />
Debris starts to boil w<strong>at</strong>er from containment floor.<br />
Drywell electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion assembly seals have failed as<br />
the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 204°C (400°F) and start<br />
to vent through the primary containment <strong>at</strong> a leak r<strong>at</strong>e of<br />
118 Z/s (250 ft3/min).<br />
539.3 m^n. Debris starts to melt the concrete floor of the containment<br />
building. Temper<strong>at</strong>ure of debris is 1750°C (3182°F) initial<br />
ly. Internal he<strong>at</strong> gener<strong>at</strong>ion in metals and oxides are 9.99<br />
x 10° and 1.84 x io7 w<strong>at</strong>ts, respectively.<br />
601.05 min. Containment failed as the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds<br />
260°C (500°F) and all electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion modules are blown<br />
out of the containment. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the drywell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 4.70 621.51 1.59 x io5 9052<br />
Hydrogen 0.14 18.27 0 0<br />
C02 1.29 170.23<br />
CO 2.88 381.21<br />
The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the drywell penetr<strong>at</strong>ion seals is<br />
-5.33 x io* X,/s (1.13 x io5 ft3/min).<br />
718.8 min. Drywell and wetwell pressures are <strong>at</strong> 0.10 MPa (-14.7 psia)<br />
and temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 700°C ( 1293°F) and 98°C (~209°F),<br />
respectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the containment failed<br />
area is -5.18 x io4 l/s (-1.10 x io5 ft3/min).
105<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
821.5 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 737°C (1359°F) and 93°C<br />
(199°F), respectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the contain<br />
ment failed area is -4.23 x io4* Jl/s (-8.96 x io1*<br />
ft3/min).<br />
1127.5 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 468°C (~875°F) and<br />
86°C (~188°F), respectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the<br />
containment failed area is -4.79 x io1* SL/b (-1.02 x<br />
IO1* ft3/min).
0.0<br />
106<br />
Table 9.4<br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant: Complete <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout<br />
Sequence of Events<br />
CSB + Manual RCIC & SRV + SORV (Small Break LOCA)<br />
(TVPB')<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
Loss of all AC power and diesel gener<strong>at</strong>ors. The plant<br />
is initially oper<strong>at</strong>ing <strong>at</strong> 100% power.<br />
Initial drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure - 66°C (150°F)<br />
Initial wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ure = 35°C (95°F)<br />
°«2 Full load rejection (i.e., fast closure of turbine<br />
control valves) occurs.<br />
0.2 Recircul<strong>at</strong>ion pumps and condenser circul<strong>at</strong>ory w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
pumps trip off. Loss of condenser vacuum occurs.<br />
Core flow is provided by n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
0*2 Reactor pressure increases suddenly due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
0.3 Scram pilot valve solenoids are deenergized due to<br />
load rejection. Control rod motion begins.<br />
0.5 Turbine bypass valves start to open due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
1*0 Neutron flux starts to decrease after an initial in<br />
crease to over 100% r<strong>at</strong>ed power level.<br />
1«° Reactor power starts to decrease slowly after an ini<br />
tial rise.<br />
2.0 Control rods are 40% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.<br />
2*0 Main steamline isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves (MSIVs) start to close<br />
(relay-type reactor trip system), resulting in a rapid<br />
steam-line pressure rise.<br />
2.0 Turbine bypass valves are tripped to close.<br />
3.0 Control rods are 75% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.
107<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
3.0 Turbine trips off (turbine stop valves fully closed).<br />
3.5 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to delayed neutrons and fission<br />
product decay drops to 10% of initial r<strong>at</strong>ed power gen<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
4.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er turbines trip off.<br />
5.0 MSIVs are fully closed, resulting in a momentary 0.69<br />
MPa (100 psi) pressure increase and 1.02 m (40-in.)<br />
drop of w<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level due to collapsing of<br />
voids.<br />
5.0 All control rods are fully inserted.<br />
5.0 Reactor vessel pressure exceeds the lowest setpoint <strong>at</strong><br />
7.52 MPa (1090 psi) of safety/relief valves (S/RVs).<br />
5.0 Oper<strong>at</strong>or manually opens one S/RV to depressurize the<br />
vessel.<br />
5.5 S/RV steam blowdowns into the pressure suppression<br />
pool through the T-quenchers begin.<br />
7.5 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow drops below 20%.<br />
9.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow decreases to zero.<br />
10.0 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to fission product decay drops to<br />
approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 7.2% of r<strong>at</strong>ed power gener<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
15.0 All 6 S/RVs are completely closed. <strong>One</strong> S/RV is stuck<br />
open (SORV). This has the same effect as a small<br />
break LOCA of equivalent break area of 0.0147 m<br />
(0.1583 ft2).<br />
17.0 Neutron flux drops below 1% of initial full power<br />
level.<br />
30 Oper<strong>at</strong>or manually controls RCIC injection to maintain<br />
constant vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level. The RCIC turbine pump is<br />
driven by steam gener<strong>at</strong>ed by decay he<strong>at</strong>. System<br />
auxiliaries are powered by the 250 V dc system.<br />
60 RCIC flows enter the reactor pressure vessel <strong>at</strong> 38<br />
l/s (600 gpm) drawing w<strong>at</strong>er from the condens<strong>at</strong>e<br />
storage tank.
108<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
10.52 min. Core uncovery time. Steam-w<strong>at</strong>er mixture level is <strong>at</strong> 3.56 m<br />
(11.68 ft) above bottom of the core.<br />
11.52 min. Core refloods.<br />
20 min. Auto-isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal initi<strong>at</strong>es as increase of drywell<br />
pressure exceeds 13.8 KPa (2.0 psi). The RCIC system is<br />
not isol<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
240 min. The RCIC pump stops when the b<strong>at</strong>teries run out.<br />
270 min. Wide range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches Level 2 setpoint.<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 100°C (212°F) and 102°C<br />
(216°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 19.50 2.58 x io3 5.29 x io7 3.01 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 0 0 0 0<br />
337 min. Core uncovers again.<br />
356 min. Average gas temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>at</strong> top of core is 313°C (595°F).<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures and pressures are 113°C<br />
(236°F) and 0.28 MPa (40 psia), respectively. Mass and<br />
energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 12.25 1.62 x io3 3.64 x io7 2.07 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 3.05 x io~8 4.03 x io~6 0.115 6.53 x io"3<br />
376.4 min. Average gas temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>at</strong> top of core is 650°C (1202°F).<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures and pressures are 115°C<br />
(239°F) and 0.29 MPa (41 psia), respectively. Mass and<br />
energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 7.20 9.52 x io2 2.43 x io7 1.38 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 1.60 x io~3 0.21 1.07 x up 6.09 x io2
109<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
396.36 min. Core melting starts.<br />
450.4 min. W<strong>at</strong>er level in vessel drops below bottom grid elev<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
452.3 min. Bottom grid fails and temper<strong>at</strong>ure of structures in bottom<br />
head is above w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
453.1 min. The corium slumps down to vessel bottom.<br />
454. min. Debris starts to melt through the bottom head.<br />
542.5 min. Vessel bottom head fails, resulting in a pressure increase<br />
of 0.005 MPa (0.7 psia).<br />
542.5 min. Debris starts to boil w<strong>at</strong>er from containment floor.<br />
542.5 min. Drywell electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion assembly seals have failed as<br />
the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 240°C (400°F) and start<br />
to vent through the primary containment <strong>at</strong> a leak r<strong>at</strong>e of<br />
104 i/s (221 ft3/min).<br />
542.5 min. Debris starts to melt the concrete floor of the containment<br />
building. Temper<strong>at</strong>ure of debris is 1766°C (3210°F) initial<br />
ly. Internal he<strong>at</strong> gener<strong>at</strong>ion in metals and oxides are 1.00<br />
x IO7 and 1.83 x io' w<strong>at</strong>ts, respectively.<br />
596.4 min. Containment failed as the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds<br />
260°C (500°F) and all electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion modules are blown<br />
out of the containment. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the drywell are:<br />
Steam<br />
Hydrogen<br />
co2<br />
CO<br />
Mass<br />
(kg/s<br />
7.69<br />
0.038<br />
2.58<br />
0.80<br />
R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(lb/min)<br />
1017<br />
342<br />
160<br />
5.08<br />
Energy<br />
(w)<br />
1.59 x io5<br />
0<br />
R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(Btu/min)<br />
9052<br />
The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the drywell penetr<strong>at</strong>ion seals is<br />
-9.20 x io1* SL/s (1.95 x io5 ft3/min).<br />
0
0.0<br />
110<br />
Table 9.5<br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant: Complete <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout<br />
Sequence of Events<br />
CSB + No HPCI/RCIC<br />
(TUB*)<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
Loss of all AC power and diesel gener<strong>at</strong>ors. The plant<br />
is initially oper<strong>at</strong>ing <strong>at</strong> 100% power.<br />
Initial drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure = 66°C (150°F)<br />
Initial wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ure - 35°C (95°F)<br />
0*2 Full load rejection (i.e., fast closure of turbine<br />
control valves) occurs.<br />
0*2 Recircul<strong>at</strong>ion pumps and condenser circul<strong>at</strong>ory w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
pumps trip off. Loss of condenser vacuum occurs.<br />
Core flow is provided by n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
0*2 Reactor pressure increases suddenly due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
0*3 Scram pilot valve solenoids are deenergized due to<br />
load rejection. Control rod motion begins.<br />
0*5 Turbine bypass valves start to open due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
!*0 Neutron flux starts to decrease after an initial in<br />
crease to over 100% r<strong>at</strong>ed power level.<br />
i'O Reactor power starts to decrease slowly after an ini<br />
tial rise.<br />
2.0 Control rods are 40% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.<br />
2.0 Main steamline isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves (MSIVs) start to close<br />
(relay-type reactor trip system), resulting in a rapid<br />
steam-line pressure rise.<br />
2.0 Turbine bypass valves are tripped to close.<br />
3.0 Control rods are 75% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.<br />
3.0 Turbine trips off (turbine stop valves fully closed).
Ill<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
3»5 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to delayed neutrons and fission<br />
product decay drops to 10% of initial r<strong>at</strong>ed power gen<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
4.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er turbines trip off.<br />
5.0 MSIVs are fully closed, resulting in a momentary 0.69<br />
MPa (100 psi) pressure increase and 1.02 m (40-in.)<br />
drop of w<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level due to collapsing of<br />
voids.<br />
5.0 All control rods are fully inserted.<br />
5.0 Reactor vessel pressure exceeds the lowest setpoint <strong>at</strong><br />
7.52 MPa (1090 psi) of safety/relief valves (S/RVs).<br />
5.0 Seven (7) out of thirteen (13) S/RVs start to open in<br />
response to pressure rise above the setpoint.<br />
5.2 W<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level recovers 0.51 m (20 in.)<br />
from the previous momentary 1.02 m (40-in.) drop.<br />
5.5 S/RV steam blowdowns into the pressure suppression<br />
pool through the T-quenchers begin.<br />
7.5 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow drops below 20%.<br />
9.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow decreases to zero.<br />
10.0 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to fission product decay drops to<br />
approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 7.2% of r<strong>at</strong>ed power gener<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
15.0 All 7 S/RVs are completely closed.<br />
15.7 Four out of 13 S/RVs start to open.<br />
17.0 Neutron flux drops below 1% of initial full power<br />
level.<br />
21.0 Narrow range (NR) sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low alarm<br />
(Level 4), i.e., 5.98 m (235.50 in.) above Level 0, or<br />
5.00 m (196.44 in.) above TAF.<br />
22.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure rises to<br />
35.13°C (95.24°F) in response to the first S/RV pops.<br />
29.0 All 4 S/RVs are completely closed.<br />
29.7 Two out of 13 S/RVs start to open.
112<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
47.0 All 2 S/RVs are completely closed.<br />
47.7 <strong>One</strong> out of 13 S/RVs starts to open.<br />
56.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure is approxim<strong>at</strong>ely<br />
35.3°C (95.54°F).<br />
56.0 NR sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low level alarm (Level 3),<br />
i.e., 5.50 m (216.00 in.) above Level 0, or 4.50 m (176.94<br />
in.) above TAF.<br />
90.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure is approxim<strong>at</strong>ely<br />
35.4°C (95.72°F).<br />
101.0 The S/RV is completely closed. The same S/RV continues to<br />
cycle on and off on setpoints throughout the sequence.<br />
625 Wide range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low w<strong>at</strong>er level<br />
set-point (Level 2), i.e., 4.18 m (164.50 in.) above Level 0<br />
<strong>at</strong> 2/3 core height, or 2.96 m (116.50 in.) above TAF.<br />
625 HPCI and RCIC systems are not turned on because they are<br />
assumed to be unavailable.<br />
20 min. Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure reaches 46°C<br />
(114°F).<br />
33 min. Core uncovery time. Steam-w<strong>at</strong>er mixture level is <strong>at</strong> 3.54 m<br />
(11.61 ft) above bottom of the core.<br />
40 min. Auto-isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal initi<strong>at</strong>es as increase of drywell<br />
pressure exceeds 13.8 KPa (2.0 psi). The HPCI/RCIC systems<br />
are not affected. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ure are 72°C<br />
(162°F) and 55°C (130°F), respectively. Mass and energy<br />
addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 33 4.36 x io3 9.25 x io7 5.26 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 6 x 10 9 8.62 x io-7 2.92 x io~2 1.66 x io"3<br />
60 min. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 15.6 2.07 x io3 5.06 x 107 2.88 x 106<br />
Hydrogen 2.8 x io~3 3.76 x io"1 2.15 x iq1* 1.22 x io3
70<br />
80<br />
Time<br />
(sec)<br />
min.<br />
min.<br />
Core melting starts.<br />
113<br />
Event ^^^^<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 75°C (167°F) and 63°C<br />
(145°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min)<br />
Steam 5.68 7.51 x io2<br />
Hydrogen 0.19 2.53 x io1<br />
Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(w) (Btu/min)<br />
2.22 x io7 1.26 x io6<br />
2.29 x io6 1.30 x io5<br />
96 min. W<strong>at</strong>er level in vessel drops below bottom grid elev<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
97 min. Bottom grid fails and temper<strong>at</strong>ure of structures in bottom<br />
head is above w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
99 min. The corium slumps down to vessel bottom.<br />
101 min. The debris is starting to melt through the bottom head.<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 97°C (207°F) and 71°C<br />
(159°F), respectively. Meanwhile, local pool w<strong>at</strong>er tempera<br />
ture <strong>at</strong> the discharging bay exceeds 149°C (300°F). Steam<br />
condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions could acceler<strong>at</strong>e due to the con<br />
tinuous discharge of superhe<strong>at</strong>ed noncondensable gases into<br />
the suppression pool. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the wetwell are;<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 18.6 5.46 x io3 5.42 x io7 3.08 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 6.8 x io-2 8.93 3.59 x io5 2.04 x io**<br />
129 min. Vessel bottom head fails, resulting in a pressure increase<br />
of 0.34 MPa (49 psia).<br />
129.03 min. Debris starts to melt the concrete floor of the containment<br />
building. Temper<strong>at</strong>ure of debris is 1546°C (2815°F) ini<br />
tially. Internal he<strong>at</strong> gener<strong>at</strong>ion in metals and oxides are<br />
1.36 x 107 and 2.50 x io7 w<strong>at</strong>ts, respectively.
114<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
165 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 141°C (286°F) and 74°C<br />
(166°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the drywell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 5.46 722.83 1.59 x io5 9052<br />
Hydrogen 3.3 x io-2 4.38 0 0<br />
CO2 2.58 341.88<br />
CO 0.69 91.35<br />
190 min. Drywell electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion assembly seals have failed as<br />
the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 204°C (400°F) and start<br />
to vent through the primary containment.<br />
193 min. Containment failed as the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds<br />
260°C (500°F) and all electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion modules are blown<br />
out of the containment.<br />
219 min. Drywell and wetwell pressures are <strong>at</strong> 0.10 MPa (14.7 psia).<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 598°C (1109°F) and 78°C<br />
(173°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the drywell are:<br />
Steam<br />
Hydrogen<br />
CO2<br />
CO<br />
Mass<br />
(kg/s)<br />
0.70<br />
0.24<br />
2.32<br />
5.03<br />
R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(lb/min)<br />
92<br />
32<br />
307<br />
666<br />
Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(w) (Btu/min)<br />
1.59 x IO5 9052<br />
0 0<br />
The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the containment failed areas is<br />
-2.90 x io5 X./b (-6.15 x io5 ft3/min).<br />
250 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 675°C (1247°F) and 78°C<br />
(173°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the drywell are:<br />
Steam<br />
Hydrogen<br />
C02<br />
CO<br />
Mass<br />
(kg/s)<br />
6.84<br />
0.25<br />
1.53<br />
5.25<br />
R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(lb/min)<br />
905<br />
33<br />
203<br />
695<br />
Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(w) (Btu/min)<br />
1.59 x 105 9052<br />
0 0
115<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the containment failed area is<br />
-4.91 x io4* l/s (-1.04 x io5 ft3/min).<br />
309 min. R<strong>at</strong>e of concrete decomposition is -4.65 x io1* gm/s.<br />
R<strong>at</strong>e of he<strong>at</strong> added to <strong>at</strong>mosphere is -1.20 x 10* kW.<br />
367 min. Drywell and wetwell pressures are <strong>at</strong> 0.10 MPa (-14.7 psia)<br />
and temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 854°C (1570°F) and 77°C (171°F), re<br />
spectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the containment failed<br />
area is -3.94 x \if i/s (~8.35 x io4* ft3/min).<br />
733 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 546°C (~1014°F) and<br />
77°C (170°F), respectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the con<br />
tainment failed area is -2.12 x io3 A/s (-4.50 x<br />
103 ft3/min).
116<br />
Table 9.6<br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant: Complete <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout<br />
Sequence of Events<br />
CSB + No HPCI/RCIC & SORV (Small Break LOCA)<br />
(TUPS' )<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
0.0 Loss of all AC power and diesel gener<strong>at</strong>ors. The plant<br />
is initially oper<strong>at</strong>ing <strong>at</strong> 100% power.<br />
Initial drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure = 66°C (150°F)<br />
Initial wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ure = 35°C (95°F)<br />
0.2 Full load rejection (i.e., fast closure of turbine<br />
control valves) occurs.<br />
0.2 Recircul<strong>at</strong>ion pumps and condenser circul<strong>at</strong>ory w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
pumps trip off. Loss of condenser vacuum occurs.<br />
Core flow is provided by n<strong>at</strong>ural circul<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
0.2 Reactor pressure increases suddenly due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
0.3 Scram pilot valve solenoids are deenergized due to<br />
load rejection. Control rod motion begins.<br />
0.5 Turbine bypass valves start to open due to load rejec<br />
tion.<br />
1.0 Neutron flux starts to decrease after an initial in<br />
crease to over 100% r<strong>at</strong>ed power level.<br />
1.0 Reactor power starts to decrease slowly after an ini<br />
tial rise.<br />
2.0 Control rods are 40% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.<br />
2.0 Main steamline isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves (MSIVs) start to close<br />
(relay-type reactor trip system), resulting in a rapid<br />
steam-line pressure rise.<br />
2.0 Turbine bypass valves are tripped to close.<br />
3.0 Control rods are 75% inserted from fully withdrawn<br />
position.<br />
3.0 Turbine trips off (turbine stop valves fully closed).
117<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
3.5 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to delayed neutrons and fission<br />
product decay drops to 10% of initial r<strong>at</strong>ed power gen<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
4.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er turbines trip off.<br />
5.0 MSIVs are fully closed, resulting in a momentary 0.69<br />
MPa (100 psi) pressure increase and 1.02 m (40-in.)<br />
drop of w<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level due to collapsing of<br />
voids.<br />
5.0 All control rods are fully inserted.<br />
5.0 Reactor vessel pressure exceeds the lowest setpoint <strong>at</strong><br />
7.52 MPa (1090 psi) of safety/relief valves (S/RVs).<br />
5.0 Seven (7) out of thirteen (13) S/RVs start to open in<br />
response to pressure rise above the setpoint.<br />
5.2 W<strong>at</strong>er-steam mixture level recovers 0.51 m (20 in.)<br />
from the previous momentary 1.02 m (40-in.) drop.<br />
5.5 S/RV steam blowdowns into the pressure suppression<br />
pool through the T-quenchers begin.<br />
7.5 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow drops below 20%.<br />
9.0 Feedw<strong>at</strong>er flow decreases to zero.<br />
10.0 Power gener<strong>at</strong>ion due to fission product decay drops to<br />
approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 7.2% of r<strong>at</strong>ed power gener<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
15.0 All 6 S/RVs are completely closed. <strong>One</strong> S/RV is stuck<br />
open (SORV); this has the same effect as a small break<br />
LOCA of equivalent break area of 0.015 m2 (0.1583<br />
ft2).<br />
15.7 Four out of 13 S/RVs start to open.<br />
17.0 Neutron flux drops below 1% of initial full power<br />
level.<br />
21.0 Narrow range (NR) sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low alarm<br />
(Level 4), i.e., 5.98 m (235.50 in.) above Level 0, or<br />
5.00 m (196.44 in.) above TAF.<br />
22.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure rises to<br />
35.13°C (95.24°F) in response to the first S/RV pops.<br />
29.0 All 4 S/RVs are completely closed.<br />
29.7 Two out of 13 S/RVs start to open.
118<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
47.0 All 2 S/RVs are completely closed.<br />
47.7 <strong>One</strong> out of 13 S/RVs starts to open.<br />
56.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure is approxim<strong>at</strong>ely<br />
35.3°C (95.54°F).<br />
56.0 NR sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low level alarm (Level 3),<br />
i.e., 5.50 m (216.00 in.) above Level 0, or 4.50 m (176.94<br />
in.) above TAF.<br />
90.0 Suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er average temper<strong>at</strong>ure is approxim<strong>at</strong>ely<br />
35.4°C (95.72°F).<br />
101.0 The S/RV is completely closed. The same S/RV continues to<br />
cycle on and off on setpoints throughout the sequence.<br />
625 Wide range sensed w<strong>at</strong>er level reaches low w<strong>at</strong>er level<br />
set-point (Level 2), i.e., 4.18 m (164.50 in.) above Level 0<br />
<strong>at</strong> 2/3 core height, or 2.96 m (116.50 in.) above TAF.<br />
625 HPCI and RCIC systems are not turned on because they are<br />
assumed to be unavailable.<br />
17.2 min. Core uncovery time. Steam-w<strong>at</strong>er mixture level is <strong>at</strong> 3.62 m<br />
(11.88 ft) above bottom of the core.<br />
20 min. Auto-isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal initi<strong>at</strong>es as increase of drywell<br />
pressure exceeds 13.8 KPa (2.0 psi). The HPCI/RCIC systems<br />
are not affected. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ure are 73°C<br />
(163°F) and 55°C (130°F), respectively. Mass and energy<br />
addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass r<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 60 7.94 x io3 1.69 x io8 9.61 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 8.53 x io-13 1.13 x io~10 3.19 x io"6 1.81 x io~7<br />
40 min. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 10.30 1.36 * 103 3.41 x io7 1.94 x io6<br />
Hydrogen 2.38 x IO-1* 3.15 x io"2 1.61 x io3 91.56
119<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
56.6 min. Core melting starts.<br />
60 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 75°C (167°F) and 63°C<br />
(145°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 2.73 3.61 x io2 1.23 x io7 6.99 x io5<br />
Hydrogen 0.49 6.48 x io1 7.05 x io6 4.01 x io5<br />
78 min. W<strong>at</strong>er level in vessel drops below bottom grid elev<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
79 min. Bottom grid fails and temper<strong>at</strong>ure of structures in bottom<br />
head is above w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
81 min. The corium slumps down to vessel bottom.<br />
81.5 min. The debris is starting to melt through the bottom head.<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 82°C (180°F) and 71°C<br />
(159°F), respectively. Meanwhile, local pool w<strong>at</strong>er tempera<br />
ture <strong>at</strong> the discharging bay exceeds 149°C (300°F). Steam<br />
condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions could acceler<strong>at</strong>e due to the con<br />
tinuous discharge of superhe<strong>at</strong>ed noncondensable gases into<br />
the suppression pool.<br />
101 min. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into the wetwell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 1.25 165.35 3.47 x io6 1.97 x io5<br />
Hydrogen 4.45 x io"* 0.06 1.03 x io3 58.58<br />
142.5 min. Vessel bottom head fails, resulting in a pressure increase<br />
of 0.34 MPa (49 psia).<br />
152.5 min. Debris starts to boil w<strong>at</strong>er from containment floor.<br />
162.5 min. Debris starts to melt the concrete floor of the containment<br />
building. Temper<strong>at</strong>ure of debris is 2013°C (3655°F) ini<br />
tially. Internal he<strong>at</strong> gener<strong>at</strong>ion in metals and oxides are<br />
2.43 x io7 and 1.26 x io7 w<strong>at</strong>ts, respectively.
120<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
162.5 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 128°C (262°F) and 74°C<br />
(166°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the drywell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 0.057 7.54 1.59 x io5 9052<br />
Hydrogen 0 0 0 0<br />
167.8 min. Drywell electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion assembly seals have failed as<br />
the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 204°C (400°F) and start<br />
to vent through the primary containment.<br />
175.2 min. Containment failed as the containment temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds<br />
260°C (500°F) and all electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion modules are blown<br />
out of the containment.<br />
185.3 min. Drywell and wetwell pressures are <strong>at</strong> 0.10 MPa (14.7 psia).<br />
Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 314°C (598°F) and 78°C<br />
(173°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the drywell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
Steam 1.65 218.26 1.59 x io5 9052<br />
Hydrogen 0.025 3.31 0 0<br />
C02 5.79 765.88<br />
CO 0.526 69.58<br />
The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the containment failed areas is<br />
~3.00 x io* A/s (-6.36 x io* ft3/min).<br />
206 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 610°C (1130°F) and 78°C<br />
(173°F), respectively. Mass and energy addition r<strong>at</strong>es into<br />
the drywell are:<br />
Mass R<strong>at</strong>e Energy R<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(kg/s) (lb/min) (w) (Btu/min)<br />
C02 1.83 242<br />
Hydrogen 0.20 26 0 0<br />
Steam 1.36 180 1.59 x io5 9052<br />
CO 4.15 549
121<br />
Time<br />
(sec) Event<br />
The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the containment failed area is<br />
-2.94 x 10* A/s (-6.24 x io* ft3/min).<br />
222.5 min. R<strong>at</strong>e of concrete decomposition is -4.46 x io* gm/s.<br />
R<strong>at</strong>e of he<strong>at</strong> added to <strong>at</strong>mosphere is -3.71 x 10* kW.<br />
254.5 min. Drywell and wetwell pressures are <strong>at</strong> 0.10 MPa (-14.7 psia)<br />
and temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 746°C (1375°F) and 77°C (171°F), re<br />
spectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the containment failed<br />
area is -5.54 x io* A/s (-1.17 x io5 ft3/min).<br />
501 min. Drywell and wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ures are 815°C (-1500°F) and<br />
77°C (170°F), respectively. The leak r<strong>at</strong>e through the con<br />
tainment failed area is -2.34 x io* A/s (-4.96 x<br />
10* ft3/min).
Sequence Event<br />
1 CSB + HPCI/RCIC<br />
2 CSB + HPCI/RCIC + SORV<br />
3 CSB + Manual RCIC/SRV<br />
4 CSB + Manual RCIC/SRV + SORV<br />
5 CSB + iNo HPCI/RCIC<br />
6 CSB + No HPCI/RCIC + SORV<br />
Table 9.7. Predicted times to key events<br />
Core Core<br />
uncover reflood<br />
302<br />
315<br />
21 22<br />
11 12<br />
33<br />
17<br />
Core<br />
uncover<br />
again<br />
347<br />
337<br />
Accident progression time<br />
(min)<br />
Start<br />
melt<br />
355<br />
388<br />
395<br />
396<br />
69<br />
57<br />
Core<br />
slump<br />
392<br />
419<br />
449<br />
453<br />
95<br />
78<br />
Vessel<br />
failure<br />
426<br />
515<br />
539<br />
543<br />
128<br />
143<br />
Wetwell<br />
failure<br />
130<br />
145 '/<br />
Drywell<br />
EPA vent<br />
503<br />
515<br />
539<br />
543<br />
190<br />
168<br />
Drywell<br />
failure<br />
Wetwell failure is due to forces of steam jet impingement and condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions resulting from excessive thermal<br />
str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion in the suppression pool.<br />
Drywell electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion assembly seals start to vent when the ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 204°C (400°F).<br />
Drywell electric penetr<strong>at</strong>ion assembly seals become decomposed and are<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 260°C (500°F).<br />
blown out of the containment when the ambient tem<br />
TJest estim<strong>at</strong>e value.<br />
Containment would fail <strong>at</strong> 288 min. using WASH-1400 failure criterion of st<strong>at</strong>ic pressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>at</strong> 190 psia.<br />
/, Best estim<strong>at</strong>e value.<br />
514<br />
580<br />
601<br />
596<br />
e<br />
193<br />
175<br />
to<br />
ro
123<br />
Figure 9.12 shows the reactor vessel pressure distribution; it re<br />
mains approxim<strong>at</strong>ely constant during the first 240 minutes when the steam<br />
mass flow through the SRV discharge into the suppression pool (Fig. 9.13)<br />
is balanced by HPCI injection (Fig. 9.14). The pressure increases after<br />
the HPCI injection has stopped upon the assumed loss of dc power <strong>at</strong> 4 h<br />
into the transient.<br />
The mass of w<strong>at</strong>er and the mass of steam within the reactor vessel are<br />
shown in Figs. 9.15 and 9.16 respectively. The rel<strong>at</strong>ively rapid decrease<br />
in steam inventory beginning <strong>at</strong> about 305 minutes as shown in Fig. 9.16 is<br />
due to depletion in the production of hydrogen (Fig. 9.17) by the<br />
Zirconium-w<strong>at</strong>er reaction (Fig. 9.18) before the onset of core melting<br />
(Fig. 9.19). The large amount of energy released by the Zr-H20 reaction<br />
(Fig. 9.20) before the core slumps into the lower head causes an increase<br />
in the steaming r<strong>at</strong>e and the reactor vessel pressure.<br />
The large amount of energy release in the predicted corium-w<strong>at</strong>er in<br />
teraction after reactor vessel failure would cause a significant contain<br />
ment pressure spike. The vertical concrete penetr<strong>at</strong>ion resulting from<br />
corium <strong>at</strong>tack is shown in Fig. 9.21.<br />
9.5 Containment Responses<br />
As previously discussed, containment failure could occur either in<br />
the drywell or in the wetwell if a core meltdown accident were to occur <strong>at</strong><br />
the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant. The radiological consequences of a wet<br />
well failure would be less severe than those of a drywell failure, because<br />
a significant fraction of the released fission products would be dissolved<br />
or deposited in the suppression pool.<br />
9.5.1 Drywell Response<br />
Drywell failure would occur in the EPA when the elastomeric sealing<br />
m<strong>at</strong>erials undergo degrad<strong>at</strong>ion and lose sealing integrity <strong>at</strong> ambient tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ures gre<strong>at</strong>er than 204°C (400°F)i8» 22. This does not preclude the<br />
possibility of an earlier failure of the wetwell by overpressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
An EPA typical of those installed in the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> unit 1 drywell liner<br />
is shown in Fig. 9.22.<br />
The masses of steam and hydrogen accumul<strong>at</strong>ed in the drywell and wet<br />
well following core melt in the base case TB' are shown in Figs. 9.23<br />
through 9.26. For this case, wetwell failure by overpressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion is not<br />
preducted to occur.<br />
The drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure responses for the sequences TB' and TUB ' are<br />
shown in Figs. 9.27 and 9.28 respectively; the general trends are very<br />
similar in the two sequences, except th<strong>at</strong> high temper<strong>at</strong>ures are reached<br />
much sooner in sequence TUB', as would be expected.* The corresponding<br />
drywell pressure responses for these two sequences are shown in Figs. 9.29<br />
through 9.36.<br />
*In sequence TUB', it is assumed th<strong>at</strong> the HPCI and RCIC systems<br />
are unavailable from the inception of the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. Thus boiloff,<br />
core uncovery, and the subsequent events would occur sooner.
(x 105)<br />
77.0-<br />
76.0-<br />
S 75.0<br />
ui<br />
cc<br />
w 74.0<br />
CO<br />
CC<br />
a.<br />
><br />
CO<br />
73.0-<br />
> 72.0 H<br />
<<br />
2<br />
cc<br />
a.<br />
71.0-<br />
70.0<br />
69.0<br />
0.0<br />
PRESSURE INCREASE FOLLOWING MSIV CLOSURE<br />
50.0 100.0<br />
150.0<br />
dc POWER LOST ,<br />
I<br />
200.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
250.0<br />
Fig. 9.12 Reactor vessel pressure.<br />
300.0<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8523 ETD<br />
r-CORE UNCOVERY<br />
—I<br />
350.0 400.0<br />
ro
~r3><br />
600.0 -r<br />
500.0<br />
w 400.0<br />
Q.<br />
o cc<br />
UJ<br />
r-<br />
<<br />
CC<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
to<br />
300.0-<br />
200.0-<br />
100.0-<br />
0.0<br />
dc POWE R LOST<br />
SRV FLOW AND HPCI INJECTION<br />
BECOME BALANCED<br />
100.0<br />
HPCI INJECTION STOPS-,<br />
—I<br />
150.0 200.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
CORE SLUMPS INTO LOWER PLENUM<br />
250.0<br />
Fig. 9.13 Steam mass flow r<strong>at</strong>e from primary system.<br />
300.0<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8524 ETD<br />
CORE UNCOVERY<br />
T<br />
350.0<br />
400.0<br />
to
120.0<br />
100.0-<br />
> 80.0-<br />
cc<br />
D<br />
V)<br />
V)<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
CL<br />
o<br />
r-<br />
60.0-<br />
< 40.0<br />
o<br />
§ 20.0<br />
0.0<br />
0.0 50.0<br />
SRV FLOW AND HPCI INJECTION<br />
BECOME BALANCED<br />
100.0 150.0<br />
I<br />
200.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
250.0<br />
Fig. 9.14 HPCI flow r<strong>at</strong>e into pressure vessel.<br />
-dc POWER LOST<br />
HPCI INJECTION STOPS<br />
300.0 350.0<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8525 ETD<br />
—f<br />
400.0<br />
ro<br />
as
CT><br />
(x 104)<br />
30.0<br />
25.0-<br />
a 20.0<br />
<<br />
cc<br />
a.<br />
rr 15.0<br />
UJ<br />
<<br />
u.<br />
O<br />
to<br />
to<br />
<<br />
10.0-<br />
5.0-<br />
0.0<br />
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0<br />
I<br />
200.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
I<br />
250.0<br />
Fig. 9.15 Mass of w<strong>at</strong>er in primary system.<br />
LOSS OF dc POWER<br />
BOILOFF BEGINS<br />
I<br />
300.0<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8526 ETD<br />
CORE SLUMPS-<br />
I<br />
350.0 400.0<br />
IO<br />
~4
S<br />
UJ<br />
(x 103)<br />
20.0-<br />
18.0<br />
16.0<br />
<br />
CO<br />
> rr<br />
<<br />
2<br />
cc<br />
0_<br />
z<br />
12.0<br />
10.0<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
<<br />
s 8.0<br />
S<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
CO<br />
6.0-<br />
4.0-<br />
2.0<br />
0.0 50.0 100.0<br />
dc POWER LOST<br />
BOILOFF BEGINS<br />
150.0<br />
I<br />
200.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
CORE UNCOVERY<br />
—I<br />
250.0<br />
Fig. 9.16 Steam mass in primary system.<br />
300.0<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8527 ETD<br />
CORE SLUMPS-<br />
—T—<br />
350.0 400.0<br />
ro<br />
oo
* »<br />
300.0<br />
250.0-<br />
o> 200.0<br />
CO<br />
a!<br />
Z<br />
z 150.0<br />
UJ<br />
O<br />
O<br />
cc<br />
Q<br />
>x<br />
100.0<br />
50.0-<br />
0.0<br />
0.0 50.0<br />
100.0 150.0<br />
H2 BUILDUP DUE TO Zr-H20 REACTION<br />
200.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
CORE UNCOVERY<br />
Fig. 9.17 Hydrogen mass in primary system.<br />
1<br />
I<br />
250.0 300.0<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8528 ETD<br />
CORE-J<br />
SLUMPS<br />
350.0 400.0<br />
ro
Q<br />
UJ<br />
I-<br />
O<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
Q<br />
<<br />
0.20<br />
0.15-<br />
o0.10- r-<br />
<<br />
CC<br />
u_<br />
0.05-<br />
0.00<br />
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
250.0<br />
Fig. 9.18 Fraction of clad reacted.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8529 ETD<br />
300.0 350.0 400.0<br />
o
00 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.19 Fraction of core melted.<br />
300.0<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8530 ETD<br />
350.0 400.0<br />
00
(x 107)<br />
10.0<br />
o 8.0-<br />
Io<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
CC<br />
o<br />
CN<br />
X<br />
I<br />
N<br />
5<br />
O CC<br />
U_<br />
6.0-<br />
Q<br />
£ 4.0<br />
<<br />
cc<br />
UJ<br />
z<br />
UJ<br />
o<br />
S 2.0<br />
UJ<br />
Z<br />
UJ<br />
0.0 +<br />
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0<br />
HIGH INITIAL REACTION RATE<br />
200.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
CORE UNCOVERY<br />
250.0 300.0<br />
Fig. 9.20 Energy gener<strong>at</strong>ed from Zr-^O reaction.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8531 ETD<br />
350.0 400.0<br />
OJ<br />
to
800.0 -T<br />
700.0-<br />
E<br />
^ 600.0<br />
o<br />
r-<br />
<<br />
£E 500.0-<br />
UJ<br />
Q.<br />
£ 400.0-1<br />
cc<br />
o<br />
g 300.0<br />
<<br />
o<br />
rcc<br />
UJ<br />
><br />
200.0-<br />
100.0-<br />
0.0 +<br />
0.0<br />
CORE UNCOVERY-<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM<br />
HEAD FAILS-<br />
T T<br />
100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.21 Vertical concrete penetr<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8532 ETD<br />
CONCRETE PENETRATION COMPLETED<br />
I I<br />
700.0 800.0<br />
—I 1 !<br />
900.0 1000.0 1100.0<br />
OJ<br />
OJ
END SHIELD<br />
FOR RADIATION<br />
PROTECTION<br />
FIELD WELD<br />
SHIELD<br />
SUPPORT<br />
FIELD WELD<br />
PRIOR TO<br />
INSTALLATION<br />
CONTAINMENT<br />
HEADER PLATES<br />
FIELD WELD<br />
Fig. 9.22 Typical electrical penetr<strong>at</strong>ion assembly canister.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8533 ETD<br />
CONNECTOR<br />
MOUNTING<br />
HOLES<br />
VALVE AND<br />
PRESSURE TAP<br />
OJ
(x 103)<br />
18.0<br />
16.0<br />
14.0<br />
_ 12.0 H<br />
O)<br />
25 looH<br />
r-<br />
S 80H<br />
CO<br />
<<br />
6.0-<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS<br />
CORE UNCOVERY<br />
DRYWELL VENTING THROUGH<br />
FAILED EPA SEALS<br />
—\r\l\ JL<br />
T T<br />
100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 900.0 1000.0 1100.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.23 Mass of steam in drywell.<br />
DRYWELL EPA SEALS FAIL<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8534 ETD<br />
H<br />
OJ<br />
On
250.0<br />
200.0-<br />
5 150.0<br />
o<br />
o<br />
cc<br />
Q<br />
>-<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
<<br />
100.0-<br />
50.0<br />
DRYWELL H2 SWEPT INTO WETWELL<br />
AS VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS<br />
Zr-H20 REACTION BEGINS-<br />
0.0- T T<br />
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0<br />
500.0 600.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.24 Mass of hydrogen in drywell.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8535 ETD<br />
-SPIKE DUE TO H2 RETURN FROM WETWELL<br />
FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
i<br />
700.0 800.0 900.0 1000.0 1100.0<br />
OJ<br />
ON
9000.0<br />
8000.0<br />
7000.0<br />
_ 6000.0-<br />
< 5000.0<br />
H<br />
C/3<br />
O 4000.0co<br />
CO<br />
<<br />
3000.0-1<br />
2000.0-<br />
1000.0<br />
0.0<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS<br />
CONTINUED RELIEF<br />
VALVE ACTUATION<br />
0.0 100.0 200.0<br />
CORE SLUMPS<br />
I CORE UNCOVERY<br />
I I<br />
300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.25 Mass of steam in wetwell.<br />
-FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
—I 1<br />
800.0 900.0<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8536 ETD<br />
-n<br />
1000.0 1100.0<br />
OJ<br />
^J
UJ<br />
O<br />
O<br />
CC<br />
Q<br />
><br />
I<br />
u.<br />
o<br />
CO<br />
800.0<br />
700.0-<br />
600.0-<br />
500.0<br />
400.0<br />
< 300.0<br />
200.0-<br />
100.0-<br />
0.0<br />
DRYWELL H2 SWEPT INTO<br />
WETWELL AS VESSEL<br />
BOTTOM HEAD FAILS<br />
Zr-H20 REACTION BEGINS-<br />
1 I<br />
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0<br />
M<br />
T<br />
500.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
H, RETURNED TO DRYWELL AS EPA<br />
SEALS FAIL AND CONTAINMENT VENTS<br />
I I<br />
600.0 700.0<br />
Fig. 9.26 Mass of hydrogen in wetwell.<br />
—I I<br />
800.0 900.0<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8537 ETD<br />
1<br />
1000.0 1100.0<br />
OJ<br />
oo
1600.0<br />
1400.0-<br />
~ 1200.0<br />
cc<br />
D<br />
r-<br />
<<br />
£ iooo.o<br />
s<br />
UJ<br />
UJ<br />
S<br />
800.0-<br />
cc<br />
<<br />
| 600.0<br />
o o<br />
400.0-<br />
200.0-<br />
0.0<br />
INCREASE DURING<br />
CORIUM-CONCRETE<br />
REACTION<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS<br />
T T<br />
FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
T T T T T<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8538 ETD<br />
100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 900.0 1000.0 1100.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.27 Drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure distribution (TB').<br />
r-1<br />
OJ<br />
VO
1600.0-1<br />
1400.0-<br />
uT 1200.0 H<br />
cc<br />
I-<br />
<<br />
£ 1000.0-1<br />
UJ<br />
UJ<br />
GC<br />
<<br />
o.<br />
800.0-<br />
1 600.0o<br />
o<br />
400.0-<br />
200.0-<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM<br />
HEAD FAILS-<br />
0.0<br />
INCREASE DURING CORIUM<br />
CONCRETE REACTION<br />
T<br />
h-vT<br />
FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
T I<br />
600.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0<br />
Fig. 9.28 Drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure distribution (TUB')<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8539 ETD<br />
700.0 800.0<br />
o
s.<br />
cc<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
Q.<br />
r-<br />
Z<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
<<br />
S<br />
o o<br />
(x 105)<br />
10.0<br />
9.0-<br />
80<br />
7.0-<br />
6.0-<br />
5.0<br />
^ 4.0-<br />
<<br />
io<br />
3.0-<br />
2.0-<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS-<br />
100.0<br />
ORE UNCOVERY<br />
—T r 1 i ^ 1 1—<br />
200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.29 Drywell total pressure (TB'),<br />
FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8540 ETD<br />
T T<br />
800.0 900.0 1000.0 1100.0
CO<br />
0.<br />
UJ<br />
CC<br />
3<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
Q.<br />
(x 105)<br />
8.0<br />
7.0-<br />
6.0-<br />
5.0-<br />
< 4.0-<br />
cc<br />
<<br />
Q.<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
r-<br />
CO<br />
3.0-<br />
2.0-<br />
1.0-<br />
0.0<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS<br />
100.0<br />
CORE UNCOVERY<br />
i r Ti<br />
i^ i r<br />
200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
Fig. 9.30 Drywell steam partial pressure (TB').<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8541 ETD<br />
I I I<br />
900.0 1000.0 1100.0<br />
ro
CO<br />
Q.<br />
(x 104)<br />
10.0<br />
8.0-<br />
uj6.0rr a.<br />
r-<br />
CC<br />
<<br />
Q.<br />
o<br />
o<br />
cc<br />
Q<br />
>-<br />
I<br />
4.0<br />
2.0<br />
0.0<br />
H, SWEPT INTO WETWELL AS<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS-<br />
Zr-H20 REACTION BEGINS-<br />
FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
0.0 1000 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 900.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.31 Drywell hydrogen partial pressure (TB').<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8542 ETD<br />
1000.0<br />
-I<br />
1100.0<br />
H><br />
OJ
(x 104)<br />
30.0-<br />
« 25.0<br />
0-<br />
0.0<br />
NON-CONDENSABLES SWEPT INTO WETWELL<br />
AS VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS<br />
I 1 I I<br />
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0<br />
I I<br />
500.0 600.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
•FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
Fig. 9.32 Drywell non-condensables partial pressure (TB')<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8543 ETD<br />
700.0 800.0 900.0 1000.0 1100.0<br />
*»<br />
*•
(ed) sansssad iNswiavdwoo nvioi<br />
in<br />
O O<br />
"~ r-*<br />
X<br />
I I I I<br />
q o<br />
Oo<br />
o<br />
«b io IO -^ o<br />
frj<br />
00<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
cc<br />
3<br />
l u<br />
rH<br />
cc<br />
Q<br />
UJ<br />
8<br />
c<br />
1<br />
co<br />
_i<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
CO<br />
<<br />
o.<br />
UJ<br />
cu<br />
u<br />
3<br />
CO<br />
co<br />
OJ<br />
M<br />
f-HJ<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS—<br />
rr<br />
O<br />
00<br />
O<br />
5<br />
Q<br />
I<br />
145
CO<br />
(x 105)<br />
6.0<br />
5.0-<br />
uj 4.0<br />
cc<br />
3<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
-J 3.0-1<br />
<<br />
ioc<br />
<<br />
Q.<br />
< 2.0<br />
UI<br />
co<br />
1.0-<br />
0.0<br />
0.0<br />
VESSEL<br />
BOTTOM<br />
HEAD<br />
FAILS-<br />
^<br />
100.0 200.0<br />
-FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
300.0 400.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
500.0 600.0<br />
Fig. 9.34 Drywell steam partial pressure (TUB'),<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8545 ETD<br />
700.0 800.0<br />
H><br />
ON
o<br />
Q_<br />
UJ<br />
CC<br />
3<br />
UJ<br />
IX<br />
a.<br />
(x 104)<br />
8.0<br />
7.0-<br />
6.0<br />
5.0-<br />
3 4.0<br />
cc<br />
<<br />
a.<br />
Z<br />
UJ<br />
a<br />
o<br />
cc<br />
a<br />
>x<br />
3.0-<br />
2.0-<br />
1.0-<br />
0.0-f<br />
H2 SWEPT INTO<br />
WETWELL AS<br />
VESSEL BOTTOM<br />
HEAD FAILS-<br />
Zr-H20<br />
REACTION<br />
BEGINS<br />
200.0<br />
FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
300.0 400.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
500.0 600.0<br />
Fig. 9.35 Drywell hydrogen partial pressure (TUB').<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8546 ETD<br />
700.0 800.0<br />
•vj
(x 104)<br />
25.0<br />
£ 20.0-<br />
3<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
Q.<br />
^ 150<br />
cc<br />
<<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
_l<br />
<<br />
CO<br />
z<br />
o<br />
u<br />
I<br />
z<br />
o<br />
z<br />
10.0-<br />
5.0<br />
0.0 -f<br />
Zr-H20<br />
REACTION/<br />
BEGINS-<br />
VATMOSPHERIC<br />
PRESSURE<br />
0.0 100.0<br />
I<br />
200.0<br />
-NON-CONDENSABLES SWEPT INTO WETWELL<br />
AS VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD FAILS<br />
FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
300.0 400.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
I<br />
500.0<br />
—T<br />
600.0<br />
Fig. 9.36 Drywell non-condensables partial pressure (TUB'),<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8547 ETD<br />
I<br />
700.0 800.0<br />
oo
149<br />
As the drywell ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 204°C (400°F), the EPA<br />
elastomeric sealing m<strong>at</strong>erials start to deterior<strong>at</strong>e and venting of the<br />
drywell begins. When the ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ure has exceeded 260°C (500°F),<br />
the EPA elastomeric sealing m<strong>at</strong>erials have decomposed to such an extent<br />
th<strong>at</strong> the EPA seals are blown out of the containment wall by the elev<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
pressure within the drywell. This gre<strong>at</strong>ly increases the containment leak<br />
age (Fig. 9.10).<br />
9.5.2 Wetwell response<br />
The condens<strong>at</strong>ion of the SRV steam discharge within the pressure sup<br />
pression pool is generally accomplished without undue pressure stresses on<br />
the containment wall. If, however, conditions are such th<strong>at</strong> complete con<br />
dens<strong>at</strong>ion of the steam discharge does not occur, pressure loads signifi<br />
cantly in excess of design limits can result, leading eventually to wet<br />
well rupture.<br />
Relief valve steam discharge into the pressure suppression pool is<br />
accompanied by pressure oscill<strong>at</strong>ions of varying characteristics which are<br />
functions of the steam mass flux and local pool w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ures as well<br />
as the type of sparger device installed <strong>at</strong> the discharge line terminus.<br />
It has been observed th<strong>at</strong> condens<strong>at</strong>ion instability can occur when a<br />
submerged pipe vent discharges steam <strong>at</strong> flow r<strong>at</strong>es higher than critical<br />
(sonic discharge) with a sufficiently high ambient pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure- the<br />
so-called "Wurgassen effect". The threshold of instability is character<br />
ized by an increase in the amplitude of pressure oscill<strong>at</strong>ions which nor<br />
mally accompany condens<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>at</strong> supercritical flow r<strong>at</strong>es.<br />
At present, ramshead-type sparger devices are installed on the relief<br />
valve tail pipe discharge lines <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Plant. The ramshead<br />
device consists of two 90° elbows welded back-to-back to form a modified<br />
T-junction, and provides an improvement in condens<strong>at</strong>ion performance over<br />
th<strong>at</strong> of a straight vertical pipe. The horizontal discharge from the ram<br />
shead allows the rising convection currents and induced secondary flows to<br />
circul<strong>at</strong>e cooler w<strong>at</strong>er around the steam plumes r<strong>at</strong>her than stagn<strong>at</strong>e<br />
against a downward flow of steam. However, small scale tests have shown<br />
th<strong>at</strong> it also has the potential to produce unstable condens<strong>at</strong>ion and con<br />
comitant large pressure stresses when sufficiently high pool w<strong>at</strong>er temper<br />
<strong>at</strong>ure is reached during supercritical (sonic) discharge. For this reason,<br />
certain limit<strong>at</strong>ions on plant oper<strong>at</strong>ion are established in the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong><br />
Technical Specific<strong>at</strong>ions to preclude any possible steam discharge through<br />
the ramshead devices <strong>at</strong> pool temper<strong>at</strong>ures gre<strong>at</strong>er than 77°C (170°F).<br />
In the near future, the ramshead devices <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Plant<br />
will be replaced by T-quencher sparger devices similar to th<strong>at</strong> shown in<br />
Fig. D-2 of Appendix D. Tests have shown th<strong>at</strong> the T-quencher spargers<br />
produce lower loads during the initial air-clearing upon relief valve ac<br />
tu<strong>at</strong>ion and permit smooth condens<strong>at</strong>ion of the steam discharge <strong>at</strong> pool tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ures up to 93°C (200°F). For this study, it was assumed th<strong>at</strong> the SRV<br />
discharge lines termin<strong>at</strong>e in T-quencher spargers.<br />
Although the use of T-quenchers considerably improves the steam con<br />
dens<strong>at</strong>ion characteristics rel<strong>at</strong>ed to SRV steam discharges, the constricted<br />
flows introduced by the T-quencher have caused insufficient thermal mixing<br />
in the suppression pool. The resultant thermal str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion in the pool
150<br />
can produce much higher local w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure in the vicinity of the Tquenchers<br />
although the average pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure remains quite low.<br />
The problem of thermal str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion has been found to be signific<br />
ant for the sequences TUB' and TUPB', in which the HPCI and RCIC sys<br />
tems are assumed inoper<strong>at</strong>ive. Without injection capability, core uncovery<br />
and subsequent degrad<strong>at</strong>ion occur early in the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout when the<br />
level of decay he<strong>at</strong> is rel<strong>at</strong>ively high so th<strong>at</strong> a large amount of super<br />
he<strong>at</strong>ed steam and noncondensibles is discharged from the T-quenchers into<br />
the suppression pool in a short period of time. The average suppression<br />
pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure is plotted as a function of time for sequences TB' and<br />
TUB* in Figs. 9.37 and 9.38 respectively.<br />
In sequence TUB', it is realistically assumed th<strong>at</strong> without oper<strong>at</strong>or<br />
action, reactor vessel pressure control over the long term would be by re<br />
pe<strong>at</strong>ed cycling of the same relief valve.* Because of the high steam mass<br />
flux into the suppression pool bay in which the discharging T-quencher is<br />
loc<strong>at</strong>ed, significant thermal str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion would be expected. MARCH com<br />
put<strong>at</strong>ions show th<strong>at</strong> the difference between the local and average suppres<br />
sion pool temper<strong>at</strong>ures can be estim<strong>at</strong>ed to increase from about 5°C <strong>at</strong> the<br />
beginning of the transient to about 40°C 100 minutes l<strong>at</strong>er. This means<br />
th<strong>at</strong> the suppression pool would lose its condens<strong>at</strong>ion effectiveness; the<br />
resulting pressure loads from the SRV discharge of steam and noncondensi<br />
bles would rapidly increase, leading to a possible rupture of the wetwell<br />
which could occur before the overtemper<strong>at</strong>ure-induced failure of the dry-<br />
well.<br />
The drywell pressure sign<strong>at</strong>ures for the sequences TB' and TUB' are<br />
shown in Figs. 9.29 through 9.36. The general trends are again very sim<br />
ilar, except for the timing of events. The pressure peaks for the sequence<br />
TB' are generally higher than those for the sequence TUB'; this is <strong>at</strong>tri<br />
buted to the presence of a larger w<strong>at</strong>er inventory as a result of the fourhour<br />
period of HPCI injection during sequence TB'.<br />
The wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ure sign<strong>at</strong>ures are given in Figs. 9.37 and 9.38,<br />
and the average pressure distributions are given in Figs. 9.39 through<br />
9.46 for sequences TB-* and TUB'. The plotted pressures do not include the<br />
effect of pressure waves resulting from condens<strong>at</strong>ion instabilities or the<br />
vapor jet plumes eman<strong>at</strong>ing from the T-quencher spargers.<br />
*A1though four of the thirteen SRVs share the lowest nominal setpoint<br />
of 7.72 MPa (1105 psig), practical consider<strong>at</strong>ions dict<strong>at</strong>e th<strong>at</strong> there<br />
would be one lowest-set valve.
UJ<br />
cc<br />
3<br />
r-<br />
550.0<br />
500.0-<br />
cc 450.0<br />
ui<br />
a.<br />
UJ<br />
r-<br />
2 400.0 H<br />
r-<br />
CC<br />
<<br />
a.<br />
O<br />
o<br />
350.0-<br />
300.0<br />
FAILURE OF VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD<br />
Zr-H20 REACTION BEGINS<br />
CORE UNCOVERY<br />
-VENTING BY FAILURE OF<br />
DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
-i 1 1 1 1 I 1<br />
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.37 Wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ure distribution (TB').<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8548 ETD<br />
900.0 1000.0 1100.0
UJ<br />
cc<br />
3<br />
r-<br />
550.0 -r<br />
500.0<br />
cc 450.0<br />
UJ<br />
o.<br />
UJ<br />
UJ<br />
H<br />
CC<br />
<<br />
a.<br />
O O<br />
400.0-<br />
350.0-<br />
300.0<br />
0.0<br />
FAILURE OF VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD<br />
Zr-H20 REACTION BEGINS<br />
100.0 200.0<br />
-VENTING BY FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
—1<br />
300.0<br />
1<br />
400.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
500.0<br />
Fig. 9.38 Wetwell temper<strong>at</strong>ure distribution (TUB').<br />
—I<br />
600.0<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8549 ETD<br />
700.0 800.0<br />
to
(x 105)<br />
10.0-<br />
9.0<br />
« CD 8(H<br />
Q.<br />
UJ<br />
CC<br />
3<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
Q.<br />
UJ<br />
5<br />
rcr<br />
<<br />
o.<br />
5<br />
O<br />
o<br />
7.0-<br />
6.0-<br />
5.0-<br />
4.0-<br />
3.0-<br />
2.0-<br />
FAILURE OF VESSEL BOTTOM HEAC<br />
Zr-H20 REACTION BEGINS<br />
1.0-<br />
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0<br />
500.0 600.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
-VENTING BY FAILURE OF<br />
DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
Fig. 9.39 Wetwell total pressure (TB'),<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8550 ETD<br />
T<br />
T T<br />
700.0 800.0 900.0 1000.0 1100.0<br />
0/1<br />
OJ
CD<br />
Q.<br />
(x 104<br />
25.0-1<br />
20.0-<br />
UJ<br />
CC<br />
| 15.0<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
Ol<br />
r-<br />
CC<br />
<<br />
Q.<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
I-<br />
10.0-<br />
5.0-<br />
0.0<br />
FAILURE OF VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD-<br />
CORE UNCOVERY<br />
T<br />
100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0<br />
—I I<br />
500.0 600.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
VENTING BY FAILURE OF<br />
DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE<br />
—I 1<br />
700.0 800.0<br />
Fig. 9.40 Wetwell steam partial pressure (TB')<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8551 ETD<br />
1 I<br />
900.0 1000.0 1100.0<br />
On
CD<br />
Ch<br />
(x 104)<br />
25.0<br />
20.0-<br />
oi<br />
cc<br />
3<br />
CO<br />
£ 15.0cc<br />
r-<br />
0C<br />
<<br />
CL<br />
UJ<br />
o<br />
O<br />
cc<br />
a<br />
>x<br />
10.0-<br />
5.0-<br />
0.0<br />
FAILURE OF VESSEL BOTTOM HEAD<br />
Zr-H20 REACTION BEGINS<br />
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0<br />
400.0 500.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
-VENTING BY FAILURE OF<br />
DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
T<br />
600.0<br />
Fig. 9.41 Wetwell hydrogen partial pressure (TB'),<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8552 ETD<br />
—I 1 I I<br />
700.0 800.0 900.0 1000.0 1100.0<br />
On
CD<br />
Ql<br />
CC<br />
(x 105)<br />
7.0<br />
6.0<br />
w 5.0<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
CL<br />
200.0 300.0 400.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
500.0<br />
Fig. 9.43 Wetwell total pressure (TUB').<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8554 ETD<br />
600.0 700.0 800.0
CO<br />
Q.<br />
(x 104)<br />
6.0<br />
5.0-<br />
m 4.0<br />
cc<br />
3<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
Q.<br />
rcc<br />
<<br />
3.0-<br />
< 2.0 H<br />
UJ<br />
rco<br />
1.0-<br />
0.0<br />
FAILURE OF<br />
VESSEL<br />
BOTTOM<br />
HEAD<br />
0.0 100.0 200.0<br />
VENTING BY FAILURE<br />
OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
WETWELL ATMOSPHERE IS NOT PURE STEAM<br />
T I<br />
T<br />
300.0 400.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
500.0 600.0<br />
Fig. 9.44 Wetwell steam partial pressure (TUB').<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8555 ETD<br />
I<br />
700.0 800.0<br />
on<br />
CO
(x 104)<br />
20.0<br />
£ 15.0-<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
3<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
Cl<br />
j* 10.0-<br />
oc<br />
< CL<br />
z<br />
UJ<br />
(J<br />
O<br />
CC<br />
Q<br />
£ 5.0-1<br />
0.0<br />
FAILURE OF<br />
VESSEL<br />
BOTTOM<br />
HEAD<br />
0.0<br />
II<br />
100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
VENTING BY FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
SOME HYDROGEN REMAINS IN WETWELL ATMOSPHERE<br />
500.0 600.0<br />
Fig. 9.45 Wetwell hydrogen partial pressure (TUB')<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8556 ETD<br />
I<br />
700.0 800.0<br />
On
(x 105)<br />
6.0<br />
_ 5.0-<br />
CO<br />
Cu<br />
CC<br />
3<br />
CO<br />
J2 4.0<br />
cc<br />
CL<br />
rcc<br />
<<br />
a.<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
<<br />
CO<br />
z<br />
UJ<br />
Q<br />
z<br />
o o<br />
I<br />
z<br />
o<br />
z<br />
3.0-<br />
2.0-<br />
1.0-<br />
0.0<br />
FAILURE OF<br />
VESSEL<br />
BOTTOM<br />
HEAD<br />
0.0 100.0 200.0<br />
VENTING BY FAILURE OF DRYWELL EPA SEALS<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8557 ETD<br />
SOME NON-CONDENSABLES REMAIN IN WETWELL ATMOSPHERE<br />
300.0<br />
I<br />
400.0<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. 9.46 Wetwell non-condensables partial pressure (TUB')<br />
500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0<br />
o><br />
o
161<br />
10. PLANT STATE RECOGNITION AND OPERATOR MITIGATING ACTIONS<br />
10.1 Introduction<br />
The accident sign<strong>at</strong>ures developed in Sect. 9 provide baseline infor<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ion for six possible sequences leading to core meltdown th<strong>at</strong> might oc<br />
cur during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. The objectives of this chapter are to ex<br />
amine these same sequences from the oper<strong>at</strong>or's standpoint in order to<br />
identify and evalu<strong>at</strong>e potential preventive and corrective actions keyed to<br />
the time windows available.<br />
As discussed in Sect. 9, a number of plant safety systems would func<br />
tion autom<strong>at</strong>ically during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. The autom<strong>at</strong>ic safety system<br />
responses include reactor scram, vessel pressure control by SRV oper<strong>at</strong>ion,<br />
and level control through cycling of the HPCI system. Thus, assuming no<br />
independent secondary failures, the reactor could be maintained in a safe<br />
stable st<strong>at</strong>e without oper<strong>at</strong>or action until DC power is lost <strong>at</strong> an assumed<br />
four hours into the <strong>blackout</strong>. After the loss of DC power, oper<strong>at</strong>or action<br />
would be crucial in <strong>at</strong>tempting to avert the impending core degrad<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
10.2 Plant St<strong>at</strong>e Recognition<br />
To enable the oper<strong>at</strong>or to better identify and evalu<strong>at</strong>e potential<br />
mitig<strong>at</strong>ing actions during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout, the accident progression is<br />
c<strong>at</strong>egorized into a number of plant st<strong>at</strong>es. The available time windows for<br />
each plant st<strong>at</strong>e are determined from the baseline inform<strong>at</strong>ion provided in<br />
Sect. 9. The loc<strong>at</strong>ion of the plant st<strong>at</strong>es within each sequence is shown<br />
in Fig. 10.1, with the sequence chosen for the fission product transport<br />
analysis of Volume 2 indic<strong>at</strong>ed by a dashed line.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 1 (0-s). This is the initial st<strong>at</strong>e <strong>at</strong> the moment of loss of<br />
offsite and onsite power, and is common to all of the <strong>blackout</strong> sequences.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 2 (0-625 s). This st<strong>at</strong>e represents the period of autom<strong>at</strong>ic<br />
plant safety system response and is common to the six sequences considered<br />
in detail in this report.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 3 (625 s-240 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequences<br />
TB-* and TPB'. It is characterized by the availability of adequ<strong>at</strong>e de<br />
cay he<strong>at</strong> removal by relief valve oper<strong>at</strong>ion and the HPCI and RCIC injection<br />
systems, which are dependent on DC power from the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 3A (625 s-240 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to' sequences<br />
TVB' and TVPB'. It is characterized by oper<strong>at</strong>or action to control level<br />
by oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the RCIC system (only) and to rapidly depressurize the re<br />
actor vessel by remote-manual relief valve actu<strong>at</strong>ion. The loss of fluid<br />
through the relief valve exceeds the capacity of the RCIC system for a<br />
short period of time, which causes a momentary core uncovery early in these<br />
sequences.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 3B (625 s-28 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequences TUB'<br />
and TUPB'. In these sequences, the HPCI and RCIC systems are assumed to be<br />
inoperable from the inception of the <strong>blackout</strong>, because of equipment fail<br />
ure. This st<strong>at</strong>e is characterized by decreasing w<strong>at</strong>er level.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 4 (240-295 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequences TB' and<br />
TPB'. This is the period immedi<strong>at</strong>ely following the loss of DC power,
INITIATING EVENT -<br />
LOSS OF OFFSITE<br />
AND ONSITE<br />
ac POWER<br />
YES<br />
A<br />
V NO<br />
SYSTEM<br />
AUTOMATIC<br />
RESPONSES<br />
HPCI AND<br />
RCIC<br />
OPERABLE<br />
ONLY RCIC<br />
OPERABLE<br />
STATE 3B<br />
MANUAL SRV<br />
DEPRESSURIZATION<br />
WITHIN 15 min.<br />
STATE 3A<br />
LOSS OF dc POWER -<br />
HPCI/RCIC INOPERABLE<br />
| STATE 4<br />
I<br />
STATE 4A<br />
SRV<br />
DEPRESSURIZATION<br />
BEFORE LP ECCS<br />
RESTORATION<br />
I STATE(<br />
STATE 5B<br />
LOW PRESSURE ECCS<br />
OPERABLE - OFFSITE<br />
ac POWER RESTORED<br />
STATE 8A<br />
STATE 7A<br />
STATE 8B<br />
Fig. 10.1 Oper<strong>at</strong>or key action event tree.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8163 ETD<br />
NO CORE DAMAGE (TPB')<br />
CORE MELT ITPB)<br />
CORE MELT (TB'l<br />
NO CORE DAMAGE<br />
NO CORE DAMAGE (T,B' AND T,PB')<br />
CORE MELT IT„B' ANDTVPB')<br />
NO CORE DAMAGE<br />
POTENTIAL CORE DAMAGE<br />
NO CORE DAMAGE (TUPB')<br />
CORE MELT (TUPB'I<br />
CORE MELT (TUB')<br />
POTENTIAL CORE DAMAGE
163<br />
power, characterized by the unavailability of the HPCI and RCIC systems<br />
and a steadily decreasing reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 4A (240-305 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequences<br />
TVB' and TVPB', and follows the loss of DC power. This st<strong>at</strong>e is char<br />
acterized by a depressurized reactor vessel, unavailability of the HPCI<br />
and RCIC systems, and a steadily decreasing vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 5 (295-305 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequence TPB'<br />
and is characterized by a stuck-open relief valve, so th<strong>at</strong> the reactor<br />
vessel is depressurized.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 5B (28-38 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequence TUPB'.<br />
This sequence involves the combined secondary failures of inoper<strong>at</strong>ive HPCI<br />
and RCIC systems and a stuck-open relief valve (SORV) from the inception<br />
of the <strong>blackout</strong>. It is characterized by a rapidly decreasing w<strong>at</strong>er level.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 6 (295-355 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequence TB'<br />
only. It is characterized by boiloff of the reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er inven<br />
tory due to autom<strong>at</strong>ic relief valve actu<strong>at</strong>ion with the reactor vessel fully<br />
pressurized, and termin<strong>at</strong>es with the beginning of core melt.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 6B (28-70 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequence TUB'.<br />
It is characterized by a pressurized reactor vessel, core uncovery, and<br />
the beginning of core melt.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 7 (305-360 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequence TPB'.<br />
It is characterized by a depressurized reactor vessel, unavailability of<br />
the low pressure ECCS injection systems, decreasing w<strong>at</strong>er level, core un<br />
covery, and the beginning of core melt.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 7A (305-360 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequences<br />
TVB' and TVPB' is identical to st<strong>at</strong>e 7.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 7B (38-360 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequence TUPB'<br />
and is identical to st<strong>at</strong>e 7.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 8 (305-360 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequence TPB'.<br />
It is characterized by a depressurized reactor vessel and the recovery of<br />
AC power, which permits the restor<strong>at</strong>ion of normal vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 8A (305-360 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequences<br />
TVB' and TVPB' and is identical to st<strong>at</strong>e 8.<br />
Plant St<strong>at</strong>e 8B (38-360 min). This st<strong>at</strong>e is applicable to sequence TUPB'<br />
and is identical to st<strong>at</strong>e 8.<br />
10.3 Oper<strong>at</strong>or Key Action Event Tree<br />
For sequences TUB' and TUPB', and after the loss of DC power in the<br />
case of sequences TB', TPB', TVB', and TVPB', mitig<strong>at</strong>ing action by the<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>or is essential if core degrad<strong>at</strong>ion is to be avoided and the plant<br />
brought to a safe stable st<strong>at</strong>e.<br />
Upon restor<strong>at</strong>ion of AC power, the oper<strong>at</strong>or's primary responsibility<br />
is to ensure vessel depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion and oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the low pressure in<br />
jection systems.<br />
The oper<strong>at</strong>or key action event tree is shown in Fig. 10.1.<br />
10.4 Oper<strong>at</strong>or Mitig<strong>at</strong>ing Actions<br />
In addition to continued efforts to restore electrical power, the<br />
recommended actions after the loss of w<strong>at</strong>er injection capability when
164<br />
boiloff and core damage become inevitable include the use of portable<br />
pumps, perhaps provided by fire engines, to flood the drywell in an <strong>at</strong><br />
tempt to preclude melt-through of the reactor vessel. If successful, this<br />
would keep the degraded core inside the vessel and prevent gross contain<br />
ment failure and the corresponding major releases of radioactivity. For<br />
the sequences TUB' and TUPB', in which injection capability is assumed lost<br />
<strong>at</strong> the inception of the <strong>blackout</strong>, a drywell flooding r<strong>at</strong>e of 3,200 H/s<br />
(50,000 gpm) would be necessary to flood the drywell to the level of the<br />
reactor vessel core prior to reactor vessel melt-through.
165<br />
11. INSTRUMENTATION AVAILABLE FOLLOWING<br />
LOSS OF 250 VOLT DC POWER<br />
Reactor vessel level and pressure control can be maintained during a<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout for as long as 250 volt DC power from the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery<br />
remains available, as discussed in Sect. 8. The instrument<strong>at</strong>ion available<br />
during this initial phase of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout was discussed in Sect. 5.<br />
It is the purpose of this section to discuss the instrument<strong>at</strong>ion which<br />
would remain oper<strong>at</strong>ional after the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery is exhausted; this final<br />
phase of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout would constitute a Severe Accident because<br />
there would be no means of injecting w<strong>at</strong>er into the reactor vessel to<br />
maintain a w<strong>at</strong>er level over the core.<br />
In addition to the 250 volt unit b<strong>at</strong>tery system, there are two smal<br />
ler b<strong>at</strong>tery systems which supply power to Control Room instrument<strong>at</strong>ion and<br />
alarm circuits. The first of these is a 24 volt DC system which supplies<br />
power to the Source Range and Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e Range neutron flux monitors as<br />
well as radi<strong>at</strong>ion monitors for the off-gas, RHR Service W<strong>at</strong>er, Liquid Radwaste,<br />
Reactor Building Closed Cooling W<strong>at</strong>er, and Raw Cooling W<strong>at</strong>er sys<br />
tems, none of which would be oper<strong>at</strong>ional during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. The<br />
24 volt b<strong>at</strong>teries for this system are designed to supply the connected<br />
loads for a period of 3 hours without recharging. Since the 250 volt sys<br />
tem b<strong>at</strong>teries are expected to last for a period of four to six hours, it<br />
is unlikely th<strong>at</strong> the 24 volt system would remain available after the 250<br />
volt DC unit distribution system has failed.<br />
The second of the smaller b<strong>at</strong>tery systems is a 48 volt DC power sup<br />
ply and distribution system for the oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the plant's communic<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
and annunci<strong>at</strong>or systems. This system comprises three b<strong>at</strong>teries, one of<br />
which supplies the plant communic<strong>at</strong>ions system while the remaining two<br />
b<strong>at</strong>teries are for the annunci<strong>at</strong>or system. However, the system design pro<br />
vides th<strong>at</strong> the total st<strong>at</strong>ion annunci<strong>at</strong>or load can be supplied from one<br />
b<strong>at</strong>tery. The 48 volt DC system b<strong>at</strong>teries are capable of supplying the<br />
connected loads for a period of eight hours without recharging. This is<br />
well beyond the period of expected oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the 250 volt DC systems<br />
and assures continued availability of the plant communic<strong>at</strong>ions system.<br />
The efficacy of the annunci<strong>at</strong>or system depends upon the availability of<br />
the power supplies to the signal transmission systems of the various sen<br />
sors as well as the 48 volt DC system. Most of the alarm annunci<strong>at</strong>or cap<br />
ability will be lost when the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery fails.<br />
There is reason to believe th<strong>at</strong> plant preferred 120 volt AC single<br />
phase power would remain available for a significant period of time after<br />
failure of the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery. Plant preferred power is obtained from the<br />
plant 250-volt DC system during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout by means of a DC-motor,<br />
AC gener<strong>at</strong>or combin<strong>at</strong>ion. The plant b<strong>at</strong>tery is similar to each of the<br />
unit b<strong>at</strong>teries, but would be more lightly loaded during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Black<br />
out. The major loads on the plant b<strong>at</strong>tery are the turbo-gener<strong>at</strong>or oil<br />
pumps and seal-oil pumps for the three <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong>s. These pumps<br />
could be stopped within one hour after the inception of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout<br />
since the turbo-gener<strong>at</strong>ors will have stopped rolling and there is no jack<br />
ing capability under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout conditions.<br />
Assuming th<strong>at</strong> plant preferred power does remain available during the<br />
period of core uncovery following the loss of the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery, two
166<br />
sources of valuable inform<strong>at</strong>ion powered by this system and loc<strong>at</strong>ed outside<br />
of the Control Room would remain. The first is an indic<strong>at</strong>ion of the tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ures <strong>at</strong> various points within the drywell provided both by a recorder<br />
and an indic<strong>at</strong>or-meter for which the displayed drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure can be<br />
selected by a set of toggle-switches. *<br />
The second inform<strong>at</strong>ion source provided by plant-preferred power<br />
consists of the temper<strong>at</strong>ures <strong>at</strong> various points on the surface of the re<br />
actor vessel as provided by 46 <strong>at</strong>tached copper-constantan thermocouples.<br />
Unfortun<strong>at</strong>ely, the indic<strong>at</strong>ing range for the instruments reporting the<br />
thermocouple responses is only 315.6°C (0-600°F). However, when the in<br />
strument responses for the thermocouples <strong>at</strong>tached near or on the bottom of<br />
the reactor vessel are pegged <strong>at</strong> the high end, the oper<strong>at</strong>or can be sure<br />
th<strong>at</strong> the core is uncovered, and the only fluid within the vessel is super<br />
he<strong>at</strong>ed steam. Both the drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ure indic<strong>at</strong>ion and the reactor<br />
vessel thermocouple recorder are mounted on panel 9—47, which is loc<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
on the back of the Control Room Panels.<br />
Inform<strong>at</strong>ion concerning the reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level would also be<br />
available outside the Control Room from the mechanical Yarway indic<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
(which requires no electrical power) loc<strong>at</strong>ed <strong>at</strong> the scram panels on the<br />
second floor of the reactor building; this would provide direct indic<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
of the reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level over the range from 14.94 to 9.47 m (588<br />
to 373 in.) above vessel zero. The lower boundary of this Yarway indic<strong>at</strong><br />
ing range is 0.33 m (13 in;) above the top of the active fuel in the<br />
core.<br />
There would be no indic<strong>at</strong>ion of reactor vessel pressure after loss of<br />
the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery. However, it is expected th<strong>at</strong> the vessel pressure would<br />
be maintained in the range of 7.722 to 7.377 MPa (1105 to 1055 psig) by<br />
repe<strong>at</strong>ed autom<strong>at</strong>ic actu<strong>at</strong>ion of a primary relief valve for as long as the<br />
reactor vessel remains intact.<br />
It should be noted th<strong>at</strong> the emergency lighting for the Control Room<br />
is supplied from the 250 volt DC system; after failure of this system<br />
hand-held lighting for the Control Room would be necessary. The door se<br />
curity system is supplied by plant preferred power and would remain oper<br />
able as long as the plant 250 volt DC system is functional. The area<br />
radi<strong>at</strong>ion monitors loc<strong>at</strong>ed throughout the plant are powered from the<br />
Instrument<strong>at</strong>ion and Control buses and would not be oper<strong>at</strong>ional from the<br />
inception of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.
167<br />
12. IMPLICATIONS OF RESULTS<br />
The purpose of this section is to provide a discussion of the pre<br />
sent st<strong>at</strong>e of readiness <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant to cope with a<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. The discussion will include consider<strong>at</strong>ion of the avail<br />
able instrument<strong>at</strong>ion, the level of oper<strong>at</strong>or training, the existing emer<br />
gency procedures, and the overall system design.<br />
12.1 Instrument<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
The availability of Control Room instrument<strong>at</strong>ion during the period of<br />
a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout in which 250 volt DC power remains available has been<br />
discussed in Sect. 5. The most important parameters while injection cap<br />
ability remains are the reactor vessel level and pressure, and these would<br />
be adequ<strong>at</strong>ely displayed in the Control Room during this period. This in<br />
strument<strong>at</strong>ion available after the loss of DC power was discussed in Sect.<br />
11.<br />
The existing instrument<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> 1 which would be<br />
important during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout is summarized below, with additional<br />
inform<strong>at</strong>ion concerning the power supplies. The instrument<strong>at</strong>ion is discus<br />
sed in the order given in reference 28, and is loc<strong>at</strong>ed in the Control Room<br />
unless otherwise indic<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
I. Core<br />
A. Core Exit Temper<strong>at</strong>ure — not available <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong>.<br />
B. Control Rod Position— the rod position indic<strong>at</strong>ing system is<br />
powered by the 120V AC unit-preferred system, which would be<br />
available during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout for as long as 250V-CC<br />
power remains available from the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery.<br />
C. Neutron Flux _ The Source Range and Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e Range moni<br />
tors are powered by the 24 volt DC b<strong>at</strong>tery system, which is de<br />
signed to supply the connected loads for a period of 3 hours<br />
under the conditions of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. The Source and In<br />
termedi<strong>at</strong>e Range detectors are withdrawn from the core during<br />
power oper<strong>at</strong>ion to a point 0.61 m (2 ft) below the bottom of the<br />
active fuel to increase their active life, and these detectors<br />
could not be reinserted during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. However, the<br />
rel<strong>at</strong>ive changes in neutron flux following reactor scram will<br />
produce a proportional change in Source Range meter (range: 0.1<br />
to IO6 CPS) response when the detector is fully withdrawn.<br />
II. Reactor Coolant System<br />
A. RCS Pressure — one channel of reactor vessel pressure powered<br />
by the feedw<strong>at</strong>er inverter and another channel powered by the<br />
unit-preferred system, each with a range of 8.274 MPa (0 to 1200<br />
psig), would be available during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout for as long<br />
as the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery continues to supply 250 volt DC power.<br />
B. Coolant Level in the Reactor — two channels of reactor vessel<br />
level instrument<strong>at</strong>ion, one each powered by the feedw<strong>at</strong>er in<br />
verter and the unit-preferred system would be available during<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout for as long as the 250 volt DC unit b<strong>at</strong>tery
168<br />
system remains functional. These two channels each have a range<br />
of 1.524 M (0 to 60 in.) and provide indic<strong>at</strong>ion of the reactor<br />
vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level between 13.41 and 14.94 m (528 and 588 in.)<br />
above the bottom of the vessel, a range which extends over the<br />
upper portion of the steam separ<strong>at</strong>ors. Additional level infor<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ion would be available outside of the Control Room, as fol<br />
lows:<br />
o Two channels of Yarway level indic<strong>at</strong>ion over the range from<br />
9.47 to 14.94 m (373 to 588 in.) above the bottom of the ves<br />
sel are available <strong>at</strong> the backup control panel loc<strong>at</strong>ed in the<br />
Backup Control Room. This instrument<strong>at</strong>ion is powered from<br />
the unit-preferred system; the lower limit of this indic<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
is 0.33 m (13 in.) above the top of the active fuel in the<br />
core.<br />
o The Yarway instruments are loc<strong>at</strong>ed <strong>at</strong> the scram panel on the<br />
second floor of the reactor building and mechanically display<br />
the reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level over the same range as th<strong>at</strong><br />
electrically transmitted to the backup control panel. This<br />
level indic<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>at</strong> the Yarway instruments requires no elec<br />
trical power, and would remain available even after all DC<br />
power was lost.<br />
C. Main Steamline Flow — two channels of steam flow instrumenta<br />
tion powered by the feedw<strong>at</strong>er inverter would provide an indica<br />
tion of total steam flow [range: 2016 kg/s (0 to 16 x IO6<br />
lbs/h)] during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout while the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery remains<br />
functional.<br />
D. Main Steamline Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Valves' Leakage Control System Pressure<br />
— not applicable to <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong>.<br />
E. Primary System Safety Relief Valve Positons, Including ADS —<br />
There is no provision for indic<strong>at</strong>ion of the actual position of<br />
any primary relief valve, including those assigned to the ADS<br />
system. Under normal oper<strong>at</strong>ing conditions, the oper<strong>at</strong>or can<br />
identify a leaking relief valve by means of the recorded tail<br />
pipe temper<strong>at</strong>ures available on charts behind the Control Room<br />
panels, or by the recently installed (December, 1980) acoustic<br />
valve monitors. Both of these leakage detection systems would<br />
be inoperable under <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout conditions.<br />
On the other hand, remote-manual actu<strong>at</strong>ion of a relief<br />
valve is accomplished by energizing the associ<strong>at</strong>ed DC solenoid<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>or, and each valve has lights on the control panel which<br />
indic<strong>at</strong>e whether or not the solenoid for th<strong>at</strong> valve is ener<br />
gized. The capability for this indirect indic<strong>at</strong>ion of success<br />
ful remote-manual valve actu<strong>at</strong>ion is maintained during the per<br />
iod of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout in which 250 volt DC power is avail<br />
able from the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery.<br />
F. Radi<strong>at</strong>ion Level in Coolant — not available <strong>at</strong> <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong>.<br />
III. Containment<br />
A. Primary Containment Pressure — Drywell pressure instrumenta<br />
tion with a range of 0.55 MPa (0-80 psia) powered by the<br />
unit-preferred system will be available during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong>
169<br />
Blackout while the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery remains functional. A set of 12<br />
vacuum breakers ensures th<strong>at</strong> the pressure in the pressure sup<br />
pression pool torus cannot exceed the drywell pressure by more<br />
than 0.003 MPa (0.5 psi).<br />
B. Containment and Drywell Hydrogen Concentr<strong>at</strong>ion — Instruments<br />
for this purpose are provided for each <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong>, but<br />
would not be available during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
C. Containment and Drywell Oxgyen Concentr<strong>at</strong>ion — Instruments<br />
for this purpose are provided, but as in the case of the hydro<br />
gen monitors, are powered from the Instrument<strong>at</strong>ion and Control<br />
buses which would not be available during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
D. Primary Containment Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Valve Position — During a Sta<br />
tion Blackout, valve position indic<strong>at</strong>ion is maintained for the<br />
Main Steam Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Valves (MSIV's) and for the systems which<br />
remain operable, i.e., the HPCI and the RCIC systems. However,<br />
valve position indic<strong>at</strong>ion for the primary containment isol<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
valves in the low-pressure injection systems which are powered<br />
by sources not available during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout would be<br />
lost.<br />
E. Suppression Pool W<strong>at</strong>er Level — This instrument, powered by<br />
the unit-preferred system, would indic<strong>at</strong>e the w<strong>at</strong>er level in the<br />
torus with a range of 1.27 m (—25 to +25 in.) as long as the<br />
unit b<strong>at</strong>tery is functional.<br />
F. Suppression Pool W<strong>at</strong>er Temper<strong>at</strong>ure — This instrument<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
would not be available during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
G. Drywell Pressure — This is synonymous with "Primary Contain<br />
ment Pressure" — see "A" above.<br />
H. Drywell Drain Sumps Level — not indic<strong>at</strong>ed. The frequency of<br />
drain pump oper<strong>at</strong>ion for each of the two 1.893 m^ (500 gal.)<br />
drain sumps in the drywell is indic<strong>at</strong>ed in the Control Room<br />
under normal conditions, but would not be operable during a Sta<br />
tion Blackout.<br />
I. High-Range Containment Area Radi<strong>at</strong>ion — not available <strong>at</strong><br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong>.<br />
IV. Power Conversion Systems<br />
A. Main Feedw<strong>at</strong>er Flow — one channel of flow instrument<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
with a range of 1008 kg/s (0 to 8 x IO6 lbs/h) and powered<br />
by the unit-preferred system is provided for each of the three<br />
feedw<strong>at</strong>er pumps. This instrument<strong>at</strong>ion would remain operable as<br />
long as the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery is functional.<br />
B. Condens<strong>at</strong>e Storge Tank Level — The condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank<br />
level indic<strong>at</strong>ion [range: 9.75 m (0 to 32 ft)] is powered by the<br />
unit-preferred system and would remain oper<strong>at</strong>ional until the<br />
unit b<strong>at</strong>tery is exhausted.<br />
V. Auxiliary Systems<br />
A. Steam Flow to RCIC — This instrument<strong>at</strong>ion is powered by the<br />
Instrument<strong>at</strong>ion and Control buses and would not be available<br />
during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.
170<br />
B. RCIC Flow — The RCIC pumped flow is indic<strong>at</strong>ed over a range<br />
of 0.044 m3/s (0-700 GPM) on the flow controller, which is<br />
powered by the unit-preferred system and would be available as<br />
long as the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery is functional.<br />
VI. Radi<strong>at</strong>ion Exposure R<strong>at</strong>es — The permanently-installed radi<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
monitors loc<strong>at</strong>ed throughout the plant are powered from the Instrument<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
and Control buses and would not be oper<strong>at</strong>ional during a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
The available Control Room instrument<strong>at</strong>ion is adequ<strong>at</strong>e to monitor the<br />
plant response to a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout during the estim<strong>at</strong>ed four-hour period<br />
during which 250 volt DC power would remain available from the unit b<strong>at</strong><br />
tery. After the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery is exhausted, virtually all Control Room in<br />
strument<strong>at</strong>ion would be lost and w<strong>at</strong>er could no longer be injected into the<br />
reactor vessel to make up for th<strong>at</strong> lost to the pressure suppression pool<br />
through relief valve actu<strong>at</strong>ion. Consequently, the reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
level would slowly decrease until the core became uncovered.<br />
The most important single parameter during the period of decreasing<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er level following loss of the unit b<strong>at</strong>tery is the reactor vessel<br />
level, which could be monitored <strong>at</strong> the Yarway instruments on the second<br />
floor of the Reactor Building as described in part III B above. In addi<br />
tion, the drywell ambient temper<strong>at</strong>ures and the reactor vessel surface tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ures would remain available as long as the plant-preferred 250 volt-<br />
DC system is functional, as described in Sect. 11.<br />
12.2 Oper<strong>at</strong>or Preparedness<br />
There is currently no specific training provided <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Oper<br />
<strong>at</strong>ors in regard to plant response or required oper<strong>at</strong>or actions in the ev<br />
ent of a complete <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
A <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout casualty can be run <strong>at</strong> the TVA <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> 1<br />
simul<strong>at</strong>or by selecting the pre-programmed loss-of-offsite-power casualty<br />
and then having the simul<strong>at</strong>or oper<strong>at</strong>or immedi<strong>at</strong>ely punch the diesel-gener<strong>at</strong>or<br />
manual trips in the control room. Since the instrument<strong>at</strong>ion in the<br />
simul<strong>at</strong>ed control room is powered from several diverse sources representa<br />
tive of those <strong>at</strong> the actual plant, the resulting effect closely models a<br />
<strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. This procedure was developed and tested by TVA simula<br />
tor oper<strong>at</strong>ing personnel as an effort in cooper<strong>at</strong>ion with this study, but<br />
has not been used for oper<strong>at</strong>or training.<br />
There is no Emergency Oper<strong>at</strong>ing Instruction to cover a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Black<br />
out <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant, but there are Emergency Oper<strong>at</strong>ing<br />
Instructions for the loss of individual subsections of the overall AC sys<br />
tem.<br />
With two exceptions, the current level of oper<strong>at</strong>or training and the<br />
existing Emergency Oper<strong>at</strong>ing Instructions are believed adequ<strong>at</strong>e to prepare<br />
the oper<strong>at</strong>or to cope with a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout during the initial phase in<br />
which 250 volt-DC power would remain available. The first exception in<br />
volves the need to depressurize the reactor vessel within the first hour.<br />
The Technical Specific<strong>at</strong>ions provide th<strong>at</strong> the reactor vessel must be de<br />
pressurized to less than 1.48 MPa (200 psig) if the pressure suppression<br />
pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 48.9°C (120°F); this is based on a maximum per<br />
missible temper<strong>at</strong>ure of 76.7°C (170°F) for the pool so th<strong>at</strong> complete con<br />
dens<strong>at</strong>ion of steam is ensured in the event of a LOCA. The Emergency
3 M O<br />
o ro 13<br />
rt X to<br />
C i-t<br />
P p. fu<br />
< p. It<br />
P rt p.<br />
B 3<br />
rt OQ<br />
3<br />
CT OQ rt M<br />
P1 3<br />
rt p O CO<br />
M It<br />
P CO rt l-j<br />
3 rt P 3<br />
Oj p i-I O<br />
to rt<br />
< o<br />
rt i-t<br />
1-1<br />
- <<br />
to<br />
Oh CO<br />
rt CO<br />
X) to<br />
rt I-h<br />
to »•<br />
CO<br />
o n<br />
Ml |-J<br />
3<br />
rt Oh<br />
XT to<br />
it H<br />
P- XT<br />
O rt<br />
3<br />
CO<br />
O fD<br />
P O<br />
O cd B<br />
O rH 0J<br />
O P CD<br />
pJ O CD<br />
p 7T<br />
3 o pit<br />
G co<br />
P- Ml<br />
CO CU<br />
rr Oj rt<br />
p. rt 3<br />
O "3 rt<br />
3 rt rt<br />
rt OQ<br />
CT CD ^<br />
rt CO<br />
Ml C l-l<br />
O M rt<br />
H-x<br />
rt " N C<br />
P<br />
XT<br />
to<br />
cr co<br />
P Vrr<br />
cd<br />
rt rt<br />
rt to<br />
XT<br />
to<br />
n><br />
rt<br />
XI<br />
-S "3<br />
P- l-l<br />
H-1 fD<br />
rH CO<br />
CD<br />
P.°<br />
rt w<br />
co B H<br />
rt XT<br />
rr i-t rt<br />
XT OQ<br />
rt ro co<br />
3 rt<br />
3 O O<br />
rt ^ o<br />
rt 3<br />
O- O Oj<br />
X)<br />
Mi ft rt<br />
O i-j X<br />
i-t p n<br />
rr rt<br />
rt p.-a<br />
3" 3 rr<br />
rt OQ P-<br />
H- XI<br />
3 O 3<br />
OQ XI i-l<br />
rt Xi<br />
rt i-t O<br />
3d fu CD<br />
rt rr rt<br />
_ O<br />
<br />
O 13<br />
H O<br />
O<br />
?o<br />
o<br />
O.<br />
Oj i-t<br />
p P- rt It<br />
CO It P rt<br />
P- O 3<br />
rt o It 13<br />
X 3 o rt<br />
-3 P 1-1 p.<br />
rt<br />
rt B<br />
XT CO<br />
rt<br />
cr m<br />
M Prt<br />
N<br />
P<br />
P It<br />
Oj P-<br />
O. O<br />
p- 3<br />
It •<br />
P*<br />
o<br />
P XT<br />
rH G<br />
CO<br />
It<br />
P- rt<br />
B p<br />
rt i-t<br />
\-H<br />
Ml Vho<br />
l-t l-l<br />
rt<br />
p<br />
o<br />
O<br />
c<br />
l-l<br />
M<br />
ro<br />
3<br />
prt<br />
o<br />
O 3<br />
CD<br />
i-i<br />
rt £<br />
Oj P-<br />
3 rt<br />
rt -T<br />
to<br />
rt P P<br />
CD CD<br />
X)<br />
C 1TJ<br />
fT O O<br />
rt O CD<br />
rt rt co<br />
CT Oh p.<br />
G<br />
i-l M<br />
rt ro<br />
3d a-<br />
H. fu<br />
O rt<br />
3- rt<br />
H<br />
i-I<br />
P<br />
P-<br />
3<br />
P-<br />
3<br />
OQ<br />
3 o<br />
O 3<br />
rt<br />
p -a<br />
3 o<br />
rr o<br />
° 3 rt 2<br />
P<br />
i-t rt<br />
rt rt <<br />
XT OQ rt<br />
« rt<br />
3d O<br />
Pn<br />
>c<br />
3d rt<br />
O<br />
rH i-H<br />
P- O<br />
CD 3<br />
rt OQ<br />
CO<br />
B i-t<br />
p ^<br />
-! o<br />
ro p.<br />
p pco<br />
3<br />
cd ro<br />
ro<br />
m cr<br />
«. «^<br />
p<br />
p- It<br />
3 p.<br />
ro B<br />
o. (D<br />
3 Hrt<br />
O<br />
rt 03<br />
3 a.<br />
^ rr<br />
H-<br />
O O<br />
•a 3<br />
rt CD<br />
M<br />
fu O<br />
rt 03<br />
P- 3<br />
O Oj<br />
m ro<br />
P<br />
ro m<br />
p<br />
i-t o<br />
M P<br />
rt<br />
P CO<br />
o p.<br />
0Q O H<br />
3 13 P<br />
ro cr<br />
r* _^ l-l I-<br />
Oj P- XC p rt<br />
ton' rt<br />
n fu s<br />
P 3 M 3 O<br />
rt p P<br />
i-t<br />
Oj O<br />
o<br />
P rt<br />
O. O o<br />
XI<br />
p rt<br />
1-1<br />
C/n P<br />
i-i<br />
O rt<br />
o.<br />
o<br />
H Ml<br />
3d<br />
fD rr<br />
P-<br />
T) B<br />
i-t rt<br />
fD<br />
co cr<br />
rt rt<br />
3 Ml<br />
rt O<br />
H<br />
o n><br />
"^ r.<br />
to o<br />
O<br />
cu rl<br />
rt rt<br />
So<br />
3<br />
rt r><br />
»-i O<br />
fu <<br />
p. rt<br />
3 H<br />
H-^<br />
3 „<br />
OQ O<br />
O<br />
H- O<br />
B C<br />
•a i-i<br />
rH CO<br />
cr xr<br />
h ro Cfl fD<br />
o> o 03 03 fD<br />
FT 13<br />
to to 2fD a O<br />
l-t M 2 B P- l-l<br />
CO P 3 pj -a 3<br />
rt<br />
M i-t o-<br />
rt O td o o> to<br />
O i-i<br />
oj It* > < 3 Xi<br />
n P- rr i-i<br />
n Oh p. fD<br />
3- CO 7?x> fD O CO<br />
fD O O Oh P. CD<br />
M, G -5 X> G<br />
P- 03 rr fD P p H<br />
fD O<br />
i-t CD rr P-<br />
CO fD P- O<br />
N<br />
CO CL CO M CD fD 03<br />
I<br />
c 3<br />
P-<br />
O X) fD P-<br />
rt 13 MOO<br />
I cr h 0Q Mi 3<br />
O<br />
fD >
172<br />
recommended order of removal of loads if the loss of AC power is per<br />
ceived to be long-term.<br />
3. Recovery procedures should be developed to provide a detailed method<br />
for recovery of vital power supplies and equipment in a safe, effi<br />
cient manner upon restor<strong>at</strong>ion of AC power following a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Black<br />
out.<br />
12.3 System Design<br />
The existing system design provides sufficient instrument<strong>at</strong>ion and<br />
equipment to maintain decay he<strong>at</strong> removal capability for several hours dur<br />
ing a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. The only questionable fe<strong>at</strong>ure of the existing de<br />
sign with regard to the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout sequence is the provision for<br />
autom<strong>at</strong>ic shifting of the HPCI pump suction to the pressure suppression<br />
pool on high sensed pool level. As discussed in Sect. 8.1, this can lead<br />
to failure of the HPCI system because of the high temper<strong>at</strong>ure of the pre<br />
ssure suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er <strong>at</strong> the time the shift in pump suction oc<br />
curs.<br />
Separ<strong>at</strong>e provision is made for an autom<strong>at</strong>ic shift of the HPCI pump<br />
suction if the normal condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank w<strong>at</strong>er source becomes ex<br />
hausted. Thus it appears th<strong>at</strong> the autom<strong>at</strong>ic high pool w<strong>at</strong>er level shift<br />
must have been straight-forwardly based on a concern for the effect of<br />
high w<strong>at</strong>er level in the pressure suppression pool. The basis is not given<br />
in the Technical Specific<strong>at</strong>ions, and it should be noted th<strong>at</strong> there is no<br />
corresponding provision for the RCIC system. It is recommended th<strong>at</strong> the<br />
desirability of an autom<strong>at</strong>ic shift in HPCI pump suction on high suppres<br />
sion pool w<strong>at</strong>er level be reexamined and if found necessary, th<strong>at</strong> the basis<br />
be included in oper<strong>at</strong>or training.
1. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR, Appendix F.<br />
173<br />
13. REFERENCES<br />
2. Nuclear Regul<strong>at</strong>ory Commission Memorandum from H. R. Denton to Chair<br />
man Ahearne, d<strong>at</strong>ed September 26, 1980: Subject: STATION BLACKOUT.<br />
3. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR, Paragraph 8.5.2.<br />
4. R. L. Scott, "<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Power-Plant Fire on March 22,<br />
1975," Nuclear Safety, 17-5, 592-611 (1976).<br />
5. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR, Response to AEC Question 4.8.<br />
6. Staff Report, Anticip<strong>at</strong>ed Transients Without Scram for Light W<strong>at</strong>er<br />
Reactors, NUREG-0460, Vol. 2, p. XVI-74.<br />
7. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR, Response to AEC Question 12.2.16.<br />
8. Continuous System Modeling Program III (CSMP III) Program Reference<br />
Manual, IBM Corpor<strong>at</strong>ion, 4th Ed. (December 1975).<br />
9. "Decay Energy Release R<strong>at</strong>es Following Shutdown of Uranium-Fueled<br />
Thermal Reactors," ANS-5.1, American N<strong>at</strong>ional Standards Institute<br />
(1971).<br />
10. R. T. Lahey, Jr. and P. S. Kam<strong>at</strong>h, "The Analysis of Boiling W<strong>at</strong>er Re<br />
actor Long-Term Cooling," Nuclear Technology, Vol. 49 (June 1980).<br />
11. J. F. Wilson, R. J. Grenda, and J. F. P<strong>at</strong>terson (A-C), "Steam-W<strong>at</strong>er<br />
Separ<strong>at</strong>ion Above a Two-Phase Interface," Trans, Am Nucl. Soa.,<br />
4,356 (1961).<br />
12. R. T. Lahey, Jr. and F. J. Moody, "The Thermal Hydraulics of a Boil<br />
ing W<strong>at</strong>er Nuclear Reactor," American Nuclear Society (1977).<br />
13. R. 0. Wooton and H. I. Avci, MARCH Code Description and User's Man<br />
ual, B<strong>at</strong>telle Columbus Labor<strong>at</strong>aories/USNRC Report NUREG/CR-1711 (Oc<br />
tober 1980).<br />
14. D. W. Hargroves and L. J. Metcalfe, CONTEMPT-LT/028: A Computer<br />
Program for Predicting Containment Pressure-Temper<strong>at</strong>ure Response to a<br />
Loss of Coolant Accident, EG&G Idaho, Inc./USNRC Report NUREG/CR-<br />
0255 (TREE-1279) (March 1979).<br />
15. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Emergency Oper<strong>at</strong>ing Instruction No. 36, Loss of CooTsant<br />
Accident inside Drywell*<br />
16. S. E. Mays, et al, Second IREP St<strong>at</strong>us Report, Risk Assessment for<br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant <strong>Unit</strong> 1, January 1981 (Preliminary).
17. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR, Section 8.6.<br />
174<br />
18. D. D. Yue and W. A. Condon, "Severe Accident Sequence Assessment of<br />
Hypothetical Complete <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout <strong>at</strong> the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear<br />
Plant," 1981 Intern<strong>at</strong>ional ANS/ENS Topical Meeting on Probabilistic<br />
Risk Assessment, Port Chester, N.Y., September 20-24, 1981.<br />
19. Reactor Safety Study, WASH-1400 (NUREG-75/014), U.S. Nuclear Regu<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ory Commission, 1975.<br />
20. F. E. Haskin, et al, "Analysis of a Hypothetical Core Meltdown Acci<br />
dent Initi<strong>at</strong>ed by Loss of Offsite Power for the Zion I PWR," NUREG/<br />
CR-1988, Sandia N<strong>at</strong>ional Labor<strong>at</strong>ories, 1981.<br />
21. M. L. Corradini, "Analysis and Modelling of Steam Explosion Experi<br />
ments," NUREG/CR-2072, Sandia N<strong>at</strong>ional Labor<strong>at</strong>ories, April 1981.<br />
22. D. D. Yue, "Electric Penetr<strong>at</strong>ion Assembly," U.S. P<strong>at</strong>ent 4, 168, 394,<br />
September 1979.<br />
23. American Nuclear Society Proposed Standard ANS-5.1, "Decay Energy<br />
Release R<strong>at</strong>es Following Shutdown of Uranium — Fueled Thermal<br />
Reactors," October 1971, revised October 1973.<br />
24. ANSI/ANS-5.1 (1979), "Decay He<strong>at</strong> Power in Light W<strong>at</strong>er Reactors,"<br />
August 1979.<br />
25. W. B. Wilson, et al, "Actinide Decay Power," LA-UR 79-283, Los Alamos<br />
Scientific Labor<strong>at</strong>ory, June 1979.<br />
26. T. E. Lobdell, "REDYV01 User Manual," NEDO-14580, August 1977.<br />
27. D. D. Christensen, "Interim <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> RELAP4/MOD7, <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Black<br />
out Calcul<strong>at</strong>ion," DDC-2-80 Idaho N<strong>at</strong>ional Engineering Labor<strong>at</strong>ory,<br />
October 31, 1980.<br />
28. Table 3, BWR VARIABLES, of Revision 2 to Regul<strong>at</strong>ory Guide 1.97, "In<br />
strument<strong>at</strong>ion for Light-W<strong>at</strong>er-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants to Access<br />
Plant and Environs Conditions During and Following an Accident"<br />
(December 1979).<br />
29. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR, Paragraph 5.2.1.<br />
30. Safety Evalu<strong>at</strong>ion Report — Mark I Containment Long-Term Program,<br />
NUREG-0661, July 1980.<br />
31. Three Dimensional Pool Swell Modeling of a Mark I Suppression System,<br />
EPRI NP-906, October 1978.<br />
32. H. Nariai, I. Aya, M. Kobayaski, "Thermo-Hydraulic Behavior in a<br />
Model Pressure Suppression Containment During Blowdown," Topics in<br />
Two-Phase He<strong>at</strong> Transfer and Flow, pp. 89-98, Winter ASME Meeting,<br />
1978.
175<br />
33. W. G. Anderson, P. W. Huber, A. A. Sonin, "Small Scale Modeling of<br />
Hydrodynamic Forces in Pressure Suppression Systems," NUREG/CR-0003,<br />
March 1978.<br />
34. B. D. Nichols, C. W. Hirt, "Numerical Simul<strong>at</strong>ion of Boiling W<strong>at</strong>er<br />
Reactor Vent-Clearing Hydrodynamics," Nucl. Sci. &Engr., 73,<br />
196-209.<br />
35. D. Brosche, "Model for the Calcul<strong>at</strong>ion of Vent Clearing Transients in<br />
Pressure Suppression'System," Nucl, Engr. & Des., 38, 131-141,<br />
1976.<br />
36. J. S. Marks, G. B. Andeen, "Chugging and Condens<strong>at</strong>ion Oscill<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
Tests," EPRI NP-1167, September 1979.<br />
37. L. E. Stanford, C. C. Webster, "Energy Suppression and Fission Pro<br />
duct Transport in Pressure-Suppression Pools," ORNL-TM-3448, April<br />
1972.<br />
38. M. Okazaki, "Analysis for Pressure Oscill<strong>at</strong>ion Phenomena Induced by<br />
Steam Condens<strong>at</strong>ion in Containment with Pressure Suppression System,"<br />
Nucl. Sci. and Tech. iA» PP« 30-42, January 1979.<br />
39. J. S. Marks, G. B. Andeen, "Chugging and Condens<strong>at</strong>ion Oscill<strong>at</strong>ion,"<br />
Condens<strong>at</strong>ion He<strong>at</strong> Transfer, pp. 93-102, 18th N<strong>at</strong>ional He<strong>at</strong> Transfer<br />
Conference, San Diego, California, August 1979.<br />
40. W. Kowalchuk, A. A. Sonin, "A Model for Condens<strong>at</strong>ion Oscill<strong>at</strong>ions in<br />
a Vertical Pipe Discharging Steam into a Subcooled W<strong>at</strong>er Pool,"<br />
NUREG/CR-0221, June 1978.<br />
41. D. A. Sargis, J. H. Stubhmiller, S. S. Wang, "A Fundamental Thermal<br />
Hydraulic Model to Predict Steam Chugging Phenomena," Topic in Two-<br />
Phase He<strong>at</strong> Transfer and Flow, pp. 123-133, Winter ASME Meeting,<br />
1978.<br />
42. P. A. Sargis, et al., "Analysis of Steam Chugging Phenomena, Vol. 1,"<br />
EPRI-NP-1305, Janauary 1981.<br />
43. B. J. P<strong>at</strong>terson, "Mark I Containment Program: Montice-llo T-Quencher<br />
Thermal Mixing Test Final Report," NEDO-24542, August 1979.<br />
44. "TRAC-P1A An Advanced Best-Estim<strong>at</strong>e Computer Program for PWR LOCA<br />
Analysis," Los Alamos Scientific Labor<strong>at</strong>ory, NUREG/CR-0665, LA-7777-<br />
MS, May 1979.<br />
45. U.S. Roh<strong>at</strong>gi and P. Saha, "Constitutive Rel<strong>at</strong>ions in TRAC-P1A,"<br />
Brookhaven N<strong>at</strong>ional Labor<strong>at</strong>ory, NUREG/CR-1651, BNL-NUREG-51258,<br />
August 1980.
176<br />
46. "Applic<strong>at</strong>ion of the Coupled Fluid Structure Code PELE-IC to Pressure<br />
Suppression Analysis — Annual Report to NRC for 1979," Lawrence<br />
Livermore Labor<strong>at</strong>ory, NUREG/CR-1179, UCRL-52733.<br />
47. C. W. Hirt, B. D. Nichols, and N. C. Romero, "SOLA — A Numerical<br />
Solution Algorithm for Transient Fluid," Los Alamos Scientific<br />
Labor<strong>at</strong>ory, LA-5852 (1975).<br />
48. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Startup Test Instruction No. 15, High Pressure Injec<br />
tion System.<br />
49. Flow Diagram Condens<strong>at</strong>e Storage and Supply System, DWG No. 47W818-1<br />
RIO.<br />
50. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> System Oper<strong>at</strong>ing Instruction No. 64, Primary Contain<br />
ment <strong>Unit</strong> I, II, or III.<br />
51. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR Section 7.3, Primary Containment and Reactor<br />
Vessel Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Control System.<br />
52. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> System Oper<strong>at</strong>ing Instruction No. 73, High Pressure<br />
Coolant Injection System <strong>Unit</strong> I, II, or III.<br />
53. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Startup Test Instruction No. 14, Reactor Core Isol<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
Cooling System.<br />
54. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant Hot License Training Program, Volume 4,<br />
Reactor Core Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Cooling System.<br />
55. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR Section 4.7, Reactor Core Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Cooling Sys<br />
tem.<br />
56. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR Figure 4.7-3, Reactor Core Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Cooling Sys<br />
tem Process Diagram.<br />
57. <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> System Oper<strong>at</strong>ing Instruction No. 71, Reactor Core Iso<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ion Cooling <strong>Unit</strong> I, II, or III.<br />
58. B. J. P<strong>at</strong>terson, "Mark I Containment Program: Monticello T-Quencher<br />
Thermal Mixing Test Final Report," NEDO-24542, August 1979.
177<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<br />
Mr. William A Condon made a significant contribution to this report by<br />
performing the MARCH code calcul<strong>at</strong>ions and preparing the associ<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
plots for the six st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong> accident sequences discussed in<br />
Chapters 9 and 10. This accomplishment is especially noteworthy because<br />
all MARCH computer runs in support of this project were by necessity<br />
made remotely on the CDC computer facilities <strong>at</strong> Brookhaven N<strong>at</strong>ional<br />
Labor<strong>at</strong>ory. Mr. Condon's work was in partial fulfillment of the re<br />
quirements for the degree of Master of Science with major in Nuclear<br />
Engineering <strong>at</strong> the University of Tennessee, and his lone hours of<br />
dedic<strong>at</strong>ed effort are gr<strong>at</strong>efully acknowledged.
179<br />
APPENDIX A<br />
LISTING OF PLANT RESPONSE CODE BWR-LACP
181<br />
**$CONTINUOUS SYSTEM MODELING PROGRAM III V1M3 TRANSLATOR OUTPUT$*$<br />
*<br />
LABEL BWR-LACP CCJOE<br />
LABEL CONTAINMENT MODEL WITH i-NOOE POOL<br />
* MACRO SUBPROGRAM FOR POOL WATER TEMP CALCULATION<br />
MACRO XNQI,TI,WEI.MWI,LWI-«W(TL,TRILWL,LWR,TWIO,FWI,FSVI,FTEItFOI,FSIJ<br />
* MACRO TC CALCULATE MASS ENERGY BALANCES FOR SP WATER NOOE I<br />
* INPUTS :<br />
* TL»TR«TEMPS OF WATER IN ADJACENT NODES<br />
* LWL,LWR=LEVELS OF ADJACENT NODES<br />
* TWIO-INITIAL WATER TEMP CF NCDE I<br />
* FWl-FRACTION OF TOTAL SP WATER VOL IN NCDE I(CONSTANT)<br />
* FSVI-FRACTION OF SAFETY VALVE FLOW DIRECTED TO NODE I<br />
* FTEI"FRACTION OF TURBINE EXHAUST DIRECTED TO NOOE I<br />
* FDI-*FRACTION OF PUMP OUSCHARGE DIRECTED TG NODE I<br />
* FSI*FRACTlON OF PUMP SUCTION TAKEN FROM NODE I<br />
* MASS BALANCE<br />
*<br />
* WSSPW*PUMP SUCTION FLCWCTOTAL FROM SP)<br />
* WOSPW-PUMP OISCHARGE FLOWCTOTAL TO SP)<br />
* OUTPUTS:<br />
* XNQI»FRACTIN<br />
* XNQI-FRACTGON OF STM DISCH TC NOOE I NOT QUENCHED<br />
* XNQINFRACTION OF STM DISCH TO NOOE I NOT QUENCHED<br />
* TI*AVG. WATER TEMP OF NODE I (DEG-F)<br />
* WE I-RATE OF EVAPORATION FROM NOOE I (LB/SEC)<br />
* MWI»MASS OF WATER IN NODE I (LB)<br />
* LWI-WATER LEVEL OF NODE I (IN)<br />
*<br />
* VWSPOINITIAL TOTAL SP WATER VOLUME (CU. FT. )<br />
MWIO-»FWI*VWSPO*(63.9-.019*TWI0)<br />
CMWI-MNTGRL(0.,XQI*(FSVI«WSSV*FTEI*WSTE)*FINI-F$I*WSSPW-WEI)<br />
FINI*ta£CL+WEQR+FWI*WCSPG+FDI*WOSPW<br />
MWI-*MWIO+CMWI<br />
VWI*MWI/(63.9-.0l9*TI)<br />
LWI*AFGEN(SPLEV,VWI/FWI)<br />
*<br />
* CALC. QUENCH FRACTION FROM ASSUMPTION OF NO QUENCH WHEN NOOE VAPOR<br />
* PRESSURE EQUAL TC TOTAL GAS PRESSURE<br />
PVAPI-NLFGEN(SPFOT.TI)<br />
XQI*LIMIT(0.,l.,(PTSPG-PVAPI-OPQZ)/DPQR)<br />
XNQIM1.-XQI)<br />
* SPFOT(TI)=SAT. PRESS AS F OF Tl<br />
* DPQZ*DIFFERENCE(PSI) OF PTSPG OVER PVAPI REQUIRED FOR ANY<br />
* QUENCHING TO TAKE PLACE<br />
* DPZR»RANGE(PSI) CF PTSPG OVER PVAPI CVER WHICH QUENCHING<br />
* GOES FROM 0.0 TO 100PERCENT<br />
*<br />
* EVAPORATION RATE BASED ON ECUN.13-33, KREITH'S 'HEAT TRANSFER'<br />
* PSSPG=STM. PART PRESSURE ON SP GAS<br />
* ASSPW-SURF AREA OF SP WATER(FT.SQ)<br />
WEI*(WEIN/WEID>*CCMPAR(PVAPI,PSSPG)<br />
WEIN*ASSPW*FWI*HSI*12.3*(PVAPI-PSSPG)*PTSPG*VGSP<br />
WEID-(PNSPG*2.-PVAPI)*TGSPR*(MSSPG+MNSPG)<br />
HSI»5.83E-05*((ABS(TI-TGSP))**.333)<br />
*<br />
* EQUALIZATION FLOWS FROM ACJACENT NODE(S)<br />
* FWE«EQ. FLOW CONSTANT (LB/SEC/(INCH LEVEL DIFF) )<br />
WEQL~FWE*(LWL-LWI)<br />
WEQR-»FWE*(LWR-LWI )<br />
* ENERGY BALANCE<br />
* HEAT TRANSF RATES TO METAL ANO ATMCSPHERE NEGLEGIBLE
183<br />
* XL1=0=ZER0 PCINT FOR DC HEIGhT(FT ): COINCODES WITH BOAF<br />
* XL2=HEIGHT AT JET PUMP SUCTICN(FT)<br />
* XL3=HE1GHT AT TOP OF CORE OUTLET PLENUM(FT)<br />
* XL4-HEIGHT AT BOTTOM OF STEAM SEPARATORS!FT)<br />
CONSTANT ACCR=82., AC0P=234., ART=42.3<br />
CONSTANT CP0=3293., EQXO=.5, FFLASH=.001<br />
CONSTANT LHEDER=23.4, LOP=5.58, LRT=1C0<br />
CONSTANT LB0T=24.85<br />
CONSTANT PC0R=5518., PRATED=1095.<br />
CONSTANT TAULEN=.75, TCFUEL=9.5<br />
CONSTANT VFREE=13000., VCLP=3350., V1DC=192.,WRATED=259.<br />
*<br />
* CARD TO INITIALIZE AT ARBITRARY TIME POINT<br />
CONSTANT HC10=312.05,LDC0=28.63,PO=125.,T0=14430.,RH0G0=.2788<br />
* INITIAL CORE FLOW GUESS DEPENDS ON LCCO AND PRELO<br />
CONSTANT WGUESS=8310.<br />
* REFERENCE PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATION OF NATURAL CIRCULATION<br />
* FLOW RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT<br />
CONSTANT CPREF=3293., PRELR=.32, PRR=1020<br />
LDCR=27.58, XREF=.133, WREF=9111., HREF=522.<br />
* RUN CONTROL PARAMETERS<br />
CCNSTANT HINJIN=58.,RC ICMX=82.9876<br />
*<br />
* FUNCTION SUBPROGRAMS<br />
* CAVOID(XIN,XCUT,WTOTAL,TSAT,RHOF,RHOG)<br />
* DKFUN(T)=P/PO AS A FUNCTION OF TIME AFTER SHUTDOWN<br />
* QREGAVJBCTTGM,TOP,KAPPA,PEKAVG)=(AVG HT. FLUX FROM A TO B)/(CORE AVG)<br />
* RH0TP(RH0F,RHOG,V0ID)=2-PHASE DENSITY<br />
* XLENDC(V0L0CI=00WNC0MER LEVEL AS FUNCTICN OF LIQUID VOLUME<br />
* VOID(QUALITY,TOTAL FLOW,FLOW AREA,TSAT.RHOF,RHOG)=POINT VOID FRACTION<br />
* VOLDC(LCC)=DCWNCCMER HEIGHT ABOVE BOT CF ACT. FUEL<br />
*<br />
* STEAM TABLE CSMP INTERPOLATION FUNCTIONS<br />
* VSATF(PRESS)=SAT FLUIO SPECIFIC VOL(FT**3/LB )<br />
FUNCTICN VSATF=15.,.0167, 50.,.0173, 100.,.0177, 200.,.0184,...<br />
400.,.0193, 600.,.0201, 800.,.0209, 1000.,.0216, 1203 .,.0223,.. .<br />
1400.,.0231<br />
*<br />
* VSATG(PRESS)=SAT GAS SPECIFIC VCL(FT**3/LB)<br />
FUNCTION VSATG=15.,26.3, 50.,8.51, 75.,5.81,100.,4.43,...<br />
150.,3.01,200.,2.29,400.,1.16, 600.,.77,800.,.569,...<br />
1000.,.446,1200.,.362,1400...302<br />
*<br />
* HSATF(PRESSURE)-SAT FLUID ENTHALPY(BTU/LB)<br />
FUNCTION rSATF=15.,181., 50.,250., 100.,298., 2C0.,355.,...<br />
400. ,424., 600.,472., 800.,510., 1000.,543., 1200.,572.,...<br />
1400.,599.<br />
*<br />
* HSATG(PRESSURE) = SAT GAS ENTHALPY IBTU/LB)<br />
FUNCTION HSATG=15.,U51., 50.,1174., 100.,1187., 200.,1198. ,...<br />
400. ,1205., 600.,1204., 800.,1199., 1000.,1193., 1203 .»1185 . , . ..<br />
1400.,1175.<br />
*<br />
* TSATM(PRESSUREJ=SAT MIXTURE TEMPERATURE(DEG-F)<br />
FUNCTION TSATM=15.,213., 50.,281., 100.,328., 2C0.,382.,...<br />
400.,445., 600.,486., 800.,518., ICOO.,545., 1200.,567.....<br />
1400.,587.<br />
*<br />
* VSC(ENTHALPY)=SUBCOOLED FLUIC SPECIFIC VOL(FT**3/LB )<br />
FUNCTICN VSC=21.4,.016, 121.,.0163, 221., .0169, 272.,.0174,...<br />
376.,.0185, 431.,.0193, 488.,.0203, 549.,.0217, 562. , .0221,.. .<br />
575.,.0224<br />
* CALCULATION CF INITIAL SATURATION PROPERTIES<br />
RH0F0=1./(AFGEN(VSATF,P0))<br />
HFO=AFGEN1HSATF,PO)<br />
HGO=AFGEN(HSATG, PO)<br />
TSAT0=FUNGEN(TSATf,2,P0)<br />
* SUBCOOLED WATER DENSITY<br />
RHOSC0=l./(AFGEN(VSC,HCI0))
184<br />
* CALCULATION OF FLOW RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT<br />
* NEEDS: REFERENCE CONDITIONS FOR NATURAL CIRCULATION:CPREF,PRELR,PRR,XREF,<br />
* WREF, HREF, LDCR<br />
* RETURNS: LOSS COEFFICIENT: KLOSSU<br />
* CALCULATION OF REFERENCE DENSITIES AND SATURATION PROPERTIES<br />
HFR*AFGEN <br />
RHOSCR=l./(AFGEN(VSC,HREF))<br />
QT0TR=CPREF*PRELR*947.8<br />
* THIS EXP FOR LSC ASSUMES AVG POWER=CORE AVG IN SC REGION<br />
LSCR*12.*WREF*(HFR-HREF)/QT0TR<br />
LBR«12.-LSCR<br />
RSCAVR=RHOFR/2.+RHOSCR/2.<br />
* FUNCTION SUBPROGRAM CAVOIO RETURNS AVERAGE CORE BOILING REGION<br />
* VOID FRACTION FRCM THE GIVEN INPUTS<br />
CAVR-CAVOID(0..XREF,WREF,TSATR,RHOFR,RHOGR)<br />
RHOBR=RHOTP(RHOFR,RHOGR,CAVR)<br />
RCC0RR=RSCAVR*LSCR/12.+RHCBR*L8R/12.<br />
RHOPR=RHOTP(RHOFR,RHOGR,OPVR)<br />
* FUNCTION VOID RETURNS POINT VOID FRACTION FROM GIVEN INPUTS<br />
OPVR=»VCID(XREF,WREF, ACOP.TSATR, RHOFR, RHOGR)<br />
RGRTR=RHOTP(RHOFR,RHOGR,RTVR)<br />
RTVR*VOIDUREF, WREF, ART, TSATR, RHOFR, RHOGR)<br />
RDP*LCCR*RH0SCR/144.-R0RTR»LRT/144.-...<br />
RH0PR*L0P/144.-R0C0RR*12./144.<br />
KLOSSU=ROP/(WREF*WREF)<br />
*<br />
* INITIAL RELATIVE POWER<br />
*<br />
PREL0=(DKFUN(T0)*.94*EXP(-T0/TCFUEL))<br />
QT0T0=PREL0*CP0*947.8<br />
*<br />
* CALCULATION CF INITIAL TOTAL FLOW BY ITERATIVE SOLUTION, WITH<br />
* STARTING FLOW GUESS INPUT BY USER<br />
WCIQ-IMPHWGUESS, .OOl.WCAL)<br />
XOU»(CTOTO/WCIO+HCIO-HFO)/(HGO-HFO)<br />
XO*LIMIT(0.001,1.00O,X0U)<br />
* THIS EXP FOR LSC ASSUMES AVG POWER=CORE AVG IN SC REGION<br />
LSC0»LIMIT(0.,12.,12.*WCI0*IHF0-HCI0)/QT0T0)<br />
LBO-12.-LSCO<br />
* CALCULATION OF INITIAL DENSITIES<br />
RSCAV0=RHCFO/2.+RHOSCO/2.<br />
waoo~wcio*xo<br />
* VOID AT BOTTOM AND TOP OF BOILING REGION CALC. BY DFVOID<br />
* FUNCTION SUBPROGRAM, THEN AVERAGED TO GIVE CORE AVERAGE VOID<br />
CAVINO=DFVOID(ACOR,WCIO,0.,TSATO,RHOFO,RHOGO)<br />
CAVEXO=DFVOIO(ACOR,WCIO-WBOC,WBOO,TSATO,RHOFO,RHOGO)<br />
CAVO=(CAVINO+CAVEXO)/2.<br />
RHOBO=RHOTP(RHCFO,RHOG0,CAVO)<br />
ROC0RO=RSCAV0*LSC0/l2.'>RHCBO*LBO/12.<br />
ROPO-RHOTP(RHOFO.RHOGO.OPVO)<br />
OPVO=CFVOIO(ACOP,WCIO-WBOO,WBOO,TSATO,RHOFO,RHOGO)<br />
RCRT0=RHQTP(RHOFO,RHOGO,RTVO)<br />
RTVO-DFVOID(ART,WCIO-WBOO,WBOO,TSATO.RHOFO,RHOGO)<br />
* NET GRAVITY PRESS DROP!PSI) AVAILABLE FOR UNRECOV. DROP ACROSS CORE<br />
LDCX=LIMIT(0.,LOCR,LDCO)<br />
UNREC0=LDCX*RH0SC0/144. + (12.+LRT+L0P-LDCX)*RH0G0/144.-...<br />
RORT0*LRT/144.-R0P0-»LOP/l44.-ROCORC*12./l44.<br />
DPO=LIMIT(.0001,1000..UNRECO)<br />
WCAL-»SQRT(DP0*RHOB0/( KLOSSU*RHOBR) )<br />
* ENO ITERATIVE LOOP<br />
* OOWNCOMER AND LOWER PLENUM INITIALIZATION<br />
* VOLUME CF WATER IN DOWNCOMER NODE GIVEN BY FUNCTION
185<br />
* VOLDCl ) AS A FUNCTICN OF WATER LEVEL<br />
MOCO» VOLDC(LDCO)*RHOSCO<br />
MHOCO=MDCO*HCIO<br />
MLPO*VOLP*RHCSCO<br />
MHLPO=MLPO*HCIO<br />
*<br />
G=4.75*ART*RH0G0<br />
MTOTO*(LSCO*RSCAVO+LBO*RHOBO)*ACOR-t-LCP*ACCP*ROPO+LRT*ART*RORTO*G<br />
*<br />
* PRESSURE CALCULATION INITIALIZATION<br />
RHOSVR=l./FUNGEN(VSATG,2,PRATED)<br />
UCSRV»WRATED/SQRT(PRATED*RHOSVR)<br />
MSTO-IVFREE-VOLDCUDCO) )*RHOGO<br />
UMST0»MST0*(HG0-P0*144./(778.*RH0G0))<br />
*<br />
* INITIALIZATION FOR SUPPRESSION PCOL CALCULATION<br />
*<br />
*<br />
* CONSTANTS FCR CONTAINMENT MODEL<br />
*<br />
* AOMET=HEAT TRANS AREA BET DW MET AND CW ATMOS(FT**2J<br />
* APMET=HEAT TRANSF AREA BET SP MET AND SP ATMOS<br />
* ASSPW=AREA OF POOL WATER SURFACE(SQ.FT.)<br />
* BDWSPO*CU.FT/SEC/PSI FLOW WHEN DOWNCCMERS CLEARED<br />
* BSPDWOCU.FT/SEC/PSI OF FLOW WHEN VALVE OPEN<br />
* CDMET=MASS*SPEC HEAT OF OW METAL(BTU/DEG-F)<br />
* CPAIR=MASS*SPEC HEAT OF AIR IN SP CHAMBER ROOM<br />
* CPMET=MASS*SPEC HEAT OF SP METAL IN CONT WITH GAS<br />
* DM-AMOUNT OF STM. QUENCHED!UNIFORMLY ARCUNO POOL) IF THERE<br />
* IS ELAPSED TIME BETWEEN NOMINAL START AND INITIALIZATION OF THE RUN<br />
* DPQR=RANGE(PSI) OVER WHICH QUENCH FRACTION GOES FROM 1 TO 0.<br />
* WITH INCREASING VAPOR PRESSURE<br />
* DPQZ=MARGIN(PSI) ABOVE SATURATION FOR COMPLETE QUENCHING<br />
* FDI,FSI=FRACTION OF POOL COOLING DISCHARGE AND SUCTION TO POOL NODE I<br />
* FWE=FLOW BETWEEN S.P. NODES(LB/SEC) PER INCH OF WATER LEVEL OIFFEKENCE<br />
* FW INFRACT ION OF POOL WATER CONTAINED IN POOL NODE I<br />
* FSVI*FRACTIQN OF TOTAL SRV FLOW DISCHARGED TO POOL NODE I<br />
* FTEI=FRACTION OF TURBINE EXHAUST DISCHARGED TO POOL NODE I<br />
* FLSPG, FLOWG=FRACTION OF ATM. LEAKED TO RX-BLDG. PER SECOND<br />
* GCH=GAS CONSTANT OF H2<br />
* GCM*GAS CONSTANT OF MIMISC.)<br />
* GCN~GAS CONSTANT OF N2<br />
* GCS-GAS CONSTANT OF H20 VAP(PSI*FT**3/LB*DEG-R)<br />
* HSRREF=OELTA TO REREFERENCE STM ENTHALPY FROM ASME STEAM TABLES<br />
* TO PERFECT GAS EXP. THAT HAS H=0.0 AT 0 DEG-R<br />
* HSTE=ENTH OF TURBINE EXHAUSTIBTU/LB)<br />
* HJMDWO- INITIAL DW GAS HUMIDITY (PERCENT)<br />
* HUMSPO-INITIAL SP GAS HUMIDITY (PERCENT)<br />
* KMIX-EMPIRICLE CONSTANT FOR NAT. CIRC MIXING FLOW BET. POOL NODES<br />
* LBASE=»NCMINAL STARTING LEVEL OF POOLdN. FROM INST. 0.)<br />
* MHSPGO,MHOWGO=INITIAL MASSES OF H(LBS)<br />
* MMSPGO,MMOWG0=INITIAL MASSES OF M (LBS)<br />
* POCVP*PRESS. DIFF NECESSARY TO CLEAR THE VENT<br />
* PIPES FOR FLOW FRCM DW TO SP<br />
* PTDWGO- INITIAL TOTAL PRESS OF DW GAS (PSIA)<br />
* PTSPGO-INITIAL TOTAL PRESS OF SP GAS (PSIA)<br />
* QRVHLO=REACTCR(+PIPING) HEAT LOSSES (MW) FOR TEMP DIFF=OTRVHL(DEG-F)<br />
* TAUFDW=AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME OF FOG IN DW(SEC)<br />
* TAUFSP=AVERAGE RES. TIME OF FOG IN SP<br />
* TAUVRV=TIME CONSTANT FOR SP VAC RELIEF VALVE TO LIFT(SEC)<br />
* TBASE-NCMINAL STARTING TEMP CF POOL(CEG-F)<br />
* TBII-PROVISION FOR BIASING STARTING TEMP CF POOL NODE I<br />
* TD=OISCH. TEMP(F) OF POOL COOLING FLOW<br />
* TDMETO-INITIAL DRYWELL METAL TEMP IF)<br />
* TGDWO*INITIAL DW GAS TEMPtDEG-F)<br />
* TGSPO*INITIAL SP GAS TEMP (DEG-F)<br />
* TPAIROMNITIAL SP CHAMBER ROOM TEMP
186<br />
* TPMETO=INITIAL TEMP : SP METAL IN CONTACT WITH SP GAS<br />
* VGOW=TOTAL FREE VOLUME OF DW (FT**3)<br />
* VTSP=TOTAL FREE VOLUME OF SP (FT**3)<br />
* WOLEAK=LEAK RATE(LB/SEC) OF SAT. WATER FROM RV TO DRYWELL<br />
* WDSPW=DISCHARGE FLOW OF POOL COOLING(LB/SEC)<br />
* WSSPW=SUCTION FLOW OF POOL COOL ING!LB/SEC)<br />
*<br />
*<br />
* GEOMETRY AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS<br />
CONSTANT ACMET=1.65E04,APMET=1.7E04,ASSPW=10860.<br />
CONSTANT BDWSP0=2500.,BSPDWO=2000.<br />
CONSTANT CDMET=8.33E04,CPAIR=3200.,CPMET=5.82E04<br />
CONSTANT DPQR=2. ,DPQZ=2.<br />
CONSTANT GCH=5.361,GCM=.2436,GCN=.3829,GCS=.5955<br />
CONSTANT HSTE=915.,HSRREF=-854.5,P0CVP=1.75<br />
CONSTANT TAUVRV=3.,TAUFDW=30.,TAUFSP=15.<br />
CONSTANT VGDW=159000.,VTSP=267600.<br />
*<br />
* POOL NQDALIZATICN<br />
CONSTANT FD1=1.,FS1=1.,FWI =1.,FSV1=1.,FTE1=1.,FWE=>5000.,KMIX=950.<br />
*<br />
* INITIALIZATION<br />
CONSTANT DM=0. ,HUMDW0=18. 4,HUMSP0=79.4 ,LBASE=1C23<br />
CONSTANT MHSPGO=0.,MHDWGO=0.,MMSPGO=0.,MHDWG0=0.<br />
CONSTANT PTDWG0=23.15,PTSPG0=23.65,TBASE=169.1,TBI1=0.<br />
CONSTANT TGDV«0=268. ,TGSP0=161.,TDMET0=212.,TPMET0=145.1,TPAIRO=155.<br />
»<br />
* RUN CONTROL<br />
CONSTANT FLDWG=0.,FLSPG=0.,TD=90.,GRVHL0=1.,DTRVHL=404.<br />
CONSTANT W0LEAK=.68,WSSPW=C.,W0SPW=0.<br />
HD=TC-32.<br />
* INITIALIZATION CALC. FOR DW AND SP MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES<br />
* ASSUME ZERO INITIAL HYDROGEN AND MISC. GAS<br />
*<br />
* FUNCTION TABLES<br />
* FUNCTION SPLEV : SP LEVEL!INCHES FROM INSTRUMENT ZERO) AS A FUNCTION A<br />
* FUNCTION CF VOLUME(CU.FT)<br />
FUNCTION SPLEV=0.,-182.,20222.,-134.,74646.,-62.,...<br />
117344.,-14.,130129.,0.,139300.,10<br />
182563.,58.,242176.,130.,267611.,190.<br />
*<br />
* FUNCTION STFOSV: SATURATION TEMP AS A FUNCTION OF SPECIFIC<br />
* VOLUME<br />
FUNCTION STF0SV=2.83,363.5,4.65 ,324.1,7.65,288.2,12.2,257.6, ...<br />
20.1,228.,31.2,204.,44.7,185.6,76.4,160.5,158.9,129.6,. ..<br />
333.6,101.7,641.5,79.6,1235.,59.3<br />
* FUNCTION SPFOT : SATURATION PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE<br />
FUNCTICN SPF0T=59.3,.25,79.6,.5,1C1.7,1.0,132.9,2.4,...<br />
160.5,4.8,185.6,8.5,203.9,12.5, ...<br />
228.,20.,250.34,30.,288.2,56.,324.1,95.,363.5,160.,...<br />
381.8,200.,417.3,300.,444.6,400.,467.,500.,486.,600.,...<br />
503.,700.,525.,850.,544.6,1000.,556.,1100.,567.,1200.<br />
* PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS<br />
SPDWO=NLFGEN(SPFOT,TGDWO)<br />
SPSPO=NLFGEN(SPFOT,TGSPO)<br />
PSDWGO=(HUMDWO/100.)*SPDWO<br />
PSSPG0=(HUMSP0/100.)*SPSPO<br />
PNSPGO=PTSPGO-PSSPGO<br />
PNOWGO=PTDWGO-PSDWGO<br />
MNSPG0=PNSPG0*!VTSP-VWSP0)/(GCN*(TGSP0+460.) )<br />
MNDWG0=PNOWG0*(VG0W)/(GCN*(TG0W0+460.))
*<br />
* VWSPO=INITIAL TOTAL WATER VOL IN SP<br />
*<br />
187<br />
MSSPG0=PSSPG0*(VTSP-VWSPO)/(GCS*(TGSPO+46O.))<br />
MSDWG0=PSDWG0*VGDW/(GCS*(TGDW0+460.))<br />
UMSPG0=(TGSPO+460.)*(MNSPGO*(.2475-.1851*GCN)+...<br />
MSSPG0*(.45-4.89/(TGSP0+460.)-.1851*GCS) )<br />
UMDWGO=(TGOWO*460.)*(MNDWGO*(.2475-.1851*GCN)+...<br />
MSDWGO*(.45-4.89/(TGDWO+460.J-.1851*GCS) )<br />
*<br />
* DEPTH LBASE SPECIFIED: INCHES FROM INST ZER0(4 IN BELOH CENTER)<br />
* TBASE IS NOMINAL STARTING TEfP CF PCOL<br />
* TBKI) PROVIDES FOR BIASING INITIAL TEMPS IN MULTI-NODE MODEL<br />
VII=2.462*AII<br />
AII=(LBASE-4.)*SQRT(34580.-LBASE*LBASE+8.*LBASE)*...<br />
34596.*ARSIN( (LBASE-4. )/186. ) + 54343.<br />
MW1II=FW1*VII*(63.9-.019*(TBASE*TBU))<br />
MII=MW1II<br />
DTBASE=(1190.-(TBASE-32.))*0M/(MII+0M)<br />
TIC1=TBASE+0TBASE+TBI1<br />
VWSP0=(MWlII+FWl*0M)/(63.9-.019*TICl)<br />
VGSPO=VTSP-VWSPO<br />
DYNAMIC<br />
* DYNAMIC PORTION OF REACTCR VESSEL CALCULATION<br />
#<br />
* RUN CONTROLS FOR INJECTION CONTROL<br />
LDCVZ=L0C*12.+216.<br />
LDDEL=REALPL(500.,2.OO.LDCVZ)<br />
RCICC=0.0<br />
HPCID=0.0<br />
WINJ=RCICMX*(RCICD*8.33*HPCID)*STEP(30.)<br />
* RUN CONTROLS FOR VESSEL PRESSURE CONTROL<br />
P0PEN=1120.<br />
PSHUT*1080.<br />
* CALCULATION OF DYNAMIC SATURATION PROPERTIES<br />
RH0F=1./(AFGEN(VSATF.P))<br />
RhOG=l./(FUNGEN(VSATG,2,P)»<br />
HF=AFGEN(HSATF,P)<br />
HG=AFGEN(HSATG,P)<br />
TSAT=FUNGEN(TSATM,2,P)<br />
* INTERMEDIATE CALCULATIONS: AVERAGE HEAT FLUXES<br />
* 'DKFUN' RETURNS DECAY HEAT AS A FUNCTION OF TIME SINCE SCRAM<br />
* 'QREGAV RETURNS AVERAGE NORMALIZED POWER, GIVEN LOCATION OF TOP<br />
* AND BOTTCM OF REGION<br />
T=TO+TIME<br />
TMIN=T/60.<br />
PREL=(DKFUN(T)+.94*EXP(-T/TCFUEL) )<br />
QT0T=PREL*CP0*947.8<br />
QFCCR=QTOT/(12.*PCOR1<br />
AVMSC=QREGAV(0.,LSCD)<br />
AVMB=QREGAV(LSCD,LSCD+LBD)<br />
QFSC=AVMSC*QFCOR<br />
QFB=AVMB*QFCOR<br />
LSCD=REALPL!LSCO,TAULEN,LSC)<br />
L8D=REALPL(LB0,TAULEN,LB)<br />
* DOWNCOMER ANNULUS CALCULATION<br />
* NEEDS: CENSITIES: RHCOCRHOLP<br />
* FLOWS INTO DCWNCOMER: WINJ, WRECIR, WINJAS<br />
* INJECTION ENTHALPY: HINJIN<br />
* FLOWS OUT OF DOWNCOMER: WCI, WFLDC, WFLLP<br />
* REACTCR VESSEL PRESSURE: P
188<br />
* RETURNS: DOWNCOMER HEIGHT!ABOVE BOTTCM CF ACTIVE FUEL) : LDC<br />
* ENTHALPY INTO LOWER PLENUM: HDC<br />
* INTERMEDIATE CALCULATIONS: MASS RATE OF ASPIRATION FROM STEAM SPACE<br />
* DUE TO INJECTION FLOW; FLASHING RATE FRCM DC MASS; RECIRC FLOW RATE<br />
EQXX=EQXO*(LHEDER-LDC)/LHEDER<br />
EQX=LIMIT(0.,1.,ECXX)<br />
HINJFI*HINJIN+(HF-HINJIN)*EQX<br />
GP=7.23*WINJ<br />
WINTCT=INTGRL(0.,WINJ)<br />
GT=(WINT0T*7.481)/62.11<br />
WINJAS=(HF-HINJIN)*EQX*WINJ/(HG-HF)<br />
WFLDCX=MOC*FFLASH*(HDC-HF)<br />
WFLDC=LIMIT(0.,9999..WFLDCX)<br />
*<br />
* MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES(81 IS A LOGIC SIGNAL TO STOP THE<br />
* INTEGRATION WHEN LDC.LT.O(BELOW BCTTCM OF ACTIVE FUEL)<br />
CMDC=INTGRL(0.,DMOC)<br />
MOC=MCCO*CMOC<br />
DMDC*Bl*(WRECIR*WINJ+WINJAS-RHOCC*(WCI*WFLLP)/RHOLP-WFLDC)+WEXPC<br />
CMHDC=INTGRL(0.,DMHOC)<br />
MHDC=MHDCO*CMHDC<br />
DMHOC*Bl*(HF *WRECIR*W INJ*HINJIN+HG*WINJAS-...<br />
HDC*(WCI+WFLLP)*RHODC/RHOLP-WFLCC*FG)<br />
HDC=MHDC/MDC<br />
RHOOC=l./AFGEN(VSC,HDC)<br />
* DC LEVEL IS CALCULATED BY FUNCTION SUBPROGRAM XLENOCIVOLUME)<br />
VOC-»MCC/RK)OC<br />
LDC=XLENDC(VOC)<br />
LDL=LIMIT!0.,LDCR,LDC)<br />
* LOWER PLENUM CALCULATION<br />
* NEEDS: SAME AS DCWNCCMER<br />
* RETURNS: ENTHALPY AT CORE INLET(HLP)<br />
* INTERMEDIATE CALCULATIONS: LOWER PLENUM FLASHING RATE, LP WATER VOL<br />
* (VOLPW—USED FOR LOGIC CONTROL ONLY SINCE THE LOWER PLENUM IS<br />
* MODELED AS A CONSTANT VOLUME UNLESS COWNCOMER IS EMPTY) :<br />
HLP=MHLP/MLP<br />
VOLPW=MLP/RHOLP<br />
RHOLP=l./AFGEN(VSC,HLP)<br />
XWFLLP*(HLP-HF)*MLP*FFLASH<br />
WFLLP=LIMIT(0.,9999.,XWFLLP)<br />
* LOGIC CCNTROL<br />
*<br />
*<br />
X1B1=LDC-.001<br />
X2Bl"«V0LPW-l.01*VCLP<br />
B1N=N0R(X1B1.X281)<br />
B1=N0T(B1N><br />
* MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES<br />
*<br />
DMLP-*(WCI +WFLLP)*{RHOCC/RhOLP)*(Bl)-WCI-WFLLP*...<br />
B1N*(WINJ+WINJAS><br />
CMLP*INTGRL(0., OMLP)<br />
MLP=MLPO+CMLP<br />
DMHLP=H0C*(WCI+WFLLP)*RH0DC*B1/RH0LP+...<br />
BlN*(WINJ*HINJIN*HG*WINJAS)-WCI*HLP-WFLLP*HG<br />
CMHLP=INTGRL(0.,DMHLP)<br />
MHLP=MHLPO+CMHLP<br />
* CORE INLET FLOW CALC.(FORCE BALANCE)<br />
* NEEDS: DENSITIES: RHODC,RHOLP,RSCAV,RHCB,ROP, RORT<br />
* REACTOR VESSEL PRESSURE : P<br />
* FLOW OUT OF BOILING REGION: W80<br />
* REGION LENGTHS: LDC,LSC,LB<br />
* RETURNS: FLOW INTO CCRE: WCI<br />
*<br />
CMTOT«INTGRL(0. ,(WCI-WRECIR-WTOST+WFLLP))<br />
MTOT-MTOTO+CMTOT<br />
WB0=(QFB*PCOR*LBD)/(HG-HF)
*<br />
WPOO=MPOO*DHF/(HG-HF)<br />
HFD=REALPL(HF0,2.0,HF)<br />
DHF=(hF-HFD)/2.<br />
VST=VFREE-V0C<br />
DVST=CERIV(O..VST)<br />
VSVST=VST/MST<br />
* VST=T0TAL VAPOUR SPACE VOLUME<br />
* VSVST=SPECIFIC VOLUME OF STEAM<br />
*<br />
*<br />
190<br />
* TOTAL ENERGY BALANCE<br />
CUMT 0= IN T GRL 10.. DUMTO )<br />
UMT0=UMST0+CUMTO<br />
DUMTO=WTOST*HG+(WFLDC+WEVAPJ*HG-...<br />
WEXPC*HF-WC0N0*HG-WINJAS*HST-WSTC*HST-0VST*P*144./778.<br />
HST=UMT0/MST+PSTG*VSVST*144./778.<br />
* STEAM PRESSURE CALCULATED BY FUNCTICN SUBPROGRAM PFVH--STEAM PRESSURE<br />
* AS A FUNCTION OF SPECIFIC VOLUME AND ENTHALPY<br />
* PFVH REQUIRES AN INITIAL GUESS OF PRESSURE, PSTG<br />
PST=PFVH(HST,VSVST,PSTG)<br />
PSTG=REALPL(P0,2.0,PST)<br />
P=PST<br />
*<br />
* SAFETY RELIEF VALVE MODEL—TWO VALVES MCDELED~WSSV=TOTAL SRV FLOW<br />
L0GREL=L0GV1+L0GV2<br />
LOGVl=REALPLI0.,.62,L0GPVl)<br />
L0GV2=REALPL(0.,.62,L0GPV2)<br />
LCGPV1=RST(X1V1,X2V1,0.)<br />
LCGPV2=RST(X1V2,X2V2,0.)<br />
XIV1=C0MPAR(PSHUT, P)<br />
X1V2=C0MPAR(P0PEN-25.,P)<br />
X2V1-CCMPAR1P.P0PEN)<br />
X2V2=C0MPAR(P,P0PEN*25.)<br />
WSSV=UCSRV*SQRT(PSTG/VSVST)*LOGREL<br />
* WSTE=STEAM TURB EXHAUST FLOW(RCIC)<br />
* ENTHALPY IS ASSUMED=915. BUU/LB<br />
WSTE=(RCICD*(.00613*PST+1.1)+HPCI0*(.0387*PST*7.81))*STEP130.)<br />
* WSTC IS TOTAL STEAM FLOW RATE FROM REACTOR VESSEL TO CONTAINMENT<br />
WSTC=WSTE*WSSV<br />
* CYNAMIC PORTION OF CONTAINMENT CALCULATION<br />
*<br />
* CALLS TO SP WATER MACRO—ONLY ONE NECESSARY FUR THE SINGLE NOOE PCOL MODEL<br />
XNQ1 ,TP1 ,WE1 ,MWl ,LW1 =W(TP1,...<br />
TP1 ,LW1,LW1 ,TIC1 ,FW1 ,FSV1 ,FTE1 ,FD1 ,FS1 I<br />
VWSP=MWl/(63.9-.019*TPl)<br />
MWSP=MW1<br />
GWSP=7.481*VWSP<br />
TWSPAV=(63.9-MWSP/VWSP)/.019<br />
LWSPAV=AFGEMSPLEV,VWSP)<br />
* INTERFACE THE SP WATER TO THE SP GAS<br />
*<br />
*<br />
XNQDW=XNQ1<br />
WSSVNQ=WSSV*FSV1*XNQ1<br />
WSTENC=WSTE*FTE1*XNQ1<br />
WTESPW=WE1<br />
* INTERFACE VARIABLES : RV TO SUPPRESSION POOL<br />
* WSSV=STM. FLOW FROM RV THRU RELIEF VALVES(LB/SEC)<br />
* WSTE=STM FLOW FROM RV THRU TURBINES!RCIC+HPCI)<br />
* WHSV=HYDROGEN FLOW FROM RV ThRU RELIEF VALVES!LB/SEC)<br />
* HHM=HYDRCGEN ENTHALPY AT MIXED RV TEMP(BTU/LB) (REF TO 0. DEG R)<br />
* HSTE=ENTHALPY OF TURBINE EXHAUSE(ASME)<br />
* TM=MIXTURE TEMP OF RV STEAM SPACE
*<br />
*<br />
*<br />
191<br />
INTERFACE VARIABLES : RV TO DRYWELL<br />
WSDWR=STEAM FLOW, RELEASE TO DRYWELL(LB/SEC)<br />
HSDWR=ENTHALPY OF WSDWR(ASME)<br />
WHDWR-HYDROGEN FLOW, RELEASE TO DRYWELL!LB/SEC)<br />
HHDWR-ENTHALPY OF WHOWRIREF TO 0.0 DEG R)<br />
WMDWR=MISC. FLOW RELEASEO TO DRYWELL<br />
HMDHR-*ENTHALPY OF WMDWRIO.O DEG R)<br />
INTERFACE VARIABLES : SP WATER TO SP GAS<br />
WSSVNQ-TCTAL NCN-QUENCHED RELIEF VALVE FLOW FROM RV TO SP VIA RV'S<br />
WSTENQ-TOTAL NON-QUENCHED TURBINE EXHAUST FLOW<br />
WCSPG=TCTAL CONSECSATE FLOW, SPG TO SPW<br />
WTESPW-TOTAL EVAPORATION RATE, SPW TC SPG<br />
HSTSPW-ENTHALPY OF STEAM(REF 0. AT 0. OEG) AT MASS-WEIGHTED SP WATER<br />
TEMP, TWSP<br />
HCSPG*ENTHALPY OF CONDENSED SP STEAM(ASME)<br />
MASS BALANCES FOR SP GAS AND DW GAS<br />
INPUT FROM OTHER CALCULATIONS:<br />
VWSP*SP TITAL WATER VOL (FT**3> (VARIABLE)<br />
WSSNQ* TCTAL NON-QUENCHED STEAM FLOW (LE/SEC)<br />
WHSV- H FLOW FROM THE RV (THROUGH RELIEFS)<br />
WSOWR* FLOW RATE OF STEAM RELEASED DIRECT TO DRYWELL<br />
WHDWR- FLOW RATE CF HYDROGEN RELEASED TO DRYWELL<br />
WMDWR* FLOW RATE UF MISC. RELEASED OIRECT TO DRYWELL<br />
DEFINITIONS<br />
MS SPG<br />
MHSPG<br />
MASS STM IN SPG<br />
MASS H IN SPG<br />
MNSPG= MASS N IN SPG<br />
MMSPG'MASS M IN SPG<br />
FLOWS » LB/SEC UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED<br />
WSSVNG* TOTAL NON-QUENCHED STM FROM SV'S ANT TURB, EXHAUST<br />
WHSV- TCTAL HYDRCGEN FLOW FRCM RELIEF VALVES<br />
DWSP* DESIGNATES FLOW FROM DW TO SP<br />
SPOW- DESIGNATES FLOW FROM SP TO DW<br />
SPL» SP GAS LEAKAGE<br />
B* BULK FLOW RATE (FT**3/SEC)<br />
WCSPG- TOTAL CONDENSATE FLOW FROM SP GAS<br />
WCOWG* TOTAL CONDENSATE FLOW FROM DW GAS<br />
SP GAS MASS BALANCE:<br />
MSSPG«INTGRL(MSSPGO,WSSVNQ+WSDWSP*WSTENQ+WTESPW-WSSPDW-WSSPL-WCSPG)<br />
MHSPG=INTGRL (MHSPGO.WHSV+WHOWSP-WHSPDW-WHSPL)<br />
MNSPG- INTGRL(MNSPGO.WNDWSP-WNSPL-WNSPDW)<br />
MMSPG=INTGRL (MMSPGO.WMDWSP-WMSPL-WMSPDW)<br />
BSPL=VGSP*FLSPG<br />
WSSPL *BSP L*(MSS PG/VGSP)<br />
WHSPL'BSPL*(MHSPG/VGSP)<br />
WNSPL=BSPL*(MNSPG/VGSP)<br />
WMSPL=BSPL*(MMSPG/VGSP)<br />
BSPL*BULK LEAKAGE FRCM SP GAS<br />
FLSPG-FRACTION OF TOTAL SP GAS VOLUMES LEAKED PER SECONO<br />
VGSP»VOLUME OF SP GAS, VWSP-SP WATER VOLUME<br />
VGSP-VTSP-VHSP<br />
NOTE: 0.5 PSI IS NECESSARY TO OPEN VAC RELIEF VALVE<br />
BSPCWX=LIMIT(0.,1.E06,BSPDW0*(PTSPG-PTDWG-.5)I<br />
8SPDW-
* VAC RELIEF VALVE IS OPEN<br />
192<br />
BOWSPX=LIMIT (0.,l.E06,BDWSPO*(PTOWG-PTSPG-PDCVP))<br />
BOWSP-«REALPL(0.,TAUVRV,BOwSPX)<br />
WSDHSP»BDWSP*(MSDWG/VGDH)*XNQDW<br />
WHDWSP=BDWSP*(MHOWG/VGDH)<br />
WNDWSP-BOWSP*(MNDWG/VGDH)<br />
WMDWSP=BDWSP*(MMDWG/VGDW)<br />
* 80WSP0»(FT**3/SEC)/PSI WHEN DW PRESS IS GREAT ENOUGH<br />
* TO CLEAR THE VENT PIPE DOWNCOMERS<br />
* POCVP«PRESS DIFF. NECESSARY TO CLEAR THE VENT PIPES<br />
*<br />
WCSPG«WWCSPG+WVCSPG<br />
WVCSPG»(MSSPG/TAUFSP)*(1.-100./HUMSP)*C0MPAR(HUMSP,100.)<br />
* WWCSPG'RATE OF CQND. ON SPG WALL<br />
* WVCSPG-RATE OF COND. FROM SPG VOLUME<br />
*<br />
* DRYWELL MASS BALANCE:<br />
MSOWGMNTGRL(MSDWGO,WSDWR+WSSPDW-WSDWSP-WSDWL-WCDWG)<br />
MHOWG-INTGRL(MHOWGO.WHOWR-tWHSPCW-WHDWL-WHDWSP)<br />
MNDWG-*INTGRL(MNOWGO.WNSPOW-WNOWSP-WNDWL><br />
MMDWG*INTGRL(MMDWGO,WMDWR*WMSPOW-WMDWSP-WMDWL)<br />
*<br />
*<br />
WCDWG*WWCDWG*HVCDWG<br />
WVCDWG»(MSDWG/TAUFDW)*(1.-100./HUMOW)*COMPAR(HUMOW,100.)<br />
* HYDROGEN AND MISC RELEASES SET TO ZERO<br />
* FFRACT=FRACTION OF HOT LIQUID LEAK THAT FLASHES TO STEAM<br />
FFRACT-{AFGEN(HSATF.PST)-AFGEN(HSATF,PTOWG))/...<br />
(AFGEN(HSATG,PTDWGI-AFGEN(HSATF.PTDWG))<br />
WSDWR»WDLEAK*FFRACT<br />
HSDWR*AFGEN(HSATG,PTDWG)<br />
WHDWR=0.<br />
WMDWR«0.<br />
HHOWR-0.<br />
HMDWR-O.<br />
WWCDW&*RATE OF COND. ON DWG WALL<br />
WVCOWG-fRATE OF VOLUME COND. IN DRYWELL<br />
ENERGY BALANCES FOR CW AND SP GAS<br />
INPUT FRCM OTHER CALCULATIONS:<br />
HMDWR=ENTHALPY OF MISC. RELEASED DIRECT TO DRYWELL<br />
HHOWR'ENTHALPY OF HYOROGEN RELEASED OIRECT TO DRYWELL<br />
HHRV=ENTHALPY OF HYDROGEN IN REACTOR VESSEL<br />
HSRV*ENTHALPY OF STEAM IN REACTOR VESSEL<br />
HSDWR-ENTHALPY OF STEAM RELEASED DIRECT TO DRYWELL<br />
HSTE=ENTHALPY OF STEAM FROM TURBINE EXHAUST<br />
NOTE THAT THE ABOVE 3 ARE REF. TO ZERO AT 32.F WATER<br />
(ASME STM TABLES), BUT ARE RE-REF TO ZERO<br />
AT ZERO DEG-R FOR CONTAINMENT CALC.<br />
QVSPG,QVCWG*VOLUME HEAT SOURCE (FROM F.P.'S)<br />
QRVHL-HEAT LOSS (THROUGH INSULATION) FRCM RV TO SP GAS<br />
QLSPG=HEAT LOSS FROM SP GAS TO SP LINER<br />
QLDWG-HEAT LOSS FROM OW GAS TO DW LINER<br />
DEFINITIONS:<br />
TGSP-TEMF OF HOMOGENIZED SP GAS (DEF-F)<br />
TGDW«TEMP OF HOMOGENIZED DW GAS (DEG-F)<br />
UMSPG"TOTAL INTERNAL ENERGY OF SP GAS (BTU)<br />
UMDWG=TCTAL INTERNAL ENERGY OF DH GAS (BTU)<br />
MASS FLOWS DEFINED IN MASS BALANCE SECTION<br />
SP GAS ENERGY BALANCE:<br />
CUMSPG=INTGRL(0.0,DUMSPG)<br />
UMSPG»UMSPGO->CUMSPG
193<br />
DUMSPG-EPSSP-t-EPHSP+EPNSP-e-EPMSP+QVSPG-QLSPG-MWORK-t-QSSPG<br />
EPSSP*WSSVNQ*(HSSVNQ)*WSTENQ*(HSTE+HSRREF)+...<br />
WSOWSP*! HSTGDW )-( WSSPDW-t-WSSPL )*HSTGSP-. . .<br />
WCSPG*(HFGSP*HSRREF)+WTESPW*HSTSPW<br />
MWORK«DVOTPG*PTSPG*.1851<br />
DVDTPG-»(VGSP-VGSP0)/5.<br />
VGSPD«REALPL(VGSP0,5.,VGSP)<br />
* WSSVNQ-TQTAL SRV FLOH THAT EXITS SURFACE OF POOL<br />
* WSTENQ-TOTAL NON-QUENCHED STM FROM TURBINE EXHAUST<br />
* HSRREF»OELTA-H TO REREF. STEAM ENTHALPY<br />
* HFGOW»SAT FLUID ENTH AT DW TEMP(ASME)<br />
* HFGSP»SAT FLUID ENTH AT SP TEMPIASME)<br />
* HSSVNQ*ENTHALPY OF NON-QUENCHED STEAM ENTERING SP GASJREF TO 0.<br />
* AT 0. CEG-R)<br />
HSSVNC-HST+HSRREF<br />
HSTGSP».45*TGSPR-4.89<br />
HSTSPW*.45*(TWSPAV->460.)-4.89<br />
HSTGDW-.45* TGDWR-4.89<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*<br />
HFGSP-TGSP-32.<br />
HFGDW-TGDW-32.<br />
EPHSP«WHDWSP*HHTGCW+WHSV*HHRV-(HHSPOW->WHSPL)*HHTGSP<br />
HHTGSP-«3.466*TGSPR-40.<br />
HHTGDH«3.466*TGDWR-40.<br />
EPNSP«HNTGDW*WNDWSP-(WNSPCW+WNSPL)*HNTGSP<br />
HNTGSP-.2475*TGSPR<br />
HNTG0W«.2475*TGDWR<br />
EPMSP«HMTGOW*WMDWSP-(WMSPOW-i-WMSPL)*HMTGSP<br />
HMTGSP«.21*TGSPR-20.8<br />
HMTGDW».21*TGCWR-20.8<br />
* DRYWELL ENERGY BALANCE<br />
CUMDWG»INTGRL(0.0,OUMDWG)<br />
UMDWG«CUMDWG*UMOWGO<br />
DUMDWG-EPSDW+EPHDW+EPNDW+EPMOW+QVOWG*...<br />
QRVHL-QLOWG<br />
*<br />
*<br />
QSSPG»(TWSPAV-TGSP)*ASSPW*5.3E-05*((ABS(TWSPAV-TGSP))**.33><br />
QLSPG-QPMWET+QPHORY<br />
QVDWG=0.<br />
QVSPG»0.<br />
QRVHL«QRVHL0*948.*(TSAT-TGDW)/DTRVHL<br />
QLDWG»CDM<br />
EPSDW»(HSOWR*HSRREF)*WSDWR+HSTGSP*WSSPOW-HSTGOW*(WSDWSP-fWSOWL>-<br />
HFGOW*WCOWG<br />
EPHDW=HHDWR*WHDWR+HHTGSP*WHSPDW-HHTGDW*!WHDWSP*WHOWL)<br />
EPNDW«HNTGSP*WNSP0W-HNTGDW*(WNCWSP->WNOWL)<br />
EPMDW*HMDWR*W.-'DWR-t-HMTGSP*WMSPOW-HMTGCW*(WMDWSP+WMDWL)<br />
*<br />
* SOLUTION FOR DW AND SP GAS TEMPERATURES<br />
* ITERATION IS NOT NECESSARY SINCE THE S,N,H,ANO M<br />
* ENTHALPIES ARE ASSUMED LINEAR WITH TEMP:<br />
* H(N2)*.2475T, H(H20)*.45T-4.89, H(M)».21T-20.8, H(H)*3.466T-40.<br />
*<br />
TGSPR*(UMSPG+4.89*MSSPG+20.8*MMSPG+40.0*MHSPG)/...<br />
(MNSPG*(.2475-.1851*GCN)*MSSPG*(.45-.1851*GCS)
END<br />
STOP<br />
CALL DEBUG!1,0.0)<br />
CALL CEBUGd,3600.)<br />
CALL DEBUG(1,7600.)<br />
CALL DEBUG!1.1C80C.)<br />
CALL DEBUG!1,14400.)<br />
CALL CEBUGd,17999.)<br />
195
197<br />
APPENDIX B<br />
MODIFICATION TO MARCH SUBROUTINE ANSQ<br />
In the MARCH code, the calcul<strong>at</strong>ion of decay he<strong>at</strong>ing is carried<br />
out in subroutine ANSQ. For this study, the calcul<strong>at</strong>ion was modified<br />
to include the actinide decay he<strong>at</strong> source in a BWR following a burnup<br />
of 34,000 MWd/x. A listing of the revised subroutine follows:<br />
Subroutine ANSQ (ANS-TIME-TAP)<br />
C<br />
C ANSQ calcul<strong>at</strong>es the decay he<strong>at</strong> using ANS correla-<br />
C tions.<br />
ANS1=ANS2=0.0<br />
TVAR=TIME*60.0<br />
IF (TVAR-GT-10.0) GO TO 10<br />
ANS1=0.06950-0.001592*(ALOG(TVAR))<br />
IF (TVAR-LT-3.) ANS1=1.<br />
GO TO 40<br />
10 IF (TVnAJi.GT. 150.0) GO TO 20<br />
ANS1=0.069241-0.0069355*(ALOG(TVAR))<br />
GO TO 40<br />
20 IF (TVAR-GT.4.E6) GO TO 30<br />
ANS1=4.0954E-2-2.8324E-3*(ALOG(TVAR))<br />
GO TO 40<br />
30 ANS1=4.6893E-3-2.3800E-4*(ALOG(TVAR))<br />
40 TVAR=(TIME+TAP)*60.0<br />
IF (TV.AJi-GT-10.0) GO TO 50<br />
ANS2=6.950E-2-1.592E-3*(ALOG(TVAR))<br />
GO TO 80<br />
50 IF (TVhAhR-GT-150.0) GO TO 60<br />
ANS2=6.9241E-2-6.9355E-3*(ALOG(TVAR))<br />
GO TO 80<br />
60 IF (TVAR.GT-4.E6) GO TO 70<br />
ANS2=4.0954E-2-2.8324E-3*(ALOG(TVAR))<br />
GO TO 80<br />
70 ANS2=4.6893E-3-2.3800E-4*(ALOG(TVAR))<br />
80 ANS-ANS1-ANS2<br />
RETURN<br />
END
199<br />
APPENDIX C<br />
MARCH INPUT FOR ACCIDENT SEQUENCE TB'
SNLCOOL<br />
SEND<br />
202<br />
INDUCE<br />
NC0B*2,<br />
NHPV1=2,<br />
NRPV2*1,<br />
ICEC0B*-1,<br />
DTPNT=20.0,<br />
IDRY=-1,<br />
I«ET*2,<br />
RPOOL*7.801E06,<br />
TPOOL*95.0,<br />
VDRX=3.839E03,<br />
VTOROS=257700.0,<br />
BVNAX=5. 146E05,<br />
HSHP=-2,<br />
NSHP2*2,<br />
NCAV=-1,<br />
VCAV*4789.1,<br />
VFLR=15.0,<br />
AVBRK*292.0,<br />
CVBRK*4.04,<br />
VC(1)*159000.0,257700.0,<br />
AREA{1)=1.6399E03,1.098E04,<br />
HOH(1)*0.2.1.0,<br />
TEHPO(1)*150.,95.,<br />
N=10,<br />
NS
203<br />
DP ART=0.0208333,<br />
FZHCR*0.05,<br />
FZOCR*0.08.<br />
FZOS1=0. 1,<br />
WFE2*7992.,<br />
TFEO0=546.,<br />
FOLSG*0.0,<br />
PVSL=1000.,<br />
TCAV=1210.,<br />
ABRK*0.0,<br />
TBRK=45.0,<br />
DTPNTB*5.0,<br />
DTPN=-5.,<br />
VOLP*2.459E04,<br />
VOLS=9.638E03,<br />
WCST*3.11E06,<br />
F
205<br />
Appendix D<br />
PRESSURE SUPPRESSION POOL MODEL<br />
D.l Introduction<br />
The primary containment of each of the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant<br />
units is a Mark I pressure suppression pool system. The safety objective<br />
of the Mark I containment is to provide the capability, in the event of an<br />
accident, to limit the release of fission products to the environment.29<br />
The key to the safety objective of this system lies in the performance<br />
of the pressure suppression pool (PSP). The PSP is designed to rapidly<br />
and completely condense steam released from the reactor pressure vessel,<br />
to contain fission products released from the vessel, and to serve as a<br />
source of w<strong>at</strong>er for the emergency core cooling systems. If the PSP should<br />
fail to properly perform during an accident sequence, then there is a high<br />
probability th<strong>at</strong> fission products will be released to the environment.<br />
In the past few years, a major concern of the NRC, the BWR vendor,<br />
and the utilities who oper<strong>at</strong>e the early gener<strong>at</strong>ion BWRs has been scenar<br />
ios30 where it has not been conclusively shown th<strong>at</strong> the PSP will meet<br />
the performance requirements st<strong>at</strong>ed above. Specifically, there is a lack<br />
of inform<strong>at</strong>ion on condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions and the resulting loads they<br />
place on the PSP. In addition, there is the question of pressure suppres<br />
sion pool thermal str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion and the resulting impact of this phenome<br />
non on the condensing ability of the PSP.<br />
The problem of condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions* includes the analysis of<br />
both loads which origin<strong>at</strong>e <strong>at</strong> the downcomer exit during a large break loss<br />
of coolant accident (LOCA) and loads derived from the safety relief valve<br />
(SRV) discharge during normal blowdown to the PSP. The condens<strong>at</strong>ion os<br />
cill<strong>at</strong>ion problem involves coupling an analysis of the momentum trans<br />
port within the PSP to a stress analysis of the torus walls.<br />
The problem of pool thermal str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion is of interest because<br />
thermal layering of the w<strong>at</strong>er near a SRV discharge point can limit the<br />
ability of the PSP to condense the steam. Subsequently, this can lead to<br />
increased intensity of the condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ion loads and possibly to<br />
overpressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion of the torus. Furthermore, the temper<strong>at</strong>ure distribu<br />
tion in the torus determines (to some extent) the distribution of fission<br />
products in the PSP during an accident. Thus, an analysis of fission pro<br />
duct transport to the environment will depend on an analysis of the tem<br />
per<strong>at</strong>ure distribution in the PSP.<br />
D.2 Purpose and Scope<br />
The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of the Mark I pre<br />
ssure suppression pool (PSP). Knowledge of the response of the PSP is<br />
*In the liter<strong>at</strong>ure, when the condens<strong>at</strong>ion instability occurs outside<br />
the relief valve tailpipe it is termed "condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ion." If it<br />
occurs inside the pipe, the phenomenon is called "chugging." Here, "con<br />
dens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions" includes both of these effects.
206<br />
desired for transients ranging from a normal SRV discharge to a full<br />
blown, large break LOCA. The primary objective of this study is to im<br />
prove the available BWR pressure suppression pool analysis techniques. A<br />
secondary objective is to learn as much as possible about the complex<br />
phenomena involved in each of the transients (phenomena such as pool<br />
swell, condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ion, chugging, and thermal str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion).<br />
An analysis of the PSP dynamics will necessarily involve accounting<br />
for the two phase flow of steam jets into subcooled w<strong>at</strong>er and the ensuing<br />
transport of mass, momentum, and energy by the mechanism of condens<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
Because of the complex geometry of the PSP, (toroidal geometry plus large,<br />
submerged, complic<strong>at</strong>ed flow obstructions plus an air-w<strong>at</strong>er interface) the<br />
analysis tool used in this study will be a st<strong>at</strong>e-of-the-art, 3-D thermal<br />
hydraulics code.<br />
Pending completion of this work, it will be necessary to assume<br />
pool-averaged conditions for accident analyses.<br />
D.3 Description of the System<br />
The Mark I containment system consists of the drywell, the pressure<br />
suppression pool, the vent system connecting the drywell and PSP, a con<br />
tainment cooling system, isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves, and various service equipment.<br />
Figure D-l shows the arrangement of the drywell, PSP, and vent system<br />
within the Reactor Building.<br />
The drywell is a steel pressure vessel with a spherical lower portion<br />
and a cylindrical upper portion. It is designed for an internal pressure<br />
of 0.531 MPa (62 psig) <strong>at</strong> a temper<strong>at</strong>ure of 138°C (281°F). Normal environ<br />
ment in the drywell during plant oper<strong>at</strong>ion is an inert <strong>at</strong>mosphere of ni<br />
trogen <strong>at</strong> <strong>at</strong>mospheric pressure and a temper<strong>at</strong>ure of about 57°C (135°F).<br />
The vent system consists of 8 circular vent pipes which connect the<br />
drywell to the PSP. The vent pipes are designed to conduct flow from the<br />
drywell to the PSP (in the event of a LOCA) with minimum resistance, and<br />
to distribute this flow uniformly in the pool. The vent pipes are de<br />
signed for an internal pressure of 0.531 MPa (62 psig) with a temper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
of 138°C (281°F); they are also designed to withstand an external pressure<br />
of 0.014 MPa (2 psi) above internal pressure.<br />
The pressure suppression pool is a toroidal shaped steel pressure<br />
vessel loc<strong>at</strong>ed below the drywell. The PSP contains about 3823 m3<br />
(135,000 ft3) of w<strong>at</strong>er and has an air space above the w<strong>at</strong>er pool of 3370<br />
m3 (119,000 ft3). Inside the PSP, extending around the circumference<br />
of the torus, is a 1.45 m (4.75 ft) diameter vent header. The 8 drywell<br />
vents connect to this vent header. Projecting down from the vent header<br />
are 96 downcomer pipes which termin<strong>at</strong>e 1.22 m (4 ft) below the surface of<br />
the w<strong>at</strong>er. At 13 unevenly distributed positions around the PSP, discharge<br />
lines from the safety relief valves extend through the vent pipes and ter<br />
min<strong>at</strong>e in a T-quencher device loc<strong>at</strong>ed near the bottom of the pool. Figure<br />
D-2 shows a cross section of the PSP and the rel<strong>at</strong>ive loc<strong>at</strong>ions of the<br />
vent pipe, vent header, downcomer, SRV discharge line, and the T-quencher,<br />
which has been rot<strong>at</strong>ed 90° for the purpose of illustr<strong>at</strong>ion. Near the<br />
bottom of the PSP, a 0.762 m (30-in.) suction header (ring header) cir<br />
cumscribes the torus and connects to the pool <strong>at</strong> four loc<strong>at</strong>ions. At<br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong>, the RHR, HPCI, core spray, and RCIC systems are supplied<br />
from this header.
SUPPRESSION<br />
CHAMBER<br />
TOROIDAL<br />
HEADER<br />
enclosed.<br />
207<br />
ORNL-DWG 79-7611A ETD<br />
DRYWELL<br />
REACTOR VESSEL<br />
REACTOR BUILDING<br />
Fig. D.l BWR reactor building showing primary containment system<br />
The torus which contains the pressure suppression pool is designed to<br />
essentially the same requirements as the drywell liner, i.e., a maximum<br />
internal pressure of 0.531 MPa (62 psig) <strong>at</strong> 138°C (281°F), but neither the<br />
drywell nor the torus is designed to withstand the stresses which would be<br />
cre<strong>at</strong>ed by a significant internal vacuum. To ensure th<strong>at</strong> a significant<br />
vacuum can not occur in the drywell, vacuum breaker valves are installed,<br />
which will open to permit flow from the PSP airspace into the drywell<br />
whenever the suppression pool pressure exceeds the drywell pressure by<br />
more than 3447 Pa (0.5 psi). Additional vacuum breaker valves with the<br />
same setpoints are installed to permit flow from the Reactor Building into<br />
the PSP airspace, to prevent a significant vacuum there.<br />
D.4 Identific<strong>at</strong>ion of the Phenomena<br />
The thermal hydraulic phenomena associ<strong>at</strong>ed with a BWR pressure sup<br />
pression pool are mainly those dealing with the PSP response during two
RING GIRDER<br />
ECCS<br />
SUCTION<br />
LINE<br />
t = 0.756 in.<br />
MAIN VENT-<br />
BELLOWS<br />
Fig. D.2 <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Mark I containment pressure suppression<br />
pool.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8567 ETD<br />
SAFETY RELIEF VALVE<br />
DISCHARGE LINE<br />
ro<br />
o<br />
oo
209<br />
types of transients: (1) LOCA-rel<strong>at</strong>ed phenomena and (2) SRV-discharge<br />
phenomena.<br />
A. LOCA — Rel<strong>at</strong>ed Phenomena<br />
Immedi<strong>at</strong>ely following the pipe break in a LOCA, the drywell pressure<br />
and temper<strong>at</strong>ure increase very quickly. The pressure increase forces w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
standing in the downcomer to acceler<strong>at</strong>e rapidly into the PSP and impinge<br />
on the torus wall. Following the slug of w<strong>at</strong>er, air th<strong>at</strong> was in the vent<br />
pipes and drywell is forced into the PSP. This forms a bubble of air <strong>at</strong><br />
the downcomer exit which expands into the suppression chamber and causes<br />
the pool to swell. As the air bubble rises into the torus airspace, the<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er will experience a gravity-induced fallback and phase separ<strong>at</strong>ion will<br />
again occur.<br />
The pool swell transient described above lasts on the order of 3 to 5<br />
s.30 It has been studied by several authors, both experimentally31-33 and<br />
numerically.3•+,35 The consensus is th<strong>at</strong> pool swell impingement and drag<br />
loads induced during a LOCA are conserv<strong>at</strong>ively estim<strong>at</strong>ed and acceptable.<br />
Immedi<strong>at</strong>ely following the pool swell transient, an air/steam mixture<br />
will flow into the PSP. Early in this process, when the mass flow r<strong>at</strong>e is<br />
high, the injected steam condenses <strong>at</strong> an unsteady r<strong>at</strong>e causing periodic<br />
oscill<strong>at</strong>ions in the pressure and flow. However, since the mass flux is<br />
high enough to maintain the steam/w<strong>at</strong>er interface outside the downcomer,<br />
the overall condens<strong>at</strong>ion proceeds <strong>at</strong> a regular r<strong>at</strong>e. This phenomenon is<br />
known as condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ion. It is characterized by a steady, peri<br />
odic vari<strong>at</strong>ion in the pressure which forces local structures within the<br />
torus to vibr<strong>at</strong>e in phase with the oscill<strong>at</strong>ions. Condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
has been studied experimentally36»37 and analytically;37>38 however,<br />
the basic driving mechanism for the pressure resonance has not been iden<br />
tified.39<br />
When the air/steam flow through the downcomer decreases to the point<br />
where the condens<strong>at</strong>ion r<strong>at</strong>e outside the pipe exceeds the steam flow exit<br />
ing the pipe, the steam bubble collapses very rapidly. This results in a<br />
large drop in the steam pressure and the steam-w<strong>at</strong>er interface rushes up<br />
into the downcomer. Once there, the interface is warmed by condensing<br />
steam and the condens<strong>at</strong>ion r<strong>at</strong>e begins to decrease. At some point, the<br />
steam pressure will rise, and the interface is pushed out of the downcomer<br />
to form an irregularly shaped bubble <strong>at</strong> the pipe exit. The bubble begins<br />
to collapse; and the entire process, known as chugging, repe<strong>at</strong>s. Chugg<br />
ing is characterized by rapid, irregular interface acceler<strong>at</strong>ions and pres<br />
sure oscill<strong>at</strong>ions th<strong>at</strong> cause large loads on the torus structure.<br />
The chugging phenomenon is very similar to the condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscilla<br />
tion problem. It has also been studied in detail, with analysis methods<br />
which range from manometer-like models th<strong>at</strong> <strong>at</strong>tempt to predict the gross<br />
motion of the interface, to probabilistic models th<strong>at</strong> <strong>at</strong>tempt to predict<br />
internal chugging."40"1*2 The central problems which plague analysis of<br />
the chugging phenomenon are (1) high uncertainty in the basic condens<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
r<strong>at</strong>es involved and (2) lack of understanding of the triggering mechanism<br />
for bubble collapse.<br />
Both of the condens<strong>at</strong>ion phenomena (chugging and condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscil<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ion) involve transient, stochastic, turbulent, two phase flow. Because
210<br />
of the complexity of these problems, no accur<strong>at</strong>e assessment has been made<br />
of the loads involved.30 Consequently, the analysis of PSP response to<br />
condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions must rely on d<strong>at</strong>a from experiments which model<br />
plant behavior. Thus, there is a need for improvement of the analysis<br />
capability in this area.<br />
B. SRV — Discharge Phenomena<br />
When a SRV actu<strong>at</strong>es, w<strong>at</strong>er and air initially in the discharge line<br />
are immedi<strong>at</strong>ely acceler<strong>at</strong>ed into the PSP. This results in air-clearing<br />
loads much the same as the pool swell loads discussed earlier. These<br />
loads are of no major consequence because they can be adequ<strong>at</strong>ely "scaled"<br />
from the results of labor<strong>at</strong>ory experiments.<br />
Following the air-clearing phase, steam is injected <strong>at</strong> high velocity<br />
into the PSP. Experience has shown th<strong>at</strong>, depending on the discharge de<br />
vice used, condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions can occur as steam bubbles exit the<br />
pipe and collapse in the bulk fluid. As the steam bubbles collapse,<br />
severe pressure oscill<strong>at</strong>ions are induced on the surrounding structures.<br />
Current practice is to limit the severity of these oscill<strong>at</strong>ions by using a<br />
T-quencher device.^3 The T-quencher is a section of pipe (in the form<br />
of a "T") with holes str<strong>at</strong>egically drilled in the arms to enhance local<br />
mixing. The T-quencher has been shown to be very effective in elimin<strong>at</strong>ing<br />
the severity of the pressure pulses, provided the local bulk fluid temper<br />
<strong>at</strong>ure is sufficiently low.<br />
This is the factor th<strong>at</strong> establishes a limit on the effectiveness of<br />
the T-quencher — the local fluid temper<strong>at</strong>ure. If it becomes too high,<br />
the PSP will not be able to rapidly condense all the steam. Some of it<br />
will escape into the air space above the pool and pressurize the torus.<br />
When the suppression pool pressure becomes 3447 Pa (0.5 psi) gre<strong>at</strong>er than<br />
the drywell, the vacuum breakers will open and steam will escape into the<br />
drywell (forcing the temper<strong>at</strong>ure and pressure up). As more steam is dis<br />
charged to the PSP, the drywell and torus pressure will continue to in<br />
crease.<br />
It is concern for this increase in drywell pressure (possibly result<br />
ing in overpressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion) th<strong>at</strong> has led to the establishment of strict<br />
procedures for the sequential ordering of SRV blowdowns to the PSP. Cur<br />
rent practice involves sequentially venting SRVs on opposite sides of the<br />
torus; this prevents excessive local temper<strong>at</strong>ures near any discharge<br />
point.<br />
More recently, concern has been expressed over the long term response<br />
of the PSP during a prelonged <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout. During part of this<br />
scenario, the oper<strong>at</strong>or loses manual control of the SRVs. The long term<br />
result is th<strong>at</strong> a single SRV will continually open into the PSP. The local<br />
fluid temper<strong>at</strong>ure will monotonically rise, resulting in pressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion of<br />
the torus and possible condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions. The potential exists<br />
for rupture of the torus due to overpressure coupled with violent pressure<br />
oscill<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
For example, this potential exists in the particular case of a Sta<br />
tion Blackout with loss of the HPCI and RCIC systems. At about 100 min<br />
into the transient, local pool temper<strong>at</strong>ures <strong>at</strong> the discharge bay are post<br />
ul<strong>at</strong>ed (c.f. Section 9) to be gre<strong>at</strong>er than 149°C (300°F). At th<strong>at</strong> time,
211<br />
steam condens<strong>at</strong>ion oscill<strong>at</strong>ions are expected to acceler<strong>at</strong>e due to the ex<br />
cessive temper<strong>at</strong>ure and the continuous discharge of superhe<strong>at</strong>ed, non-condensible<br />
gases (from hydrogen gener<strong>at</strong>ed in the melting core) into the PSP.<br />
These extreme conditions in the PSP yield a high probability for rupture<br />
of the torus.<br />
Along with the temper<strong>at</strong>ure rise assoc<strong>at</strong>ed with SRV discharge comes a<br />
gravity induced thermal str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion of the pool. This phenomenon is of<br />
interest because the layering tends to remain long after SRV discharge is<br />
complete. Since the str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion remains for a significant period of<br />
time, the validity of the current design basis for Mark I PSPs becomes<br />
questionable. This is because a fundamental assumption in virtually all<br />
the transient analyses is th<strong>at</strong> the pool is thoroughly mixed and <strong>at</strong> a uni<br />
form temper<strong>at</strong>ure following SRV blowdown. The impact of thermal str<strong>at</strong>ifi<br />
c<strong>at</strong>ion on the performance of the PSP remains to be evalu<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
Thermal str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion is also of interest because the temper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
distribution in the PSP affects the fission product distribution in the<br />
torus. Should a breach of primary containment occur, transport of the fis<br />
sion products to the environment will depend, to some extent, on the the<br />
rmal str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion in the torus. Thus, an analysis of fission product<br />
transport is coupled with the thermal str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion problem.<br />
To the best of our knowledge, no inform<strong>at</strong>ion is available in the open<br />
liter<strong>at</strong>ure concerning system<strong>at</strong>ic analysis of the thermal str<strong>at</strong>ific<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
problem. There is therefore the need for research in this area.<br />
Model requirements<br />
D.5 Pool Modeling Consider<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
The prediction of suppression pool system behavior during the course<br />
of a Severe Accident is an exceedingly difficult task. The previously de<br />
scribed phenomena comprise a complex set of physical processes for which<br />
few detailed analytical models currently exist. These phenomena can be<br />
roughly divided into two types, i.e., thermal hydraulic phenomena and<br />
fluid-structure interaction phenomena. The initial efforts <strong>at</strong> ORNL are<br />
directed toward the development of the thermal hydraulic model. A brief<br />
survey was conducted to identify existing multi-dimensional thermal hy<br />
draulic analysis codes which might be applied to the problem. The re<br />
sults of the survey are shown in Table Dl which presents a brief summary<br />
of the candid<strong>at</strong>e codes.<br />
Due to the n<strong>at</strong>ure of the previously described phenomena, it was felt<br />
th<strong>at</strong> any model employed for suppression pool analysis should possess the<br />
following characteristics:<br />
1. Appropri<strong>at</strong>e hydrodynamics<br />
a. two phase<br />
b. non-equilibrium<br />
c. free field form<strong>at</strong> (equ<strong>at</strong>ions and constitutive rel<strong>at</strong>ionships<br />
independent of hydraulic diameter)<br />
d. incorpor<strong>at</strong>e a non-condensable gas field<br />
e. employ multi-dimensional geometry (3 dimensions desirable)<br />
2. Employ appropri<strong>at</strong>e constitutive rel<strong>at</strong>ionships<br />
3. Utilize efficient solution techniques<br />
4. Readily accessable to ORNL staff.
212<br />
Table Dl. Candid<strong>at</strong>e suppression pool analysis codes<br />
Code Developer Geometry T-H characteristics<br />
TRAC LANL 3D cylindrical 2 fluid<br />
(PIA, PD2) nonequilibrium<br />
COBRA-TF BPNL 3D cartesian 3 field<br />
nonequlibrium<br />
CCMMIX-2 ANL 3D 2 fluid<br />
BEAC0N/Mod2 INEL 2D cartesian<br />
cylindrical<br />
spherical<br />
nonequilibrium<br />
2 component vapor<br />
2 phase<br />
nonequilibrium<br />
Requirements l.a and l.b are imposed by the complex n<strong>at</strong>ure of the conden<br />
s<strong>at</strong>ion processes involved in SRV discharge and LOCA blowdown transients.<br />
Requirement l.c is a result not only of the n<strong>at</strong>ure of the SRV discharge<br />
process, but of the geometric dimensions of the suppression pool. The en<br />
ormous size and complex structural design of the suppression pool system<br />
virtually mand<strong>at</strong>es th<strong>at</strong> free field hydrodynamics be employed. Requirement<br />
l.d is imposed because significant amounts of non-condensable gases will<br />
be released from the fuel and gener<strong>at</strong>ed in metal-w<strong>at</strong>er reactions during<br />
Severe Accidents. Requirement I.e. is imposed by the n<strong>at</strong>ure of the hydrodynamic<br />
phenomena and the complex structural rel<strong>at</strong>ionship of the SRV<br />
discharge lines, vent downcomers, and ring header suction system. Appro<br />
pri<strong>at</strong>e constitutive rel<strong>at</strong>ionships (requirement 2) are needed for closure<br />
of the hydrodynamic field equ<strong>at</strong>ions. Many of the rel<strong>at</strong>ionships employed<br />
in existing thermo-hydraulic codes may be invalid for use in the present<br />
problem. Requirement 3 is imposed by the fact th<strong>at</strong> it will be necessary<br />
to predict the behavior of the suppression pool for periods of time rang<br />
ing from a few minutes to several hours. It is, therefore, important th<strong>at</strong><br />
all codes employ fast solution techniques in order to minimize computing<br />
costs. The fourth characteristic is desired because the computer code<br />
selected for the analysis will require local modific<strong>at</strong>ion as necessary to<br />
reflect the unique characteristics of the suppression pool problem.<br />
We are unaware of any existing computer code or model which pos<br />
sesses all of the desirable characteristics outlined above. The initial<br />
effort <strong>at</strong> ORNL is directed toward development of a pool model utilizing<br />
the TRAC-PIA"*1* vessel module. TRAC (Transient Reactor Analysis Code)<br />
— PIA is a best estim<strong>at</strong>e computer code developed <strong>at</strong> Los Alamos Na<br />
tional Labor<strong>at</strong>ory for analysis of large break PWR loss of coolant acci<br />
dents. Although more recent versions of TRAC are available (i.e., PD2,<br />
PF1, and BD1), TRAC-PIA was chosen for this applic<strong>at</strong>ion because it is in<br />
stalled and oper<strong>at</strong>ional on ORNL's computer system.<br />
While TRAC-PIA does employ a full three dimensional, two fluid, non<br />
equlibrium approach to reactor vessel hydrodynamics, it does not account<br />
for free flow or non-condensable gas fields. Additionally, the constitu<br />
tive rel<strong>at</strong>ionships employed In TRAC-PIA are based upon d<strong>at</strong>a which was
213<br />
originally developed for vertical pipe flow and may not be valid for ap<br />
plic<strong>at</strong>ion to steam jet discharge phenomena.1*5 Though these limit<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
are significant, it is felt th<strong>at</strong> our access to TRAC-PIA will allow us to<br />
implement any changes in the constitutive rel<strong>at</strong>ionship package which might<br />
be necessary to reflect the characteristics of the suppression pool<br />
phenomena. LANL is currently modifying TRAC to include non-condensable<br />
gas field hydrodynamics (TRAC-PF1). ORNL's utiliz<strong>at</strong>ion of TRAC-PIA will<br />
allow us to quickly implement this modified version when it becomes avail<br />
able.<br />
We have tent<strong>at</strong>ively chosen the PELE-IC1*6 code for future use in an<br />
alysis of the fluid-structure interaction within the suppression pool.<br />
PELE-IC (developed by LLL) couples a two dimensional Eulerian fluid dy<br />
namics algorithm to a Lagrangian finite element shell algorithm. The code<br />
can couple either a one dimensional or a lumped parameter description of<br />
compressible gases, and can employ either cartesian or cylindrical coordi<br />
n<strong>at</strong>es. PELE-IC employs the basic semi-implicit solution algorithm con<br />
tained in the SOLA code.1*7 The movement of free surfaces is tre<strong>at</strong>ed in<br />
a full donar cell fashion based on a combin<strong>at</strong>ion of void fractions and<br />
interface orient<strong>at</strong>ion. The structural motion is calcul<strong>at</strong>ed by a finite<br />
element method, from the applied fluid pressure <strong>at</strong> the fluid structure in<br />
terface. The finite element shell structure algorithm uses conventional<br />
thin shell theory with transverse shear and provides the fluid module with<br />
the resultant position and velocity of the interface. The code is capable<br />
of analyzing both vent clearing and condens<strong>at</strong>ion rel<strong>at</strong>ed phenomena.<br />
TRAC suppression pool model description<br />
A block diagram of the ORNL-TRAC suppression pool model is shown in<br />
Fig. D-3. The model is comprised of the TRAC VESSEL module which repre<br />
sents the pool hydrodynamics, and two FILL and PIPE modules, which repre<br />
sent the SRV discharge flow and T-quencher assembly. A detailed view of<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8150 ETD<br />
FILL<br />
PIPE PIPE<br />
1<br />
VESSEL<br />
Fig. D.3 Suppression pool model block diagram.<br />
1
214<br />
the pool model is shown in Figs. D-4 and D-5. The pool is represented as<br />
112 cells in cylindrical geometry, loc<strong>at</strong>ed <strong>at</strong> five axial, four azimuthal,<br />
and eight radial regions. SRV discharge is assumed to occur as shown in<br />
Figs. D-4 and D-5. Half of the SRV discharge flow is directed radially<br />
inward from the fifth radial zone, while the other half is directed ra<br />
dially outward. It should be noted th<strong>at</strong> the T-quencher is not modeled in<br />
a strictly physical fashion, since the discharge is assumed to occur<br />
through a single open ended pipe with a flow area approxim<strong>at</strong>ely equal to<br />
th<strong>at</strong> of the T-quencher device. This approach was chosen for the initial<br />
model due to the significant reduction in input prepar<strong>at</strong>ion time and<br />
model complexity associ<strong>at</strong>ed with this approach. The initial w<strong>at</strong>er level<br />
is assumed to be 4.47 meters above the pool bottom (i.e., <strong>at</strong> level 4 in<br />
0, = 0.0165689 rad<br />
62 = 2.1053743 rad<br />
03 = 4.1942798 rad<br />
04 = 6.2831853 rad<br />
Fig. D.4 Suppression pool model top view.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8151 ETD<br />
TOP VIEW<br />
R, = 12.3901 m<br />
R2 = 12.9311 m<br />
R3 = 13.5239 m<br />
R4 = 14.7035 m<br />
16.9926 m<br />
19.2877 m<br />
R7 = 20.4643 m<br />
R8 = 21.0601 m<br />
R9 = 21.6011 m
VESSEL<br />
CENTER<br />
R6 R7 R8 Rg<br />
Fig. D.5 Suppression pool model cross section.<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8152 ETD<br />
HALF CROSS SECTION VIEW AT AA<br />
B8 NO FLOW REGION<br />
INITIAL FLUID CELLS<br />
M INITIAL VAPOR CELLS<br />
|S3<br />
H
216<br />
Fig. D-5) with all cells in level 5 occupied by vapor. Internal struc<br />
tures (vent header, down comers, etc.) are not modeled.<br />
Current st<strong>at</strong>us of suppression pool model<br />
Several preliminary computer runs have been made in which TRAC d<strong>at</strong>a<br />
base errors have been identified and elimin<strong>at</strong>ed. We are currently exper<br />
iencing problems rel<strong>at</strong>ed to the limit<strong>at</strong>ions of TRAC-PIA in accounting for<br />
the simultaneous existence of steam (vapor) and perfect gas (nitrogen)<br />
within the vessel. The TRAC user must specify th<strong>at</strong> either vapor or air<br />
properties be used everywhere within the code. In terms of the pressure<br />
suppression pool, this means th<strong>at</strong> the nitrogen gas (which is loc<strong>at</strong>ed in<br />
the space above the pool) must be tre<strong>at</strong>ed as subcooled vapor if one is to<br />
inject steam into the pool. It is also possible th<strong>at</strong> the constitutive re<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ionships within TRAC are producing instabilities in the solution due to<br />
their dependence upon hydraulic diameter and fluid property inform<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
We are currently working closely with the TRAC User Liaison Section <strong>at</strong><br />
LANL in an effort to determine whether these problems can be overcome. In<br />
the event these problems prove to be insurmountable, we will re-evalu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
the remaining code candid<strong>at</strong>es and select an altern<strong>at</strong>ive program for the<br />
suppression pool thermal hydraulic analysis.
217<br />
APPENDIX E<br />
A COMPENDIUM OF INFORMATION CONCERNING THE BROWNS FERRY<br />
UNIT 1 HIGH-PRESSURE COOLANT INJECTION SYSTEM<br />
E.1 Purpose<br />
The High-Pressure Coolant Injection (HPCI) System is designed to en<br />
sure adequ<strong>at</strong>e core cooling to prevent damage to fuel in the event of a<br />
loss of coolant accident th<strong>at</strong> does not result in rapid depressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion of<br />
the reactor vessel. The HPCI System provides w<strong>at</strong>er to make up for th<strong>at</strong><br />
which is lost through steam gener<strong>at</strong>ed by decay he<strong>at</strong>.1*8<br />
E.2 System Description<br />
The HPCI System (Fig. E-l) consists of a steam turbine driven booster<br />
pump — main pump combin<strong>at</strong>ion and the associ<strong>at</strong>ed piping and valves.<br />
The booster pump can take suction from either the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank<br />
or the pressure suppression pool. The HPCI pumped flow enters the reactor<br />
vessel feedw<strong>at</strong>er line "A" via a thermal sleeve connection. A test line<br />
permits testing of the HPCI System <strong>at</strong> full flow while the reactor is <strong>at</strong><br />
power, with the main pump discharge routed to the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank.<br />
A minimum flow line connects the main pump discharge to the pressure sup<br />
pression pool, as a means of ensuring a flow of <strong>at</strong> least 0.038 m3/s (600<br />
GPM) through the pumps. The normal setpoint for HPCI pumped flow is<br />
18.93 m3/s (5000 GPM).<br />
The HPCI turbine is driven by steam extracted from main steam line<br />
"B" upstream of the main steam line isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves. The two primary<br />
containment isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves in the steam line to the HPCI turbine are<br />
normally open to keep the piping to the turbine <strong>at</strong> elev<strong>at</strong>ed temper<strong>at</strong>ures<br />
to permit rapid system startup (within 25 s of receipt of an initi<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
signal). The normally closed DC-motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed steam supply valves up<br />
stream of the HPCI turbine will open against full system pressure within<br />
20 s after receipt of a system initi<strong>at</strong>ion signal. Signals from the con<br />
trol system open or close the turbine stop valve. The turbine control<br />
valve is physically <strong>at</strong>tached to the HPCI turbine and is positioned by the<br />
turbine governor as necessary to maintain the pumped flow <strong>at</strong> the level set<br />
by the oper<strong>at</strong>or, normally 0.315 m3/s (5000 GPM). The turbine exhaust<br />
steam is discharged to the pressure suppression pool. The turbine gland<br />
seals are vented to a gland seal condenser. A small w<strong>at</strong>er flow diverted<br />
from the booster pump discharge is used to cool both the turbine lubric<strong>at</strong><br />
ing oil cooler and the gland seal condenser. This cooling flow is re<br />
turned, together with the gland seal condens<strong>at</strong>e, to the booster pump suc<br />
tion. Noncondensible gases from the gland seal condenser are removed via<br />
a DC-motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed blower to the Standby Gas Tre<strong>at</strong>ment System.<br />
A vacuum breaker line (not shown on Fig. E-l) is installed between<br />
the torus airspace and the HPCI turbine exhaust line. Its purpose is to<br />
prevent w<strong>at</strong>er from the pressure suppression pool from being drawn up into<br />
the turbine exhaust line as the steam condenses in this line following<br />
turbine oper<strong>at</strong>ion.
ELEVATION 577 ft<br />
6<br />
CONDENSATE<br />
RETURN<br />
HEADER<br />
SUPPRESSION<br />
POOL<br />
SUPPRESSION<br />
CHAMBER<br />
HEADER<br />
CONDENSATE<br />
STORAGE<br />
TANK<br />
CONDENSATE<br />
SUPPLY O<br />
HEADER ^<br />
WATER<br />
LEVEL<br />
ELEVATION<br />
536 ft<br />
•hJvi-<br />
PUMP
219<br />
E.3 HPCI Pump Suction<br />
The HPCI pump can take suction either from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage<br />
header or from the pressure suppression pool via the suppression pool ring<br />
header. The normal lineup is for suction of the reactor-grade w<strong>at</strong>er in<br />
the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage header.<br />
Each <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> unit is provided with a 1419.4 m3 (375,000 gal<br />
lon) condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank, which provides a w<strong>at</strong>er head to the storage<br />
header for th<strong>at</strong> unit. The storage header, which taps into the bottom of<br />
the storage tank, feeds the suctions of the high-pressure ECCS Systems,<br />
specifically, the pumps for the HPCI and the RCIC systems. The core spray<br />
pumps and the RHR pumps can be fed from this source, but are not normally<br />
aligned to it. All other demand for condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank w<strong>at</strong>er is fed<br />
via a standpipe within the tank; the standpipe height is such th<strong>at</strong> 511.0<br />
m3 (135,000 gallons) of w<strong>at</strong>er is reserved for the ECCS Systems.<br />
It is important to note th<strong>at</strong> the local-manual opening of one normally<br />
locked-shut valve will cross-connect the <strong>Unit</strong> 3 and the <strong>Unit</strong> 1 condens<strong>at</strong>e<br />
storage header; the opening of a second such valve will cross-connect all<br />
three condens<strong>at</strong>e storage headers.1*9 Thus the <strong>Unit</strong> 1 ECCS Systems have a<br />
minimum of 511.0 and a maximum of 1419.4 m3 (135,000 to 375,000 gallons)<br />
available through normally open valves from the <strong>Unit</strong> 1 storage tank and<br />
these limits can be increased three-fold by manually opening two normally<br />
locked-closed valves. Two additional condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tanks, each of<br />
1892.5 m3 (500,000 gallon) capacity, have recently been installed <strong>at</strong> the<br />
<strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> Nuclear Plant. Thus it is unlikely th<strong>at</strong> HPCI System opera<br />
tion will ever be limited by the availability of condens<strong>at</strong>e storage header<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er.<br />
The HPCI booster pump suction will be autom<strong>at</strong>ically shifted from the<br />
condens<strong>at</strong>e storage header to the suppression pool ring header if either:<br />
1. The w<strong>at</strong>er level above the booster pump suction falls to an elev<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
of 168.4 m (551 ft). This would mean th<strong>at</strong> the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank<br />
had completely drained and there remained just sufficient w<strong>at</strong>er in the<br />
condens<strong>at</strong>e storage header to effect a transfer before losing net posi<br />
tive suction head (NPSH).<br />
or<br />
2. The pressure suppression pool level increases to an indic<strong>at</strong>ed level of<br />
0.18 m (+7 in). Since the normal pool level is maintained between<br />
0.05 and 0.15 m ( 2 and 6 in.),50 this implies the addition of<br />
between 257.4 and 371.0 m3 (68,000 and 98,000 gallons) of w<strong>at</strong>er to<br />
the pool.<br />
The 0.76 m (30 in.) diameter suppression pool ring header lies parallel to<br />
and bene<strong>at</strong>h the suppression pool. W<strong>at</strong>er flow from the suppression pool to<br />
the ring header is via four 0.76 m (30 in.) diameter downcomer pipes<br />
spaced <strong>at</strong> irregular intervals around the torus. Each downcomer is capped<br />
with strainers <strong>at</strong> the torus end.<br />
The change in HPCI pump suction lineup is accomplished by the opening<br />
of two DC-motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed valves in the line from the pressure suppression<br />
pool to the HPCI booster pump suction followed by the closing of the DCmotor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
valve in the suction line from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage<br />
header. A check valve in the line from the suppression pool prevents<br />
backflow from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank into the suppression pool during<br />
the change.
220<br />
Two pressure switches are used to determine the w<strong>at</strong>er head from the<br />
condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank above the booster pump suction and two level<br />
switches monitor the suppression pool level. In either case, just one of<br />
the two available signals is sufficient to initi<strong>at</strong>e the shift in HPCI<br />
booster pump suction. Once the booster pump suction has been autom<strong>at</strong>i<br />
cally shifted to the pressure suppression pool, the oper<strong>at</strong>or cannot re<br />
position the valves back to the condens<strong>at</strong>e header suction lineup.<br />
The minimum required net positive suction head (NPSH) for the HPCI<br />
booster pump is 6.40 m (21 ft). This requirement is easily s<strong>at</strong>isfied when<br />
suction is taken from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage header which is <strong>at</strong> an eleva<br />
tion of approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 8.69 m (28 1/2 ft) above the booster pump centerline.<br />
When the HPCI booster pump suction is shifted to the pressure sup<br />
pression pool due to a high indic<strong>at</strong>ed pool level of 0.18 m (+7 in.), the<br />
pool w<strong>at</strong>er level is 4.04 m (13.25 ft) above the booster pump centerline.<br />
Therefore, the NPSH requirement of 6.40 m (21 ft) can be met as long as<br />
the temper<strong>at</strong>ure of the pumped w<strong>at</strong>er is below 85.0°C (185°F), assuming no<br />
containment back pressure.<br />
E.4 System Initi<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
Either of two signals will cause an autom<strong>at</strong>ic start of the HPCI Sys<br />
tem. These are:<br />
1. Low reactor w<strong>at</strong>er level [12.09 m (476 in.) above vessel zero].<br />
2. High drywell pressure [0.12 MPa (2 psig)].<br />
With either of these conditions, both the suction valve to the con<br />
dens<strong>at</strong>e storage header and the minimum flow bypass valve will open if they<br />
were closed. The pump discharge valve between the main HPCI pump and<br />
feedw<strong>at</strong>er header "A" will open, and the two test line isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves<br />
will close if they were open. The steam supply valve to the turbine will<br />
open.*<br />
The DC-motor-driven auxiliary oil pump starts and as the oil pressure<br />
increases, the turbine stop and control valves open. Above 1800 rpm, the<br />
main oil pump which is driven on the turbine shaft takes over and main<br />
tains the oil pressure while the auxiliary oil pump shuts down. The mini<br />
mum flow bypass valve closes autom<strong>at</strong>ically when the increasing HPCI System<br />
pump flow exceeds 0.076 m3/s (1200 GPM).<br />
The time from actu<strong>at</strong>ing signal to full flow is less than 25 seconds.<br />
The turbine control system will act to maintain a pumped flow of 0.315<br />
m /s (5000 GPM) into the feedw<strong>at</strong>er line over a reactor pressure range of<br />
from 1.14 to 7.83 MPa (150 to 1120 psig). If desired, the oper<strong>at</strong>or in the<br />
Control Room can oper<strong>at</strong>e the system in the manual or autom<strong>at</strong>ic mode <strong>at</strong> a<br />
different controlled flow.<br />
The HPCI turbine oper<strong>at</strong>es <strong>at</strong> between 0.746 to 3.356 MW, (1000 and<br />
4500 horsepower) with a steam demand of between 6.17 to 23.18 kg/s (49,000<br />
and 184,000 lbs/h). System steam and pumped w<strong>at</strong>er flows <strong>at</strong> oper<strong>at</strong>ing con<br />
ditions are given in tabular form on Fig. 6.4.1 of the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> FSAR.<br />
*The two normally-open primary containment isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves in the<br />
steam supply line will not reopen, if closed.
221<br />
E.5 Turbine Trips<br />
On an HPCI turbine trip, the turbine stop valve closes and the mini<br />
mum flow bypass valve to the pressure suppression pool closes to preclude<br />
drainage from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage header into the suppression pool.<br />
The following conditions will cause turbine trip:<br />
1. High reactor vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level [14.78 m (582 in.) above vessel zero].<br />
2. High HPCI turbine exhaust pressure [1.14 MPa (150 psig)].<br />
3. Low HPCI booster pump suction pressure [—0.381 m (—15 in.) Hg].<br />
4. HPCI turbine mechanical overspeed (5000 rpm).<br />
5. Any HPCI isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal.<br />
6. Remote manual trip from Control Room.<br />
7. Manual trip lever on the HPCI turbine.<br />
All turbine trips except high reactor w<strong>at</strong>er level and HPCI isol<strong>at</strong>ion will<br />
reset autom<strong>at</strong>ically when the initi<strong>at</strong>ing condition clears. The high reac<br />
tor w<strong>at</strong>er level signal can be reset manually, or will reset autom<strong>at</strong>ically<br />
when the reactor w<strong>at</strong>er level decreases to the low reactor w<strong>at</strong>er level HPCI<br />
initi<strong>at</strong>ion point, 12.09 m (476 in.) above vessel zero. The HPCI isol<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
signal must be manually reset.<br />
E.6 System Isol<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
The Primary Containment and Reactor Vessel Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Control System<br />
initi<strong>at</strong>es autom<strong>at</strong>ic isol<strong>at</strong>ion of appropri<strong>at</strong>e pipelines which penetr<strong>at</strong>e the<br />
primary containment whenever certain monitored variables exceed their pre<br />
selected oper<strong>at</strong>ional limits. The system is designed so th<strong>at</strong>, once initi<br />
<strong>at</strong>ed, autom<strong>at</strong>ic isol<strong>at</strong>ion continues to completion. Return to normal oper<br />
<strong>at</strong>ion after isol<strong>at</strong>ion requires deliber<strong>at</strong>e oper<strong>at</strong>or action.<br />
An autom<strong>at</strong>ic isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal for the HPCI System causes the inboard<br />
and outboard HPCI steam line isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves to close, trips the HPCI<br />
turbine, and closes the two motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed valves in the suction line from<br />
the pressure suppression pool. The inboard steam line isol<strong>at</strong>ion valve is<br />
AC-motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed, the outboard DC-motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed. The maximum closing<br />
time for these valves is 20 s.<br />
The following conditions cause a HPCI System isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal:52<br />
1. HPCI System equipment space high temper<strong>at</strong>ure. Since high temper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
in the vicinity of the steam supply line or other HPCI equipment could<br />
indic<strong>at</strong>e a break in the turbine steam supply line, an isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal<br />
is gener<strong>at</strong>ed if this temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 93.3°C (200°F). This temper<br />
<strong>at</strong>ure is sensed by four sets of four bimetallic temper<strong>at</strong>ure switches.<br />
These 16 temper<strong>at</strong>ure switches are arranged in four trip systems with<br />
four temper<strong>at</strong>ure switches in each trip system. The four temper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
switches in each trip system are arranged in one-out-of-two taken<br />
twice logic.<br />
2. HPCI turbine high steam flow. Since high steam flow could indic<strong>at</strong>e a<br />
break in the turbine steam supply line, an isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal is gener<br />
<strong>at</strong>ed if the measured steam flow exceeds 150% of design maximum steady<br />
st<strong>at</strong>e flow. The steam line flow is sensed by two differential pres<br />
sure switches which monitor the differential pressure across a mechan<br />
ical element installed in the HPCI turbine steam pipeline. The trip<br />
ping of either switch <strong>at</strong> a differential pressure of 0.62 MPa (90 psi)<br />
initi<strong>at</strong>es HPCI System isol<strong>at</strong>ion.
222<br />
3. Low reactor pressure. After steam pressure has decreased to such a<br />
low value th<strong>at</strong> the HPCI turbine cannot be oper<strong>at</strong>ed, the steam line is<br />
isol<strong>at</strong>ed so th<strong>at</strong> steam and radioactive gases will not escape from the<br />
HPCI turbine shaft seals into the reactor building. The steam pres<br />
sure is sensed by four pressure switches from the HPCI turbine steam<br />
line upstream of the isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves. The switches are arranged in a<br />
one-out-of-two taken twice logic. The set point for this isol<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
signal is 0.793 MPa (100 psig).<br />
4. High turbine exhaust diaphragm pressure. A line tapping off the tur<br />
bine exhaust line contains two rupture diaphrams in series, with the<br />
space between vented to the HPCI equipment space through a flow re<br />
stricting orifice. The diaphrams are designed for 1.138 MPa (150<br />
psig). If the pressure in the space between the diaphrams exceeds<br />
0.172 MPa (10 psig), a system isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal is gener<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
5. Manual Isol<strong>at</strong>ion. If a HPCI initi<strong>at</strong>ion signal is present, the opera<br />
tor can cause HPCI system isol<strong>at</strong>ion by pushing a control panel push<br />
button.<br />
The low reactor pressure isol<strong>at</strong>ion will be autom<strong>at</strong>ically reset if re<br />
actor pressure is restored; all other isol<strong>at</strong>ion signals seal in and the<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>or must push the HPCI auto isol<strong>at</strong>ion circuit reset push-button after<br />
the condition has cleared.<br />
E.7 Technical Specific<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
1. The HPCI System shall be operable<br />
a. Prior to startup from cold condition<br />
b. Whenever there is irradi<strong>at</strong>ed fuel in the reactor vessel and the<br />
reactor vessel pressure is gre<strong>at</strong>er than 0.945 MPa (122 psig), ex<br />
cept<br />
c. If the HPCI System is inoperable the reactor may remain in opera<br />
tion for a period not to exceed 7 days provided ADS, core spray,<br />
LPCI mode of RHR and RCIC are all operable.<br />
If these conditions are not met, an orderly shutdown shall be initi<br />
<strong>at</strong>ed and the reactor vessel pressure reduced to 0.945 MPa (122 psig)<br />
or less within 24 hours.<br />
2. HPCI testing shall be performed as follows:<br />
a. Simul<strong>at</strong>ed autom<strong>at</strong>ic actu<strong>at</strong>ion test — once per oper<strong>at</strong>ing cycle<br />
b. Pump operability — once per month<br />
c. Motor oper<strong>at</strong>ed valve operability — once per month<br />
d. Flow r<strong>at</strong>e <strong>at</strong> normal reactor oper<strong>at</strong>ing pressure — once per<br />
three months<br />
e. Flow r<strong>at</strong>e <strong>at</strong> 1.138 MPa (150 psig) — once per oper<strong>at</strong>ing cycle<br />
3. Whenever HPCI is required to be operable the piping from the pump dis<br />
charge to the last flow blocking valve shall be filled. W<strong>at</strong>er flow<br />
from the high point vent must be observed monthly. (Purpose is to<br />
prevent w<strong>at</strong>er hammer when the system is started.)
223<br />
APPENDIX F<br />
A COMPENDIUM OF INFORMATION CONCERNING THE BROWNS FERRY<br />
UNIT 1 REACTOR CORE ISOLATION COOLING SYSTEM<br />
F.1 Purpose<br />
The Reactor Core Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Cooling (RCIC) System is designed to en<br />
sure th<strong>at</strong> the core is not uncovered in the event of loss of all AC power.<br />
The RCIC System provides w<strong>at</strong>er to make up for th<strong>at</strong> lost through steam gen<br />
er<strong>at</strong>ed by decay he<strong>at</strong> during reactor isol<strong>at</strong>ion.53 RCIC is a consequence<br />
limiting system r<strong>at</strong>her than an ECCS System; the system design is not pred<br />
ic<strong>at</strong>ed on any loss of structure accident.51*<br />
F.2 System Description<br />
The RCIC System (Fig. F-l) consists of a steam-turbine driven pump<br />
unit and the associ<strong>at</strong>ed piping and valves. The RCIC pump can take suction<br />
from either the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank or the pressure suppression pool<br />
and discharges to the reactor vessel feedw<strong>at</strong>er line "B" via a thermal<br />
sleeve connection. A full flow system test line permits testing of the<br />
RCIC System while the reactor is <strong>at</strong> power, with the pump discharge routed<br />
to the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank. A minimum flow line connects the RCIC<br />
pump discharge to the pressure suppression pool, as a means of ensuring a<br />
flow of <strong>at</strong> least 0.004 m3/s (60 GPM) through the pump. The minimum flow<br />
bypass valve closes <strong>at</strong> a system flow of gre<strong>at</strong>er than 0.008 m3/s (120<br />
GPM). The normal setpoint for RCIC pumped flow is 0.038 m3/s (600 GPM).<br />
The RCIC turbine is driven by steam extracted from main steam line<br />
"C" upstream of the main steam line isol<strong>at</strong>ion valve. The two primary con<br />
tainment isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves in the steam line to the RCIC turbine are nor<br />
mally open to keep the piping to the turbine <strong>at</strong> elev<strong>at</strong>ed temper<strong>at</strong>ures so<br />
as to permit rapid system startup (within 30 seconds of an initi<strong>at</strong>ion sig<br />
nal). The normally closed DC-motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed steam supply valve just up<br />
stream of the RCIC turbine will open against full system pressure within<br />
15 seconds after receipt of a system initi<strong>at</strong>ion signal.<br />
The RCIC turbine exhaust steam is discharged to the pressure suppres<br />
sion pool. The turbine gland seals are drained to a barometric condenser,<br />
in which the steam is condensed by a w<strong>at</strong>er spray. The w<strong>at</strong>er spray is pro<br />
vided by a flow diverted from the RCIC pump discharge to pass through the<br />
turbine lube oil cooler and subsequently form the spray. The condens<strong>at</strong>e<br />
from the barometric condenser is pumped back to the RCIC pump suction. A<br />
vacuum pump removes the non-condensibles from the barometric condenser and<br />
inserts them into the pressure suppression pool.<br />
A vacuum breaker line (not shown on Fig. F-l) is installed between<br />
the torus airspace and the RCIC turbine exhaust line. Its purpose is to<br />
prevent pressure suppression pool w<strong>at</strong>er from being drawn up into the tur<br />
bine exhaust line when the remaining exhaust steam condenses after turbine<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ion and shutdown.<br />
All components normally required for initi<strong>at</strong>ing oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the RCIC<br />
System are completely independent of AC power, plant service air, and ex<br />
ternal cooling w<strong>at</strong>er systems, requiring only DC power from a unit b<strong>at</strong>tery
224<br />
TO SUPPRESSION POOL
225<br />
normally open AC-motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed RCIC inboard steam line isol<strong>at</strong>ion valve,<br />
which will remain open on loss of power.<br />
F.3 RCIC Pump Suction<br />
The RCIC pump can take suction either from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage<br />
header through a single normally-open DC-motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed valve or from the<br />
pressure suppression pool via the suppression pool ring header.<br />
Each <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> <strong>Unit</strong> is provided with a 1419.4 m3 (375,000 gal<br />
lon) condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank, which provides a w<strong>at</strong>er head to the storage<br />
header for th<strong>at</strong> unit. The storage header, which taps into the bottom of<br />
the storage tank, feeds the suctions of the high-pressure ECCS Systems,<br />
specifically, the pumps for the HPCI and the RCIC systems. The core spray<br />
pumps and the RHR pumps can be fed from this source, but are not normally<br />
aligned to it. All other demand for condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank w<strong>at</strong>er is fed<br />
via a standpipe within the tank; the standpipe height is such th<strong>at</strong> 511.0<br />
m3 (135,000 gallons) of w<strong>at</strong>er is reserved for the ECCS Systems.<br />
There is no provision for an autom<strong>at</strong>ic shifting of the RCIC pump suc<br />
tion from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage header to the pressure suppression pool.<br />
However, if condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank w<strong>at</strong>er is unavailable for any reason,<br />
the control room oper<strong>at</strong>or can shift the RCIC pump suction to the pressure<br />
suppression pool ring header. This is done by remote-manually opening the<br />
two DC-motor-oper<strong>at</strong>ed suction valves to the pool ring header; when these<br />
two valves are fully open, the suction valve to the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage<br />
header will autom<strong>at</strong>ically close.<br />
The minimum required net positive suction head (NPSH) for the RCIC<br />
System is 6.10 m (20 ft), which is readily available with suction taken<br />
from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank. With suction from the pressure suppres<br />
sion pool, the required NPSH is available for suppression pool tempera<br />
tures up to 85.0°C (185°F) with no containment back pressure.<br />
F.4 System Initi<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
An autom<strong>at</strong>ic start of the RCIC System is initi<strong>at</strong>ed by low reactor<br />
vessel w<strong>at</strong>er level <strong>at</strong> 12.10 m (476.5 in.) above vessel zero. The single<br />
normally-closed valve in the steam supply line opens, and steam is ad<br />
mitted to the turbine. (The turbine stop valve and control valve are nor<br />
mally open when the RCIC System is in standby.) The barometric condenser<br />
vacuum pump starts, and the condens<strong>at</strong>e pump will act to autom<strong>at</strong>ically con<br />
trol the w<strong>at</strong>er level in the condenser. The RCIC turbine speed and pump<br />
flow are autom<strong>at</strong>ically maintained by the steam flow controller. Turbine<br />
lube oil is supplied by a shaft-driven oil pump. The single .normallyclosed<br />
valve in the pump discharge line to feedw<strong>at</strong>er header "B" autom<strong>at</strong>i<br />
cally opens, and the minimum flow bypass valve closes autom<strong>at</strong>ically when<br />
pump flow exceeds 0.008 m3/s (120 GPM).<br />
If the RCIC System is in an abnormal lineup when an initi<strong>at</strong>ion signal<br />
is received, the system will realign:<br />
a. If the normally open pump discharge valve is closed, it will open.<br />
b. If the normally open pump suction valve from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage<br />
header Is closed, it will open provided <strong>at</strong> least one of the suppres<br />
sion pool suction valves is not fully open.
o<br />
ro<br />
On<br />
a rt rt 3 O to rt 00 00 ~>l O Ul -p- OJ ro P rt Hi rt O o rt O CT /-v 03 -c<br />
c<br />
/-v CD B Hi rt<br />
£5f H Oh o<br />
•<br />
O XT o O 3 1 P- p- ID 3d 3 p. H Hi P- ro TJ p. On TJ P 3"T] CO ^ o ID * H XT O ID C O O "S _,<br />
o CO i-l i-J On 3 r1<br />
M X) o O rt 00 o (D 3* c7p. f?<br />
%<br />
£<br />
W rH 3=<br />
frt p-<br />
i-H<br />
O o<br />
O- XT O B rt P M<br />
H $3 03 nOQ o S to M O- O rt O H P^ - 3 O ID 0 Pje h,<br />
a Gr o.<br />
o I-J M<br />
TJ ID Hi<br />
i-h fD pj o M P- XT o B •^ « 00 o to 0Q XT H- rt M • 3 XT rt 3 o> fD O p- XT TJ O p n ID rt<br />
3 ro XI CO l-l 03 rH<br />
rt :<br />
£ o 3d XT n XT to rt ID O to \-h B to S ID ID g rt p 3 CD cr ID O rt 3 G rt<br />
B<br />
3 to l-j o rt 03 ?3 03 rt XT n h- 03 3 p. pj "T P- P" 03 N-X 3 o XT H rt 3 p- 3 3-<br />
03<br />
t* i-J XT<br />
XT • o I-J o l-l rt CO rt to G O "» 3 rt i-J Hi P. ^H- 3 CD Oj 00 *• rt 11 CD rt ID *~\ O CD "3 O 11<br />
pJ i-( X3 fD < o 3 03 G rt 3 It O C ID<br />
f? 03 CO O n O O -~1 03 • O o ID CO P- XT < o rt rt 3 Hi Hi rt p- M 3<br />
.<br />
"-< O H rt to i-( 03 H- fD pJ 03 P- B G O o i-J H- X l-l rt ID o 3 ON TJ H p VJ 00 to p Hi . p rt rj M ID i-H O p<br />
rt XT O n OQ rH Cu I-1 O TJ l-l < < 3 n p- CD It 3 i-1 OTJ OJ O CD 3 n O tl O O 3 i-H M<br />
rt rr to 03 p. O B ro ID fD 3d TJ CO rr rt SB to O. O O rt rt CD rt ID M 3 00 XT i-H cT rt XT CD<br />
3 (D XT XT 3<br />
e t-1 I-1 B ^a Oj O. B fD B CD . rj P- O rH M 3- G O • rt O ID to P CO P- ID rt<br />
CD ry l-j CO • CD O >-^ on . . rt Oj C P- TJ s3 CD l—> rt . P P- TJ Hi 3 3 fD<br />
.<br />
"-< i-j o rt<br />
o h-J s~\ rt XT n O TJ TJ CO 3 to ID • 03 to ~J O O Hi CO CO ID P* CD P- TJ 3<br />
(/ 1<br />
to rt 3 P- < On g UI i-i n ID ID TJ o TJ p »* • Hi B OJ P- TJ TJ ID O P" 11<br />
~0 O i-j rH rt cr do 3 fD h3 00 H- o B CO rH rt TJ O O OJ CO 00 G ID 00 O ID ID Oj S IB P ID Hi<br />
XT e 03 pJ fD OQ l-l<br />
p. fu roTj rt 03 •xJ XT 03 3 "S oo rt rt ro rH rt SI ID ID TJ CO c<br />
03 3 rr fD rt CO 3 rt H- rt H 3 - ID ID XT on rH ID B Oj Oh O P- ID P CD M<br />
3 3 a o XT 0> TJ . •-s. H- rt i-H 3 3d M O ID •-J S S to n u>rt O CD to G G i-H<br />
p. p. XT
227<br />
F.6 System Isol<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
The Primary Containment and Reactor Vessel Isol<strong>at</strong>ion Control System<br />
initi<strong>at</strong>es autom<strong>at</strong>ic isol<strong>at</strong>ion of appropri<strong>at</strong>e pipelines which penetr<strong>at</strong>e the<br />
primary containment whenever certain monitored variables exceed their pre<br />
determined oper<strong>at</strong>ional limits. The system is designed so th<strong>at</strong> once initi<br />
<strong>at</strong>ed, autom<strong>at</strong>ic isol<strong>at</strong>ion goes to completion. Return to normal oper<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
after isol<strong>at</strong>ion requires deliber<strong>at</strong>e oper<strong>at</strong>or action.<br />
An autom<strong>at</strong>ic isol<strong>at</strong>ion for the RCIC System causes the normally-open<br />
inboard and outboard steam supply isol<strong>at</strong>ion valves to close, the turbine<br />
to trip, and the two RCIC suction valves from the pressure suppression<br />
pool to close (if they were open). The minimum flow bypass valve to the<br />
suppression pool is interlocked to close whenever the turbine is tripped.<br />
The following conditions cause a RCIC system isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal:<br />
!• RCIC System equipment space high temper<strong>at</strong>ure. Since high temper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
in the vicinity of the RCIC equipment could indic<strong>at</strong>e a break in the<br />
turbine steam supply line, an isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal is gener<strong>at</strong>ed if this<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure exceeds 93.3°C (200°F). This setpoint is based on the<br />
calcul<strong>at</strong>ed AT with a 0.001 m3/s (15 GPM) steam leak in the space.<br />
There are 16 temper<strong>at</strong>ure sensors arranged in four trip logics with<br />
four sensors in each logic. The 16 sensors are physically arranged in<br />
four groups with four sensors in each group. <strong>One</strong> sensor in each group<br />
is in each of the four one-out-of-two taken twice trip logics.<br />
2. RCIC System high steam flow. Since high steam flow could indic<strong>at</strong>e a<br />
leak in the turbine steam supply line, an isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal is gener<br />
<strong>at</strong>ed if the measured steam flow exceeds 150% of design maximum steady<br />
st<strong>at</strong>e flow. The steamline flow is sensed by two differential pressure<br />
switches which monitor the differential pressure across an elbow in<br />
stalled in the RCIC turbine steam supply pipeline. The tripping of<br />
either trip channel <strong>at</strong> a differential pressure of 11.43 m (450 in.)<br />
H20 initi<strong>at</strong>es RCIC System isol<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
3. Low reactor pressure. After steam pressure has decreased to such a low<br />
value th<strong>at</strong> the RCIC turbine cannot be oper<strong>at</strong>ed, and there is no cool<br />
ant spray to the barometric condenser, the steam line is isol<strong>at</strong>ed to<br />
protect against continuous gland seal leakage to the RCIC equipment<br />
space. The set point for this isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal is a reactor vessel<br />
pressure of 0.345 MPa (50 psig). The pressure is sensed by four pres<br />
sure switches <strong>at</strong> the RCIC turbine steam line upstream of the isol<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
valves. The switches are arranged in a one-out-of-two taken twice<br />
logic.<br />
4. High turbine exhaust diaphragm pressure. A line tapping off the tur<br />
bine exhaust line contains two rupture diaphrams in series, with the<br />
space between vented to the RCIC equipment space through a flow re<br />
stricting orifice. The diaphrams are designed for 1.138 MPa (150<br />
psig). If the pressure in the space between the diaphragms exceeds<br />
0.172 MPa (10 psig), a system isol<strong>at</strong>ion signal is gener<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
5. Manual Isol<strong>at</strong>ion. If an RCIC initi<strong>at</strong>ion signal is present, the oper<br />
<strong>at</strong>or can cause RCIC System isol<strong>at</strong>ion by pushing a control panel push<br />
button.<br />
All isol<strong>at</strong>ion signals are sealed in and must be manually reset after<br />
the condition causing them has cleared. A control panel pushbutton is<br />
provided for this purpose.
228<br />
F.7 Technical Specific<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
1. The RCIC System must be operable prior to startup from a cold condi<br />
tion or whenever there is irradi<strong>at</strong>ed fuel in the reactor and the re<br />
actor vessel pressure is above 0.945 MPa (122 psig).<br />
If the RCIC System is inoperable, the reactor may remain in oper<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
for a period not to exceed seven days if the HPCI System is operable<br />
during such time.<br />
If these conditions are not met, an orderly shutdown of the reactor<br />
must be initi<strong>at</strong>ed and the reactor depressurized to less than 0.945 MPa<br />
(122 psig) within 24 hours.<br />
2. RCIC testing shall be performed as follows<br />
a. Simul<strong>at</strong>ed autom<strong>at</strong>ic actu<strong>at</strong>ion test — once per oper<strong>at</strong>ing cycle<br />
b. Pump operability — once per month<br />
c. Motor oper<strong>at</strong>ed valve operability — once per month<br />
d. Flow r<strong>at</strong>e <strong>at</strong> normal reactor oper<strong>at</strong>ing pressure — once per three<br />
months<br />
e. Flow r<strong>at</strong>e <strong>at</strong> 1.138 MPa (150 psig) — once per oper<strong>at</strong>ing cycle<br />
3. Whenever RCIC is required to be operable the piping from the pump dis<br />
charge to the last flow blocking valve shall be filled. W<strong>at</strong>er flow<br />
from the high point vent must be observed monthly. (Purpose is to<br />
prevent w<strong>at</strong>er hammer when the system is started.)
229<br />
APPENDIX G<br />
EFFECT OF TVA-ESTIMATED SEVEN HOUR BATTERY LIFE ON<br />
NORMAL RECOVERY CALCULATIONS<br />
Section 7, Computer Prediction of Thermal Hydraulic Parameters for<br />
Normal Recovery, is based on the assumption th<strong>at</strong> the 250 vdc unit b<strong>at</strong>ter<br />
ies will fail in four hours under the conditions of <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
After review of the draft results presented in Sect. 7, the Electrical En<br />
gineering Branch <strong>at</strong> TVA performed a b<strong>at</strong>tery capacity calcul<strong>at</strong>ion to deter<br />
mine how long the <strong>Browns</strong> <strong>Ferry</strong> 250 vdc b<strong>at</strong>teries would last under these<br />
conditions, and arrived <strong>at</strong> an estim<strong>at</strong>e of seven hours. This appendix ex<br />
amines the impact of the newly estim<strong>at</strong>ed seven hour b<strong>at</strong>tery failure time<br />
on the results and conclusions of Sect. 7.<br />
Two basic conclusions are presented in Sect. 7.<br />
1. If AC power is recovered any time in the first five hours, then<br />
a normal recovery will be possible if the 250 vdc b<strong>at</strong>teries have<br />
not failed.<br />
2. If the 250 vdc b<strong>at</strong>teries fail <strong>at</strong> four hours and the AC power<br />
remains unavailable then the time between b<strong>at</strong>tery failure and<br />
first uncovering of fuel will be <strong>at</strong> least three hours if the re<br />
actor has been previously depressurized as recommended by this<br />
report.<br />
If the unit b<strong>at</strong>teries were to last seven instead of four hours, there<br />
would be a slight lengthening of the time interval from b<strong>at</strong>tery failure to<br />
core uncovery due to the slightly lower decay he<strong>at</strong>. The most important<br />
question to be answered regarding the extension of the estim<strong>at</strong>ed b<strong>at</strong>tery<br />
failure time from four to seven hours is whether there is some other sys<br />
tem failure caused by the increased temper<strong>at</strong>ures and/or pressures during<br />
this period th<strong>at</strong> would complic<strong>at</strong>e or make impossible a normal recovery if<br />
AC power were restored.<br />
To answer this question calcul<strong>at</strong>ions similar to those shown in Figs.<br />
7.1 through 7.9 of Sect. 7 were performed. These new calcul<strong>at</strong>ions start<br />
<strong>at</strong> an initial point four hours after st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong> and extend to seven<br />
hours. The b<strong>at</strong>teries are assumed to last throughout this period and oper<br />
<strong>at</strong>or actions are the same as detailed in Sect. 7.3.1, Normal Recovery-<br />
Assumptions.<br />
Due to the elev<strong>at</strong>ed pool temper<strong>at</strong>ures experienced during the period<br />
from four to seven hours, it has been necessary to modify the calcul<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
of the fraction of relief valve (SRV) discharge th<strong>at</strong> is quenched in the<br />
suppression pool. When the pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure is within its normal opera<br />
tional range, the SRV discharge is completely condensed (quenched) in the<br />
cool w<strong>at</strong>er surrounding the submerged SRV discharge nozzle (T-quencher).<br />
However, if the temper<strong>at</strong>ure of the w<strong>at</strong>er around the T-quencher is suffi<br />
ciently close to s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ion, then the condens<strong>at</strong>ion will be less than 100%<br />
and some of the steam will reach the suppression pool <strong>at</strong>mosphere. Monti<br />
cello tests58 showed th<strong>at</strong> an approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 28°C (50°F) difference be<br />
tween bulk and local pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure can exist during extended discharge<br />
through a single SRV. In this case, one would expect less than 100%<br />
quenching to begin <strong>at</strong> a bulk pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure of about 74°C (165°F), cor<br />
responding to 100°C (212°F) near the SRV discharge point (provided the
230<br />
pool is <strong>at</strong> <strong>at</strong>mospheric pressure). For the purposes of the calcul<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
reported in this appendix, the following provisions were made for the cal<br />
cul<strong>at</strong>ion of quench fraction in the pool:<br />
1. The temper<strong>at</strong>ure of the w<strong>at</strong>er surrounding the T-quencher during<br />
SRV discharge is assumed to be 28°C (50°F) higher than the bulk<br />
pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
2. If the vapor pressure of the w<strong>at</strong>er surrounding the T-quencher is<br />
equal to or gre<strong>at</strong>er than the st<strong>at</strong>ic pressure then 0% of the SRV<br />
discharge is quenched; if the vapor pressure is 5.0 psi or more<br />
below the st<strong>at</strong>ic pressure then 100% of the discharge is<br />
quenched. Vari<strong>at</strong>ion of quench fraction is linear between these<br />
two points.<br />
This should provide a reasonable upper limit estim<strong>at</strong>e of containment pressuriz<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
due to non-quenched SRV discharge. Consider<strong>at</strong>ion of this ef<br />
fect was not necessary for the zero to five hour results reported in Sect.<br />
7 because bulk pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure does not exceed 82°C (180°F) during the<br />
first five hours of a <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
Results of the four to seven hours after <strong>blackout</strong> calcul<strong>at</strong>ions are<br />
shown in Figs. G.1 through G.9. From these results it is concluded th<strong>at</strong><br />
system parameters remain within acceptable ranges during this period:<br />
1. The 250 vdc b<strong>at</strong>teries by TVA estim<strong>at</strong>e last the full seven hours.<br />
2. Reactor vessel level is within the normal control range, about<br />
5.08 m (200 in.) above the top of active fuel.<br />
3. Reactor vessel pressure is being controlled by oper<strong>at</strong>or action<br />
<strong>at</strong> about 0.69 MPa (100 psia).<br />
4. At the seven-hour point, about 414 m3 (109,265 gal) of w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
have been pumped from the condens<strong>at</strong>e storage tank, which had an<br />
assured capacity of 511 m3 (135,000 gal) before the <strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
5. At the seven-hour point, average suppression pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure is<br />
about 92°C (198.2°F), but this should not be a problem for the<br />
T-quencher type of SRV discharge header piping.<br />
6. Containment pressures would be elev<strong>at</strong>ed to about 0.23 MPa (33<br />
psia), well below the 0.53 MPa (76.5 psia) design pressure.<br />
7. Drywell <strong>at</strong>mosphere temper<strong>at</strong>ure is about equal to the 138°C<br />
(281°F) design temper<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
These results show th<strong>at</strong> if power were recovered within seven hours of<br />
the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout a normal recovery would be possible.* The 92°C<br />
(198°F) bulk pool temper<strong>at</strong>ure after seven hours may cause elev<strong>at</strong>ed air<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure in the RCIC and HPCI spaces, but this would not be expected to<br />
lead to failure of the HPCI or RCIC, because the lube oil of both units is<br />
cooled by the w<strong>at</strong>er being pumped — in this case, w<strong>at</strong>er from the conden<br />
s<strong>at</strong>e storage tank which would not exceed 32°C (90°F). The periods of RCIC<br />
oper<strong>at</strong>ion are very infrequent after the first four hours of <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Black<br />
out, with about an hour between actu<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
The supply of control air for remote-manual oper<strong>at</strong>ion of the SRVs is<br />
sufficient for the full seven hours. As discussed in Chap. 3 of this re<br />
port, the accumul<strong>at</strong>ors provided for the six relief valves associ<strong>at</strong>ed with<br />
the ADS system are sized to permit five oper<strong>at</strong>ions or a total of 30 actua<br />
tions. As illustr<strong>at</strong>ed in Sect. 7 and this appendix, less than 30 actua<br />
tions are required during the first seven hours of the <strong>St<strong>at</strong>ion</strong> Blackout.<br />
*With the assumption of no independent secondary equipment failures.
a.<br />
2<br />
cr<br />
co n<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
oc<br />
a.<br />
<<br />
ui<br />
rco<br />
o<br />
o<br />
— 0<br />
o<br />
01<br />
0<br />
00<br />
UJ<br />
cr 8<br />
3 10<br />
co<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
OC 0<br />
in<br />
5<br />
<<br />
1— Sh<br />
co £<br />
0<br />
m<br />
a<br />
CN]<br />
0-<br />
1<br />
REACTOR PRESSURE CONTROLLED BY OPERATOR BETWEEN 90 AND 11! 5 psia<br />
I<br />
SRVSrHUT SRV OPENED SRV SHUT SRV OPENED<br />
i^- 1 ^<br />
"<br />
t Tn<br />
RCIC ON RCIC OFF RCIC ON RCIC OFF<br />
1 1<br />
240 270 300 330<br />
TIME (min)<br />
360 390<br />
Fig. G.l Reactor vessel pressure - four to seven hours after<br />
st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
|<br />
"'<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8593 ETD<br />
420<br />
ro<br />
OJ
-* o i =<br />
3<br />
O<br />
3i2<br />
<<br />
UJ<br />
8<br />
<br />
84<br />
i—RCIC TURBINE STEAM FLOW<br />
•NO STEAM FLOW FROM REACTOR VESSEL<br />
-1 SRV OPEN- 1 SRV OPEN-<br />
O-l o-<br />
-1-<br />
I<br />
240 270 300<br />
330<br />
360 390<br />
<strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Fig. G.2 Vessel steam flow - four to seven hours after st<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8594 ETD<br />
420<br />
ro<br />
OJ<br />
ro
t—<br />
> 2-<br />
UJ<br />
8 2-<br />
UJ<br />
><br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
> o in<br />
o<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8595 ETD<br />
TOP OF CONTROL ROOM INDICATION -OVERSHOOT DUE TO HEATUP OF SUBCOOLED<br />
WATER AFTER RCIC TURNED OFF<br />
BOTTOM OF CONTROL ROOM INDICATION<br />
to I<br />
240 270<br />
<strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
Fig. G.3<br />
OPERATOR CONTROLS LEVEL BY REMOTE-MANUAL<br />
ACTUATION OF RCIC SYSTEM<br />
300 330<br />
TIME (min)<br />
360 390<br />
Vessel level - four to seven hours after st<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
TOP OF ACTIVE FUEL<br />
420<br />
ro<br />
OJ<br />
U3
ID.<br />
CM<br />
-IS oj<br />
O (M. O<br />
_ CM<br />
»- OI<br />
s c<br />
LL<br />
O oj<br />
UJ —"<br />
UJ --<br />
<strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
Fig. G.4<br />
330<br />
TIME (min)<br />
Injected flow - four to seven hours after st<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8596 ETD<br />
420<br />
N3<br />
OJ
VOLUME(20000<br />
VOLUME D3501•._!_<br />
300<br />
INJECTED TOTAL 60000 40000<br />
TOTAL 200i<br />
150 120(14<br />
100000 800i1<br />
00<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
in-i<br />
«j<br />
gal)<br />
o-<br />
/<br />
/i\<br />
a<br />
(m3) INJECTE 250 100<br />
m<br />
o-" o-<br />
t<br />
LRCIC ON<br />
/i<br />
— RCIC OFF<br />
40 2 70 3 00 3 30<br />
TIME<br />
: (min)<br />
L- RCIC ON<br />
-RCIC OFF<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8597 ETD<br />
360 390 42<br />
Fig. G.5 Total injected flow (pumped by RCIC from condens<strong>at</strong>e<br />
storage tank) - four to seven hours after st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
y<br />
NJ<br />
OJ<br />
On
E<br />
"»•«* -~*<br />
o .£ n<br />
^<br />
X<br />
-J<br />
UJ<br />
_l ><br />
UJ UJ<br />
> CM-I _l<br />
UJ<br />
_l<br />
_l<br />
o<br />
-J<br />
O ?»<br />
O<br />
a.<br />
Z<br />
z<br />
o<br />
o -J to<br />
CO<br />
3<br />
UJ<br />
rr<br />
UJ<br />
rr<br />
0-<br />
a.<br />
a.<br />
O<br />
o_<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
cr<br />
r-<br />
<<br />
CC<br />
UJ<br />
a.<br />
m<br />
5<br />
< g-<br />
I ^<br />
O<br />
UJ<br />
rr<br />
a.<br />
a.<br />
CO o.<br />
in<br />
m<br />
5<br />
<<br />
X<br />
z 2<br />
o<br />
co<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
Is<br />
D<br />
CO<br />
240<br />
RAPID INCREASE DUE TO DIRECT<br />
MIXING WITH UNQUENCHED<br />
STEAM FROM SRV DISCHARGE<br />
LESS THAN 100%, QUENCHING—J<br />
OF SRV DISCHARGE BEGINS<br />
270 300 330<br />
TIME (min)<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8599 ETD<br />
SUPPRESSION CHAMBER<br />
ATMOSPHERE<br />
CONDENSATION AND HEAT TRANSFER<br />
FROM ATMOSPHERE ARE DOMINANT<br />
WHEN SRV NOT DISCHARGING<br />
360 390 420<br />
Fig. G.7 Suppression chamber temper<strong>at</strong>ures - four to seven hours<br />
after st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
ro<br />
OJ
O<br />
o_<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
< ~<br />
rr<br />
UJ<br />
a.<br />
5<br />
UJ<br />
o<br />
0-|<br />
OJ<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
UJ<br />
I<br />
a.<br />
co<br />
O<br />
H °<br />
5 2-<br />
UJ<br />
> rr<br />
a<br />
UJ<br />
rr<br />
D<br />
I-<br />
<<br />
cr<br />
UJ<br />
a.<br />
UJ<br />
X<br />
a.<br />
co<br />
O<br />
IS<br />
>tr<br />
Q<br />
»<<br />
o<br />
ro<br />
a<br />
oto<br />
o<br />
Ol<br />
o<br />
Ol<br />
o<br />
•-.<br />
o<br />
DRYWELL ATMOSPHERE TEMPERATURE —<br />
INCREASES GRADUALLY TOWARD<br />
REACTOR COOLANT TEMPERATURE SEE FIG. G.1)<br />
""^<br />
240 270 300 330<br />
TIME (min)<br />
<strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
DRYWELL DESIGN TEMPERATURE<br />
ft 1<br />
jL_<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8600 ETD<br />
H^ -TEMPORARY DECREASE DUE TO DECREASE IN<br />
REACTOR COOLANT TEMPERATURE (CAUSED<br />
BY DECREASE IN REACTOR PRESSURE -<br />
360 390<br />
Fig. G.8 Drywell temper<strong>at</strong>ures - four to seven hours after st<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
420<br />
ro<br />
OJ<br />
OO
(T CM.<br />
§<br />
x<br />
CO<br />
UJ<br />
cc<br />
D<br />
UJ ts.<br />
tr -<br />
Ol<br />
H<br />
Z<br />
UJ<br />
2<br />
z<br />
o<br />
Z °<br />
o<br />
"—DRYWELL<br />
SUPPRESSION CHAMBER PRESSURE GOES<br />
DOWN BECAUSE OF CONDENSATION<br />
AND HEAT TRANSFER (SEE FIG. G.7)-<br />
240 270 300 330<br />
MORE RAPID PRESSURE BUILDUP BEGINS<br />
WHEN LESS THAN 100% OF QUENCHING<br />
OF SRV DISCHARGE BEGINS<br />
TIME (min)<br />
ORNL-DWG 81-8601 ETD<br />
360 390 420<br />
Fig. G.9 Containment pressures - four to seven hours after<br />
st<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>blackout</strong>.<br />
rO<br />
OJ<br />
VO
1. W. J. Armento<br />
2. T. E. Cole<br />
3. W. A. Condon<br />
4. D. H. Cook<br />
5. W. B. Cottrell<br />
6. W. G. Craddick<br />
7. G. F. Flanagan<br />
8. S. R. Greene<br />
9. R. M. Harrington<br />
10-14. S. A. Hodge<br />
15. T. S. Kress<br />
16. R. A. Lorenz<br />
241<br />
Internal Distribution<br />
NUREG/CR-2182, Vol. I<br />
ORNL/NUREG/TM-455/VI<br />
Dist. C<strong>at</strong>egory RX, IS<br />
17. A. L. Lotts<br />
18. T. W. Robinson, Jr.<br />
19. H. E. Trammell<br />
20. B. J. Veazie<br />
21. C. F. Weber<br />
22. R. P. Wichner<br />
23. D. D. Yue<br />
24. P<strong>at</strong>ent Office<br />
25. Central Research Library<br />
26. Document Reference Section<br />
27-28. Labor<strong>at</strong>ory Records Department<br />
29. Labor<strong>at</strong>ory Records (RC)<br />
External Distribution<br />
30-31. Director, Division of Accident Evalu<strong>at</strong>ion, Nuclear Regul<strong>at</strong>ory<br />
Commission, Washington, DC 20555<br />
32-33. Chief, Severe Accident Assessment Branch, Nuclear Regul<strong>at</strong>ory Com<br />
mission, Washington, DC 20555<br />
34. Director, Reactor Division, DOE, 0R0, <strong>Oak</strong> <strong>Ridge</strong>, TN 37830<br />
35. Office of Assistant Manager for Energy Research and Development,<br />
DOE, 0R0, <strong>Oak</strong> <strong>Ridge</strong>, TN 37830<br />
36-40. Director, Reactor Safety Research Coordin<strong>at</strong>ion Office, DOE,<br />
Washington, DC 20555<br />
41-42. D. B. Simpson, Tennessee Valley Authority, W10C126 C-K, 400 Com<br />
merce Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37902<br />
43-44. Wang Lau, Tennessee Valley Authority, W10C126 C-K, 400 Commerce<br />
Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37902<br />
45-46. R. F. Christie, Tennessee Valley Authority, W10C125 C-K, 400 Com<br />
merce Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37902<br />
47-48. J. A. Raulston, Tennessee Valley Authority, W10C126 C-K, 400 Com<br />
merce Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37902<br />
49-50. H. L. Jones, Tennessee Valley Authority, 253 HBB-K, 400 Commerce<br />
Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37902<br />
51-52. Technical Inform<strong>at</strong>ion Center, DOE, <strong>Oak</strong> <strong>Ridge</strong>, TN 37830<br />
53-552. Given distribution as shown under c<strong>at</strong>egories RX, IS (NTIS-10)<br />
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1981-740-062/291