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1.1. Problem Statement CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Acknowledging the ultimate importance of energy, especially in the last century, this thesis focuses on the interaction between land-use planning and the energy. Within the context of this thesis firstly present planning approaches are criticized and existing problems of insufficient relationship between energy and planning are analyzed. Then, the issue is questioned in the particular case of geothermal energy utilization. Disintegration problem is defined based on three major subjects such as geothermal energy district heating system (GEDHS) which includes geothermal capacity, geothermal infrastructure system, land-use planning and related policies. Improvements in effective use of energy and existing renewable energy sources have been one of the major research topics for sustainable urban developments. In this context, The process of World Energy Conference in Munich (1980), the preparation of “In Our Common Future- Brundtland Report” by World Commission on Environment and Development (1990), the “Earth Summit” by The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro (1992), Agenda 21 in Geneva (1992), Framework Convention on Climate Change (1994), World Climate Conference (1995), Habitat II Conference on Human Settlements in Istanbul (1996) and the “Kyoto Protocol” (1997), the other international conventions started all over the world because of the wake of the oil crises (1973) and Chernobyl Accident (1986) and the “low energy path” is proposed as the best way towards a sustainable future for energy efficiency and renewable energy concept. However, the energy concepts are not well integrated into planning process in detail with all parameters, such as effective energy consumption, efficiency, equality and conservation as the indicators for the relationship between energy and planning process in all levels; form, design and planning (Odell 1975, Owens 1986, Sadownik and Jaccard 2001, Means 2004, Peker 2004). There is strong relationship between 1
energy and planning issues such as land-use, built form, transportation and urban forminfrastructure systems; (1) Planning decision of land-uses and the form of the built environment affect the intrinsic energy needs: low density urban sprawl generates a greater need to travel more than a compact pattern of mixed land-use where the physical separation of activities, as well as infrastructure costs (Hemmens 1967, Owens 1989, OECD 1995). (2) The pattern of land-uses, transportation and infrastructure is fundamental to local transport energy demand and its environmental effects (Beck 1973, Clark 1974, RTPI 1996). (3) The other important concept is the design of built environment both at urban and building scale for energy efficiency and energy consumptions (Bergman 1976, CHP Group 1977, Jessop 1978, Turrent, et al. 1981, Jebson 1981, Lundqvist 1985, Owens 1986, Fanchiotti 1993). In the special case of geothermal energy use, inadequate planning of energy efficiency is the most important problem. Still, the issue of energy and especially geothermal energy is not included within the studies of problem definition in planning in all scales such as from urban to regional. The capacity, efficiency and the location of geothermal reservoir have been one of the most important issues of the land-use planning of the geothermal energy. The number of users to be benefited from the existing capacity and the location choice of the settlements are another basic component of the problem definition of this study. First of all, the use of geothermal energy should be studied in relation to planning in all scales such as regional planning and urban design. The thermal fluid of geothermal energy can be used in many area; direct heating in residential (space heating, bathing, swimming), agricultural (greenhouse- farm heating, aquaculture pond heating, agricultural drying) and industrial functions (cooling, snow melting, chemical refrigeration). These applications can partly dictate the form of land-use planning (residential, agricultural industrial regions) that should be considered in all scales of planning. Therefore, wrong functional choices that are not suitable to these classifications cause many sorts of costs and constitute problems in the effective provision of the geothermal source. The changes in the regulations and laws and the innovations in the nation-wide technological improvements in geothermal infrastructure development are other related subject of the land-use planning of the geothermal energy. The energy dimension is not well studied with all dimensions in both planning laws, regulations and geothermal energy related laws, regulations at national and local government levels (Serpen 2003). The concern is confined only to the problems of energy transmission lines and 2
Page 1 and 2: DEVELOPING A STRATEGIC DECISION-MAK
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to tha
Page 5 and 6: ÖZET YEREL ENERJİ PLANLAMASI VE K
Page 7 and 8: 2.2.1.2. Intervening Variables ....
Page 9 and 10: APPENDIX B. QUESTIONNAIRE FORMS OF
Page 11 and 12: Figure 4. 7. The household size rat
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4. 46. The relationship betw
Page 15 and 16: Table 5. 9. The comparing the devel
Page 17: Kcal/h - Kilocalorie per Hours Kcal
Page 21 and 22: planning. NGOs should play an activ
Page 23 and 24: geothermal energy, no value is assi
Page 25 and 26: egard to the ever existing relation
Page 27 and 28: maximize fidelity to the developmen
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ON
Page 31 and 32: three main titles; geothermal resou
Page 33 and 34: electricity/ heat systems. He propo
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. 1. Energy demand of differ
Page 37 and 38: Transportation management The patte
Page 39 and 40: According to Means (2004), drinking
Page 41 and 42: Alternative urban land-use and deve
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2. 5. Hypothetical urban for
Page 45 and 46: through the use of native vegetatio
Page 47 and 48: connection between renewable energy
Page 49 and 50: Furthermore, individual publication
Page 51 and 52: enewable energy source, it is often
Page 53 and 54: Yet the current un-sustainability o
Page 55 and 56: 2.1.3. Energy Integrated Urban Land
Page 57 and 58: These applications which determine
Page 59 and 60: International Laws and Regulations
Page 61 and 62: Regulations of the Philippines Esta
Page 63 and 64: facilities and greenhouse heating (
Page 65 and 66: concepts, of Turkey are played very
Page 67 and 68: First (until 1980s), laws which wer
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Table 2. 9. Geothermal resource cha
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Development and utilization of a ge
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Solutions are required which give p
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2.2.1. The Variables about Geotherm
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participation is defined in seven l
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geothermal infrastructure system tr
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The geothermal case area and resour
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66 Figure 2. 9. The variable diagra
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Figure 3. 1. The flowchart of the t
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population and collecting the detai
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Mixed method has three significant
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Data Collection Types Table 3. 1. T
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• Non-governmental organizations;
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• Demographic parameters; Populat
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c. sex, d. age, e. educational leve
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There are two different examination
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General Directorate of Mineral Rese
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CHAPTER 4 ANALYZING THE DATA OF GEO
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4.1.1.2. Geographical Location of B
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4.1.2. The Geothermal Reservoir and
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Figure 4. 1. Geological maps of Bal
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Table 4. 2. Chronological developme
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Local District Heating and Greenhou
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of these factors according to the i
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4.1.3. Socio-Economic Background of
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Egitim Çetin Emeç Teleferik Fevzi
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should be added to the Balçova Dev
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In developing plan decisions, incre
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Waters” which are clarified in de
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In terms of socio-economic effect o
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giving study results based on the n
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40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 39,2
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social safety is related to job, wo
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Building Ownership Situation The fa
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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
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energy, and what their expectations
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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
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Emeç neighborhoods, it was observe
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observed in the neighborhoods of Ç
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• The land-use analysis should em
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Number of Floors General informatio
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Number of Units in Buildings The an
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Population Ratio in Buildings In ne
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Land Value Analysis for land value
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Building Unit Value In the light of
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Existing Building and Residence Equ
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Land Ownership On the subject of la
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Office and Residence Ratio (Mixed l
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Land Block Density (User Energy Den
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Heat load density of buildings The
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4.4. Overview of the Data Analysis
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utilized for building heating, the
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CHAPTER 5 THE MODEL APPLICATION FOR
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Simulation is a method with which a
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double units. In the areas dominate
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5.3.1. The Criterion: “Parcel Siz
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Commonly in this area, a restrictio
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Table 5. 2. The classifications and
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According to the equation 5.5, U3s
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and residential function ratio is e
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172 Figure 5. 3. “Residence Equiv
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174 Figure 5. 5. “User Energy Den
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5.4. The Evaluation of the Results
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Table 5. 9. The comparing the devel
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and different infrastructure studie
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION The energy con
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the other goal of the thesis. The a
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part in this energy process. Accord
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The variable of parcel size and vac
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REFERENCES Agyeman, Julian, Robert
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Capello, R. and P. Nijkamp. 1999. S
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Goumas, MG., V.A. Lygerou and L.E.
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Keppel, Geoffrey. 1991. Design and
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McGeough, Una, Doug Newman and Jay
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Pira, E., M. Turbiglio and M. Maron
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Tashakkori, Abbas and C.harles Tedd
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Yin, Robert K. 2003. Case study res
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• In case a boring well is necess
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In “Investigation and planning”
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Renewable Energy Resource” (04.20
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APPENDIX B QUESTIONNAIRE FORMS OF D
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214 Figure B-3. Questionnaire form
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The map shows the advantageous of t
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Figure C-4. Regional geothermal inf
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Site type settlements in Balçova d
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Figure C-8. The sample streets for
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Values (ytl) 0,2 917 120 Figure C-1
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Values (ytl) 350 300 250 200 150 10
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APPENDIX D GENERAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC B
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230 Table D-1. City and village pop
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232 1 2 3 Table D-5. Population sit
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1 2 BALÇOVA SETTLEMENT 1997 EDUCAT
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236 Table D-10. Population by labor
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