Observational Evidence Favors a Static Universe - Journal of ...

e found in Peebles (1993); Peacock (1999). The analysis is simplified by using
comoving coordinates that describe the non-Euclidean geometry without expan-
sion. Note that in BB the Hubble constant is a function of redshift hence the
use of a zero subscript to denote the current value. A problem with BB is that
it is only the distances between large objects that are subject to the expansion.
It is generally accepted that any objects smaller than clusters of galaxies which
are gravitationally bound do not follow the Hubble flow.
The current version of Big-Bang cosmology is the cold dark matter (ΛCDM)
or concordance cosmology that has a complex expression for its parameters that
depends on the cosmological energy density ΩΛ. Regardless of the name, the
BB model used here is defined by the following equations. Following Goobar &
Perlmutter (1995) (with corrections from Perlmutter et al. (1997); Hogg (1999)),
the function f(x) is defined by
f(z) =
∫ z
0
dz
( √ ((1 + z) 3 . (3)
− 1)ΩM + 1
where ΩM is the cosmological energy-density parameter. For observations on
the transverse size of objects, such as galactic diameters that do not follow the
Hubble flow, the linear size S BB is
S BB = 2.998 × 109 θf(z)
h(1 + z)
pc/radian. (4)
where θ is its angular size in radians. For θ in arcseconds the constant is
1.453 × 10 4 . The total comoving volume out to a redshift z is
V BB = 4π
3
( 2.998f(z)
h
) 3
. (5)
Note that the actual volume, which would be relevant for the cosmic gas density,
is the comoving volume divided by (1 + z) 3 , which shows that the density of the
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