Water Well Manual (USAID).pdf - The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

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An understanding of the processes and fxtors affecting the origin, occurrence, and movement of ground water is essential to the proper development and use of ground-water resources. Of importance in determin- ing 2 satisfactory rate of extraction and suitable uses of the water are a knowledge of the quantity of water present, its origin. the direction and rate of movement to its poi:rt of discharge, the discharge rate and the rate at which it is being replenished, and the quality of the water. These points are considered in this chapter in as simplified and limited a form as the aims and scope of this manual permit. THE HYDROLQGIC CYCLE The hydrologic cycle is the name given to the circulation of water in its liquid, vapor, or solid state from the oceans to the air, air to land, over the land surface or undergrountl, and back to the oceans (Fig. 2.1). Evaporation, taking place at the water stirface of oceans and other open bodies of water, results in the transfer of water vapor to the atmosphere. Under certain conditions, this water vapor condenses to form clouds which subsequently release their moisture as precipitation in the form of rain, hail. sleet, or snow. Precipitation may xcur over the oceans retuning some of the water directly to them or over land to which winds have previously transported the moisture-laden air and clouds. Part of the rain falling to the earth evaporates with immediate return of moisture to the atmosphere. Of the remainder, some, upon reaching the ground surface, wets it and runs off into surface streams finally discharging in the ocean while another part infiltrates into the ground and then percolates to the ground-water flow through which it later reaches the ocean. Evaporation returns some of the water from the wet land surface to the atmosphere while plants extract some of that portion in the soil through their roots and, by a process known as transpiration, return it through their leaves to the atmosphere. SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER Subsurface water found in the interstices or pores of rocks may be divided into two main zones (Fig . 2.2). These are the zvtle of aeration and the .zo/re of saturation. Zone of Aeration The zone of aeration extends from the land surface to the level at which all of the pores or open spaces in the earth’s materials are completely fiiled or 4
I -- ---_- _ _ - -; _ - .-- . . t-%rcolarlon - - V Fresh ground water ~-1.w -- -. \ \I / / n - Sun - --- -.- - formotionr TJ .-- 7 --- ..-_ IF --‘-- -- - -c-- - - __ __ - -: tmpermeable - -_._- z -- --- ___ - -z -.. - -- -- .- - - -. ---_ --___ -a. - -~ - - ---- -- --- -~ Fig. 2.1 THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE. -- 1,.-1 nrnnn
Page 1 and 2: A PRAGTICAL GUIDE FOR LOCATI CONSTR
Page 4 and 5: hmier Pwss Editorial Advisory Boani
Page 6 and 7: WATER EL1 MANUAL Covers Copyright @
Page 8 and 9: Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii FOREWORD 1
Page 10 and 11: S. PUMPING EQUIPMENT 114 CONSTANT D
Page 12 and 13: While man has always recognized ihe
Page 16 and 17: Bsit of Soil Water tntermediate Bel
Page 18 and 19: and loess may be limited by both th
Page 20 and 21: deposition of large aprons of mater
Page 22 and 23: the pc>:ti,sity. This quautity is r
Page 24 and 25: permeability, P, we see from equati
Page 26 and 27: Flow Toward Wells Converging j&w: W
Page 28 and 29: expansion and deepening of the cone
Page 30 and 31: yield of the individual wells (Fig
Page 32 and 33: Multiple well or well-point systems
Page 34: 10 ppm of iron means that in every
Page 37 and 38: ground waters in some parts of Arge
Page 39 and 40: Geologic Maps Geologic maps, of whi
Page 41 and 42: depth. thickness. and description o
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 4 Generally, the aim of eng
Page 45 and 46: lodged in them and thus restrict fl
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 4.3 THE Y-SHAPED OPENINGS OFTH
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 45 CONTBNUOUSSLOT T Y P E OF W
Page 51 and 52: Manufacturers make well screens in
Page 53 and 54: The limiting size of material to be
Page 55 and 56: too 90 E 60 z t 50 : .L 40 2 30 E (
Page 57 and 58: prime concern in small we!ls. Gener
Page 59 and 60: otherwise unsatisfactory water into
Page 61 and 62: The object of formation stabilizati
Page 63 and 64: Pump unit Sanitary well seal I / ,R
Page 65 and 66:
There are four basic operations inv
Page 67 and 68:
Ham? driver ----k- Htle backfilled
Page 69 and 70:
single wlley block : /Tripod Fig. 5
Page 71 and 72:
Fig,..8 MAN ON SCAFFOLDING RAISES H
Page 74 and 75:
Cutting edges Galvanized iron pipe
Page 76 and 77:
inexperienced driller because of th
Page 78 and 79:
string are usually joined together
Page 80 and 81:
.I Fig. 5.18 CAStbiG DRIVE SHOE. of
Page 82 and 83:
Fig. 5.22 A GRAVITY PLACEMENT METHO
Page 84 and 85:
Fig. 5.24 OUI’SIDE-TUBING METHOD
Page 86 and 87:
Pull-back Method The pull-back meth
Page 89 and 90:
Wash line- .Cemsnt grout ,’ Exoan
Page 91 and 92:
to the surface with the return flow
Page 93 and 94:
-Inner Carm~ Fig. 5.36 DOUBLE-CASIN
Page 95 and 96:
Lead packer Pulhg pipe Sand join1 S
Page 97 and 98:
saving that sbandunmcnt ot‘ the b
Page 99 and 100:
esult, tools lost in a hole do not
Page 101 and 102:
Tapered Tap Die Overshot Circulatin
Page 103:
If the hold is secure, continue lif
Page 106 and 107:
CHAPTER 6 WE11 C6MPLETION Well comp
Page 108 and 109:
‘N E L VI E L
Page 110 and 111:
Static water :evel -m----.-e Solid
Page 112 and 113:
The procedure is to lower the tool
Page 114 and 115:
wells. The thinner the gratlel pack
Page 116 and 117:
Wells, like all other engineering s
Page 118 and 119:
of the wells to determine whether s
Page 120 and 121:
Black iron or plastic pipe Well scr
Page 122 and 123:
,&ting technique is used to agitate
Page 124 and 125:
Drilling and completing a well form
Page 126 and 127:
container is termed the srrctiorl h
Page 128 and 129:
plunger on the tijrward stroke p~~s
Page 130 and 131:
or deep well type and are usually d
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.9 VOLUTE-TYPE C’ENTRIFU- C
Page 134 and 135:
pre y.,,:~ 1; +-.b to, rourT the no
Page 136 and 137:
Check valve Radial bearing lmpetfer
Page 138 and 139:
To storage ha I 3 Power unit - Stat
Page 140 and 141:
Provision may also be made for pump
Page 142 and 143:
132
Page 144 and 145:
OF Too great stress can never be pl
Page 146 and 147:
feet before final disappearance at
Page 148 and 149:
REFERENCES Acme Fishing Tool Compan
Page 150 and 151:
T OF PE ICITY The coefficient of pe
Page 152 and 153:
Unit TABLE B.3 VOLUME Equivalents o
Page 154 and 155:
- B-8 PRESSURE 1 Atmosphere = 760 m
Page 156 and 157:
TABLE B-14 ESTIMATING DISCHARGE FRO
Page 158 and 159:
-z- TABLE B.16 DRILLING CABLE ROPE
Page 160 and 161:
A Abandoned well, I37 Acid. hydroch
Page 162 and 163:
Gelling, 64 Geologic cross-sections
Page 164 and 165:
s Sand, 7,9? 119, 126, 129, 137 --
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