Observational Evidence Favors a Static Universe - Journal of ...

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of candidates is dependent on the BB luminosity-distance modulus. In a com- prehensive description of the selection procedure for a major survey Strolger et al. (2004) state: Best fits required consistency in the light curve shape and peak color (to within magnitude limits) and in peak luminosity in that the derived absolute magnitude in the rest-frame B band had to be consistent with observed distribution of absolute B-band magnitudes shown in Richardson et al. (2002). 4.3.1 Supernovae in BB Fundamental to any cosmology that explains the Hubble redshift as being due to an expanding universe is the requirement that exactly the same dependence must apply to time dilation. The raw data of the widths of the type 1a supernovae light curves as a function of redshift is shown in Fig. 1 for the Union data provided by Kowalski et al. (2008). The fitted straight line shows that the exponent of (1 + z) is 1.097 ± 0.032 which is in good agreement with the expected value of unity. These results, which show excellent quantitative agreement with the predicted time dilation, have been hailed as one of the strongest pieces of evidence for an expanding cosmology. However the regression of M BB on 2.5 log(1 + z) shows that the luminosity is proportional to (1 + z) 0.230±0.070 which shows that the absolute luminosity is slowly decreasing as the universe evolves. The standard explanation for this change is the ad hoc introduction of dark energy (Turner, 1999) or quintessence (Steinhardt & Caldwell, 1998). A further problem with BB is a shortfall in the number of high redshift supernovae that are found. Since to the first order the discovery of a supernova depends only on apparent magnitude this search procedure (at high z) should find all the candidates out to a redshift where the apparent magnitude is too faint 29
Figure 1: Width of supernovae type 1a verses redshift for Union data. The dashed line (black) is expected time dilation in an expanding cosmology. The solid line (red) is the function µ BB(z) − µ CC(z). for the telescope. Then the expected distribution of supernovae as a function of redshift should be proportional to the comoving volume. To check the redshift distribution the 300 acceptable supernovae were put in six bins in ascending order of redshift so that there were 50 supernovae in each bin. Then the cutoff apparent magnitude (24.95 mag) was chosen so that all supernovae in the first five bins would be included. The results are shown in Table 6 where the columns are: the bin number, the redshift range, the included number in the bin, the ratio of BB volume in that bin to the BB volume in bin 2 and an estimate based on CC (see below). The results for bin one are not unexpected. It simply shows that there have been many more searches done for supernovae at nearby 30
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Page 17 and 18: Table 3: Galactic properties for Pe
Page 19 and 20: Table 4: Fitted exponents for dista
Page 21 and 22: Table 5: Radii and fitted exponents
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Page 27: can be compared with β = 2.28 give
Page 31 and 32: 4.3.2 Supernovae in CC Since the re
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2: Absolute magnitudes, M CC
Page 35 and 36: the peak luminosity will be proport
Page 37 and 38: that is M0, is −19.070 ± 0.042.
Page 39 and 40: evidence for strong luminosity sele
Page 41 and 42: Table 8: M ∗ CC for SED Type 1 ga
Page 43 and 44: volume and ρ is the quasar density
Page 45 and 46: this region which not only produces
Page 47 and 48: S would be constant. It has the fur
Page 49 and 50: Table 9: Origin of radio source-cou
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Page 53 and 54: e more precise fB is the fraction t
Page 55 and 56: where σi is the uncertainty in yi,
Page 57 and 58: Buchalter, A., Helfand, D.J., Becke
Page 59 and 60: Djorgovski, S.G. & Spinrad H., (198
Page 61 and 62: Hogg D.W., (1999). Distance measure
Page 63 and 64: Liddle, A.E. & Lyth, D.H., 2000, Co
Page 65 and 66: Peacock, J.A., (1999), Cosmological
Page 67 and 68: Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Sur
Page 69 and 70: Schneider, D. P., Hall, P. B., Rich
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