Untitled - Lear

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Subjectless language: syntactic aspects of Samuel Beckett’s “Rockaby” reported direct discourse: I will return to this problem in the final section. Anyway, note that the imperative forms are addressed to the rocker: this constitutes an “internal addressee”, that is, an addressee internal to the Woman’s stream of consciousness. Another typical feature of free indirect discourse is the use of the anaphoric elements him/herself in non-reflexive contexts to refer to the centre of consciousness (see Zribi-Hertz 1989). The phenomenon is also found in the ordinary use of language (see e.g. Maling (1984) and Sigurdhsson (1990) on Icelandic; Kuno (1987), Sells (1987) on English; see also Cole et al. (2001) for a recent cross-linguistic overview). In the syntactic literature, these elements are commonly dubbed logophoric anaphors. 2 The logophoric and reflexive uses of the anaphors can be easily distinguished by means of the following test. A logophoric anaphor can be substituted for by a pronoun with the same reference (indicated by coindexing): (1) a. shei looked for another creature like herselfi b. shei looked for another creature like heri. On the contrary, a reflexive anaphor cannot be replaced by a pronoun with the same reference: (2) a. shei said to herselfi … b. shei said to her k≠ … Note also that the logophoric use of the anaphor is subject to a syntactic constraint: as discussed by Reinhart & Reuland (1993), an anaphor cannot be logophoric if it is the direct argument of a semantic predicate (roughly, a verbal or adjectival predicate endowed with a subject), because here it necessarily receives a reflexive interpretation; a logophoric anaphor can only be a complement to a noun or a preposition. In the syntactic environments where the logophoric anaphor is disallowed, we find the pronoun her instead (e.g.: rock her off in the final lines of Rockaby quoted above). In Rockaby we find various instances of the logophoric use of the anaphor herself rferring to the centre of consciousness, e.g. in the first section: for another another like herself another creature like herself […] 2 This syntactic feature of free indirect style is difficult to translate in a language like Italian: as argued in Bianchi (1999, 115-117), the Italian anaphors se stesso/a do not allow a logophoric use, and the only possibility is to use the pronominal forms lui/lei stesso/a, which however have a strong emphatic flavour. 5
Valentina Bianchi 6 one other living soul going to and fro all eyes like herself and in the second section: for another at her window another like herself […] one other living soul at her window gone in like herself Third, recall that in free indirect style deictic and demonstrative elements are anchored to the physical (spatial and temporal) point of view of the centre of consciousness. In Rockaby we find some instances of a demonstrative used in this way, in the third section: another creature there somewhere there behind the pane and in the fourth one: right down into the old rocker those arms at last […] the rocker those arms at last Finally, free indirect style – like direct discourse, and unlike real indirect discourse – allows for exclamations and incomplete sentences (Banfield 1982, 71 ff.). Once again, in Rockaby we find some instances of these phenomena, e.g. in the first and second sections: when she said to herself whom else in the third one: one blind up no more never mind a face behind the pane
Page 2: RIVISTA DI GRAMMATICA GENERATIVA Vo
Page 5: Valentina Bianchi Free indirect sty
Page 9 and 10: Valentina Bianchi (3) Shei wanted P
Page 11 and 12: Valentina Bianchi 10 dead one day n
Page 13 and 14: Valentina Bianchi 12 own other livi
Page 15 and 16: Valentina Bianchi First section: 14
Page 17 and 18: Valentina Bianchi values of the per
Page 19 and 20: 0. Introduction Rivista di Grammati
Page 21 and 22: Focus in IP: the Particle ma in Flo
Page 31 and 32: you it can ma buy ‘You (P) can bu
Page 35 and 36: (41) *Maria ha scelto ma anche un c
Page 37 and 38: 5. Conclusive remarks Focus in IP:
Page 39 and 40: Rivista di Grammatica Generativa, 3
Page 41 and 42: Developmental patterns of complemen
Page 53 and 54: age Developmental patterns of compl
Page 57 and 58:
Developmental patterns of complemen
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
(25) a. *Il nous peut parler He us
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Rivista di Grammatica Generativa, 3
Page 81 and 82:
(3) a. say-lo ciun cip new-ly const
Page 83 and 84:
(4) a. ?say ppalgan cha (cf. ppalga
Page 85 and 86:
The two forms of the adjective in K
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
‘A/the scientific explanation’
Page 93 and 94:
‘A/the idea is abstract’ c. *ma
Page 95 and 96:
that actor-TOP famous-HA-DCL ‘Tha
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Abstract Rivista di Grammatica Gene
Page 103 and 104:
On the Order of the Prenominal Part
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
3. The order of the prenominal part
Page 115 and 116:
4. Conclusion On the Order of the P
Page 118 and 119:
Rivista di Grammatica Generativa, 3
Page 120 and 121:
(6) a I lived in London (for) three
Page 122 and 123:
I dattiloscritti devono essere invi
show all

Untitled - Lear

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?