Protective effect of pomegranate peel ethanol extract against ferric ...

often metabolized to proximate toxicants by phase I
enzymes, e.g., cytochrome P450 which catalyze
oxidative reactions. The oxidized metabolites of
potentially toxic xenobiotics are then detoxified by
Phase II metabolizing enzymes into the forms that
are relatively inert and more easily excreted
(Talalay et al., 1995).
GSH depletion increases the sensitivity of organ
to oxidative and chemical injury. Studies with a
number of models show that the metabolism of
xenobiotics often produced GSH depletion
(Mitchell et al., 1973 and Ahmed and Zaki, 2009).
The depletion of GSH, also, seems to be the prime
factor that permits lipid peroxidation in the Fe-
NTA treated group. Pretreatment of pomegranate
peel extract reduced the depletion of GSH levels
and provided protection to the kidney. The
protection of GSH is by forming the substrate for
GPx activity that can react directly with various
aldehydes produced from the peroxidation of
membrane lipid. Pomegranate peel extract
pretreatment also reduced the elevated levels of
serum urea and ceatinine that are marker
parameters of kidney toxicity.
In conclusion, we can say that, the high
antioxidant and nephropreventive effect of the
pomegranate peel extract appeared to be attributed
to its high phenolics content. The mechanism of
action of pomegranate peel extract may be through
induction of various antioxidant and phase II
enzymes, and scavenging reactive oxygen species.
Thus our data suggest that pomegranate peel
ethanol extract is a potent nephropreventive agent.
Further work is required for the isolation and
characterization of individual phenolic compounds
present in peel ethanol extract and to determine the
mechanisms involved in the nephropreventive
effect of pomegranate peel extract.
References
Ahmed MM and Zaki NI. Assessment the
ameliorative effect of pomegranate and rutin on
chlorpyrifos-ethyl-induced oxidative stress in
rats. Nature and Science. 7(10): 49-61, 2009.
Ahmed MM. Biochemical studies on
nephroprotective effect of carob (Ceratonia
siliqua L.) growing in Egypt. Nature and
Science. 8 (3): 41-47, 2010.
Ajaikumar K.B, Asheef, M, Babu BH and
Padikkala J. The inhibition of gastric mucosal
injury by Punica granatum L. (pomegranate)
Pomegranate peel extract against renal oxidative damage 41
methanolic extract. Journal of Ethnopharma.
96: 171–176, 2005.
American Institute of Nutrition. Report of the
American Institute of Nutrition. Ad Hoc
Committee J Nutr. 110: 1340-1348, 1980.
Aruoma OI. Methodological considerations for
characterizing potential antioxidant actions of
bioactive components in plant foods. Mutation
Research. (523-524): 9-20, 2003.
Athar M and Iqbal M. Ferric nitrilotriacetate
promotes N-diethylnitrosamine-induced renal
tumorigenesis in the rat: implications for the
involvement of oxidative stress.
Carcinogenesis. 19 (6):1133-1139, 1998
Ayrton AD, Lewis DF, Waker R. and Ioannides C.
Antimutagenicity of ellagic acid towards the
food mutagen IQ: investigation into possible
mechanisms of action. Food and Chemical
Toxicology, 3D: 289-295, 1992.
Bartles H, Bohmer M and Heieri C. Serum
keratinin bestmmung ohno enteeissen. Clinical
Chimca Acta. 37: 139-197, 1972.
Bu-Abbas A, Clifford MN, Walker R and Ioannides
C. Marker antimutagenic potential of aquous
green tea extracts: Mechanism of action.
Mutagenesis. 9: 325-331, 1994.
Carlberg I and Mannervik B. Glutathione level in
rat brain. J Biological Chemistry. 250: 4480-
4575, 1975.
De Flora S and Ramel C. Mechanism of inhibition
of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis: classification
and overview. Mutation Research. 202:
285-306, 1988.
De Freitas JM and Meneghini R. Iron and its
sensitive balance in the cell. Mutation Research.
475: 153-159, 2001.
Deiana M, Aruma OI, Rosa A, Crobu V, Piga R
and Derri MA. The effect of ferricnitrilotriacetic
acid on the profile of
polyunsaturated fatty acids in the kidney and
liver of rats. Toxicol Letters. 123: 125-133,
2001.
Dhawan BN, Patnaik GK, Rastogi RP, Singh KK
and Tandon JS. Screening of Indian plants for
biological activity. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 15: 208-
219, 1977.
Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch
Biochem Biophys. 82: 70-77, 1959.
Gil MI, Tomas-Barberan FA, Hess Pierce B,
Holcroft, DM. and Kader AA. Antioxidant