Water Well Manual (USAID).pdf - The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

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Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii FOREWORD 1. INTRODUCTION 1 PURPOSE 1 SCOPE 1 PUBLIC HEALTH AND RELATED FACTORS 1 Importance of Water Supplies. Ground-Water’s Impor- tance. Need for Proper Development and Management of Ground Watt-b Resources. *L.ORIGiN, OCCllRRENCE AND MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATER THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 4 SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER Zone of Aeration. Zone of Saturation. GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS AS AQUIFERS Rock Classification. ‘Role nf Geologic Processes in Aquifer Formation. GROUND-WATER FLOW AND ELEMENTARY WELL HY- DRAULICS 10 Types of Aquifers. A,quifer Functions. Factors Affecting Permeability. Flow Toward Wells. QUALITY OF GROUND WATER ;72 Physical Quality. Microbiological Quality. Chemical Qual- ity. 3. GROUND-WATEREXPLORATION EEOLOGIC DATA Geologic Maps. Geologic Cross-Sections. Aerial Photo- graphs. INYENTORY OF EXISTING WELLS SURFACE EVIDENCE iv . . . 111 4 4 7 28 28 30 31
4. WATER WELL DESIGN CASED SECTION BUTARE SECTlON Type and Construction of Screen. Screen Length, Size of Openings and Diameter. SELECTION OF CASING AND SCREEN MATERIALS Water Quality. Strer&h Requirements. Cost. Miscel- laneous. GRAVELPACKING AND FORMATION STABILIZATION Gravel Packing. Formation Stabilization. SANITARY PROTECTION Upper Terminal. Lower Terminal of the Casing. Grouting and Sealing Casing. 5. -#ELL CONSTRUCTION WELL DRILLING METHODS Boring. Driving. Jetting. Hydraulic Percussion. Sludger. Hydraulic Rotary. Cable-Tool Percussion. INSTALLING WELL CASING GROUTING AND SEALING CASING WELL ALIGNMENT Conditions Affecting Well Alignment. Measurement of Well Alignment. INSTALLATION OF WELL SCXEENS Pull-back Method. Open Hole Methr?d. Wash-down Meth- od. Well Points. Artificially Gravel-Packed Wells. Re- covering Well Screens. FISHING OPERATIONS Preventive Measures. Preparations for Fishing. Common Fishing Jobs and Tools. 6. WELL COMPLETION WELL DEVELOPMENT Me&an&l Surging. Backwashing. Development of Grav- el-Packed Wells. Dispersing Agents. WELL DISINFECTION V Pi;ge 33 34 34 47 50 52 55 55 69 70 73 75 86 96 96 104
Page 1 and 2: A PRAGTICAL GUIDE FOR LOCATI CONSTR
Page 4 and 5: hmier Pwss Editorial Advisory Boani
Page 6 and 7: WATER EL1 MANUAL Covers Copyright @
Page 10 and 11: S. PUMPING EQUIPMENT 114 CONSTANT D
Page 12 and 13: While man has always recognized ihe
Page 14 and 15: An understanding of the processes a
Page 16 and 17: Bsit of Soil Water tntermediate Bel
Page 18 and 19: and loess may be limited by both th
Page 20 and 21: deposition of large aprons of mater
Page 22 and 23: the pc>:ti,sity. This quautity is r
Page 24 and 25: permeability, P, we see from equati
Page 26 and 27: Flow Toward Wells Converging j&w: W
Page 28 and 29: expansion and deepening of the cone
Page 30 and 31: yield of the individual wells (Fig
Page 32 and 33: Multiple well or well-point systems
Page 34: 10 ppm of iron means that in every
Page 37 and 38: ground waters in some parts of Arge
Page 39 and 40: Geologic Maps Geologic maps, of whi
Page 41 and 42: depth. thickness. and description o
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 4 Generally, the aim of eng
Page 45 and 46: lodged in them and thus restrict fl
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 4.3 THE Y-SHAPED OPENINGS OFTH
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 45 CONTBNUOUSSLOT T Y P E OF W
Page 51 and 52: Manufacturers make well screens in
Page 53 and 54: The limiting size of material to be
Page 55 and 56: too 90 E 60 z t 50 : .L 40 2 30 E (
Page 57 and 58: prime concern in small we!ls. Gener
Page 59 and 60:
otherwise unsatisfactory water into
Page 61 and 62:
The object of formation stabilizati
Page 63 and 64:
Pump unit Sanitary well seal I / ,R
Page 65 and 66:
There are four basic operations inv
Page 67 and 68:
Ham? driver ----k- Htle backfilled
Page 69 and 70:
single wlley block : /Tripod Fig. 5
Page 71 and 72:
Fig,..8 MAN ON SCAFFOLDING RAISES H
Page 74 and 75:
Cutting edges Galvanized iron pipe
Page 76 and 77:
inexperienced driller because of th
Page 78 and 79:
string are usually joined together
Page 80 and 81:
.I Fig. 5.18 CAStbiG DRIVE SHOE. of
Page 82 and 83:
Fig. 5.22 A GRAVITY PLACEMENT METHO
Page 84 and 85:
Fig. 5.24 OUI’SIDE-TUBING METHOD
Page 86 and 87:
Pull-back Method The pull-back meth
Page 89 and 90:
Wash line- .Cemsnt grout ,’ Exoan
Page 91 and 92:
to the surface with the return flow
Page 93 and 94:
-Inner Carm~ Fig. 5.36 DOUBLE-CASIN
Page 95 and 96:
Lead packer Pulhg pipe Sand join1 S
Page 97 and 98:
saving that sbandunmcnt ot‘ the b
Page 99 and 100:
esult, tools lost in a hole do not
Page 101 and 102:
Tapered Tap Die Overshot Circulatin
Page 103:
If the hold is secure, continue lif
Page 106 and 107:
CHAPTER 6 WE11 C6MPLETION Well comp
Page 108 and 109:
‘N E L VI E L
Page 110 and 111:
Static water :evel -m----.-e Solid
Page 112 and 113:
The procedure is to lower the tool
Page 114 and 115:
wells. The thinner the gratlel pack
Page 116 and 117:
Wells, like all other engineering s
Page 118 and 119:
of the wells to determine whether s
Page 120 and 121:
Black iron or plastic pipe Well scr
Page 122 and 123:
,&ting technique is used to agitate
Page 124 and 125:
Drilling and completing a well form
Page 126 and 127:
container is termed the srrctiorl h
Page 128 and 129:
plunger on the tijrward stroke p~~s
Page 130 and 131:
or deep well type and are usually d
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 8.9 VOLUTE-TYPE C’ENTRIFU- C
Page 134 and 135:
pre y.,,:~ 1; +-.b to, rourT the no
Page 136 and 137:
Check valve Radial bearing lmpetfer
Page 138 and 139:
To storage ha I 3 Power unit - Stat
Page 140 and 141:
Provision may also be made for pump
Page 142 and 143:
132
Page 144 and 145:
OF Too great stress can never be pl
Page 146 and 147:
feet before final disappearance at
Page 148 and 149:
REFERENCES Acme Fishing Tool Compan
Page 150 and 151:
T OF PE ICITY The coefficient of pe
Page 152 and 153:
Unit TABLE B.3 VOLUME Equivalents o
Page 154 and 155:
- B-8 PRESSURE 1 Atmosphere = 760 m
Page 156 and 157:
TABLE B-14 ESTIMATING DISCHARGE FRO
Page 158 and 159:
-z- TABLE B.16 DRILLING CABLE ROPE
Page 160 and 161:
A Abandoned well, I37 Acid. hydroch
Page 162 and 163:
Gelling, 64 Geologic cross-sections
Page 164 and 165:
s Sand, 7,9? 119, 126, 129, 137 --
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