A Comprehensive Introduction to Python Programming and ... - MSDL

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1.2 Language Features 7 / 75 1.2.3.2 Binary Operators Operator Description Arithmetic Operators + Binary addition - Binary subtraction * Binary multiplication / Binary division % Remainder of the integer division ** Power Bitwise Operators Bit shift & Bitwise AND | Bitwise OR ˆ Bitwise XOR Logical Operators == Equal !=, Not equal < Greater than > Less than >= Greater than or equal 10 and x
1.2 Language Features 8 / 75 1.2.4.1 Lists Lists are composed of an arbitrary number of elements. Each of these elements can have any valid type. Lists in Python are defined by enumerating the elements of a list, separated by commas, and enclosed within square brackets. Note that lists can be nested. For example: [0, 1, 2, 4], [’arial’, 20, ’bold’], [1, ’a string’, [3, 4, 5]] are valid lists. To access an element of the list, it is necessary to know its index. The first element has index 0. Accessing elements using their index is done using square brackets, just like for an array reference in C or Java. For example: Listing 1: Accessing List Elements >> list = [’a’, ’b’, ’c’] >> list[0] ’a’ >> list[2] ’c’ 5 >>[’a’, ’b’, ’c’][1] ’b’ >> The elements of a list can also be modified by assigning a value to a selection, just like it would be done for arrays in C or Java. For example: Listing 2: Modifying lists >> list = [’a’, ’b’, ’c’] >> list[1] = ’d’ >> list [’a’, ’d’, ’c’] >> 5 When a negative index is specified, the length of the list is added to it before it is used. This make a negative index “wrap” around. Therefore, -1 denotes the last element of the list, -2 the second to last element, and so on. It is also possible to select multiple elements of a list at a time by taking a “slice” of the original list. Slicings are of the form list[lower:upper]. This creates a new sub-list contanining the elements of the original list having an index k, lower
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