Hazardous Chemicals Handbook (pdf) - CCC

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16 <strong>Chemicals</strong> and the environment: sources and impact Protection of the environment from pollution caused by ‘wastes’ is a matter of increasing concern. It can be a technically-complex exercise because the variety of waste is extremely wide, the volumes may be large, and the levels ‘permissible’ for release may be very low. Examples of industrial chemical waste are given in Table 16.1. Common industrial sources of pollution are given in Table 16.2. Since waste can result in pollution, the two terms are often used synonymously. Table 16.1 Types of waste and forms of pollutant Source Type of waste Form of pollutant (1) Agriculture, horticulture Cement, bricks, lime Coal distillation, coal tar, coke ovens Construction, building, demolition BOD waste (high and low) L S A Disinfectant A Pesticides, herbicides (see below) PA Fertilizers, see Inorganic chemicals A Chromium L Dust S Fluorides G Sulphur dioxide G Ammonia G A Aromatic hydrocarbons G L Combustion products G Cyanate A Cyanides G A Dust S P Fluorides G A Hydrocarbons (general) G L A Hydrogen sulphide G Phenols L A Polycyclic hydrocarbons G Sulphur dioxide G Tar G L S Thiocyanates A Combustion products G P Dust S P
Table 16.1 Cont’d Electricity generation Fibres, textiles CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT 489 Source Type of waste Form of pollutant (1) Metals S Rubble S Timber S Clinker S Combustion products, e.g. smoke G Cooling water L Pulverized fuel ash S P Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide G Bleaches A Cyanides A Detergents A Dyestuffs A Grease L S Oil L A Resins L A Silicones A Speciality chemicals for fire-, rot- and waterproofing L A Wax PA Food processing Animal Abattoir waste L S P A BOD waste (high and low) A Disinfectants A Grease S A Oil L A Beverage Alkali A BOD waste (low) A Carbon dioxide G Cullet S Detergents A Vegetable and fruit Alkali A Bleaches A BOD waste (high and low) P A Oil L Solvents L A Inorganic chemicals Wax S P A Chloralkali Brine A Calcium chloride A Mercury L Desalination Brines A Fertilizer Ammonia G A Nitrates S Oxides of nitrogen A Phosphates S Glass and ceramic Arsenic A Barium S Manganese S Selenium S Hydrofluoric acid Calcium sulphate P A Nitric acid Ammonia G A Oxides of nitrogen A Phosphoric acid Calcium sulphate P A Hydrofluoric acid A
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Hazardous Chemicals Handbook
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Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of
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vi CONTENTS Effects of particle or
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viii CONTENTS 14 Marketing 443 Clas
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x PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The
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xii PREFACE to chemical safety data
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2 INTRODUCTION Table 1.1 Breakdown
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4 INTRODUCTION Table 1.3 Comprehens
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6 INTRODUCTION Table 1.5 Schedule 1
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8 INTRODUCTION Table 1.7 Planning (
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2 Terminology ACID A chemical compo
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12 TERMINOLOGY initially thought to
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14 TERMINOLOGY vapour concentration
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16 TERMINOLOGY MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SE
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18 TERMINOLOGY conferences of the s
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20 TERMINOLOGY UEL, UPPER EXPLOSIVE
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22 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY
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46 PHYSICOCHEMISTRY pa = pa′ xa w
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48 PHYSICOCHEMISTRY Table 4.1 Densi
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50 PHYSICOCHEMISTRY Vapour flashing
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52 PHYSICOCHEMISTRY where N is mass
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54 PHYSICOCHEMISTRY where T a is th
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56 PHYSICOCHEMISTRY Table 4.8 Compa
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58 PHYSICOCHEMISTRY Table 4.10 Corr
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60 PHYSICOCHEMISTRY Table 4.12 Solv
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62 PHYSICOCHEMISTRY Table 4.13 Cont
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64 PHYSICOCHEMISTRY Table 4.13 Cont
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66 PHYSICOCHEMISTRY If pressure rel
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68 TOXIC CHEMICALS Table 5.1 Classi
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70 TOXIC CHEMICALS Table 5.2 Materi
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72 TOXIC CHEMICALS A summary of the
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74 TOXIC CHEMICALS Table 5.4 Cont
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76 TOXIC CHEMICALS Table 5.6 Some s
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78 TOXIC CHEMICALS 10 6 Boulders 10
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80 TOXIC CHEMICALS Table 5.10 Chemi
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Threshold limit values (TLV) These
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(a) should not be used as an index
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Table 5.13 Adopted biological expos
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Table 5.13 Cont’d METHYL ETHYL KE
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Table 5.14 UK biological monitoring
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Table 5.16 Substances assigned ‘R
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Table 5.16 Cont’d Ethyleneimine E
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Table 5.17 Evaluation of carcinogen
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Table 5.17 Cont’d RISK CONTROL 12
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Table 5.17 Cont’d Non-arsenical i
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Table 5.17 Cont’d 2-(2-Formylhydr
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Table 5.17 Cont’d Uracil mustard
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(e.g. with knock-out and/or scrubbi
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Typical minimum transport velocitie
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Table 5.20 Prohibition of certain s
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Keep test records Keep RPE test rec
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extend with certain exceptions to o
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Table 5.23 Frequency of thorough ex
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Table 5.26 Agents for which health
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Table 5.27 Summary of precautions f
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Long-term exposure to ferric oxide
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The STEL is 200 ppm but extended pe
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(iv) Cyanides As a group, the cyani
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Basic precautions include those in
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Table 5.38 Chlorinated hydrocarbon
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Table 5.40 Routine laboratory preca
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Table 5.43 Common anhydrous acids C
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Table 5.45 Precautions in handling
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Table 5.48 Potential pollutants fro
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Table 5.51 Physical properties of t
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Whilst the causative agent(s) have
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Table 5.54 Precautions to avoid ‘
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Table 5.57 General precautions with
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Monitor effectiveness Assess weldin
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Ammonium chloride fume - 10 - 20 -
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tert-Butyl acetate 200 950 - - 200
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2-Chloroethanol, see Ethylene chlor
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1,2-Dibromoethane, see Ethylene dib
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Dinitolmide - 5 - - - - - - Dinitro
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Ethyl ether 400 1210 500 1520 400 1
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Hydrogen bromide - - C3 C9.9 - - 3
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Inorganic forms including metallic
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Mineral wool fibre - 10 (i) Molybde
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Perlite - 10 (i) Petroleum distilla
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Quinone 0.1 0.44 - - 0.1 0.4 0.3 1.
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Synthetic vitreous fibres Continuou
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Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide, see Cyh
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(d) Simple asphyxiant. Some gases a
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6 Flammable chemicals Certain chemi
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198 FLAMMABLE CHEMICALS these are n
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Table 6.3 Sources of ignition Mecha
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Table 6.4 Approximate temperatures
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Table 6.6 Approximate temperatures
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Table 6.7 Cont’d Wood flour Wool
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Table 6.10 Electrochemical series M
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Table 6.11 Control measures for wor
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• The type of hazard - determines
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Table 6.13 General requirements for
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The minimum fire instruction and tr
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n-Amyl alcohol 0.82 3.0 33 300 1-10
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Butyl cellosolve 0.91 4.1 61 244 1.
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Cumene 0.86 4.1 44 424 0.9-6.5 152
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Diethyl sulphate Diglycol, see Diet
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Ethylene chlorohydrin 1.21 2.78 60o
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p-Mentha-1,8-diene 3.84 7.4 45 237
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Nitroethane 1.05 2.58 38 360-415 3.
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Propionitrile 0.77 1.9 2 - 3.1- 97
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Trimethyl amine 0.66 2.0 -7 190 2-1
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Benzoyl peroxide - - - 21 - Berylli
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Copper-zinc, gold bronze 370 190 1.
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Hydrazine acid tartrate 570 0.175 4
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Phthalimide 630 - 0.030 50 89 4800
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Sodium toluene sulphonate 530 - - -
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7 Reactive chemicals From Chapter 3
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230 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 7.1 Wa
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232 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 7.3 Va
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234 REACTIVE CHEMICALS (e.g. concen
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236 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 7.7 At
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238 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 7.9 Se
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240 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 7.9 Co
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242 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 7.11 C
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244 REACTIVE CHEMICALS High e.g. sl
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246 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 7.14 S
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248 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 7.17 G
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250 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 7.20 P
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252 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Incorrect ki
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254 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 7.22 H
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256 REACTIVE CHEMICALS Erlenmeyer r
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8 Cryogens Cryogenics, or low-tempe
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260 CRYOGENS Table 8.3 General prec
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262 CRYOGENS to liquefy. The triple
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264 CRYOGENS Table 8.6 Effect of ca
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266 COMPRESSED GASES Table 9.1 Comp
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268 COMPRESSED GASES Table 9.1 Cont
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270 COMPRESSED GASES Table 9.1 Cont
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272 COMPRESSED GASES Table 9.3 prov
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274 COMPRESSED GASES Table 9.4 Phys
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276 COMPRESSED GASES The precaution
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278 COMPRESSED GASES Vapour pressur
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280 COMPRESSED GASES CO + Cl 2 →
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284 COMPRESSED GASES Hydrogen chlor
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286 COMPRESSED GASES • Avoid galv
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292 COMPRESSED GASES Table 9.16 Gen
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296 COMPRESSED GASES Table 9.20 Phy
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302 COMPRESSED GASES 16 hr per day
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304 COMPRESSED GASES where R 1 and
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308 MONITORING TECHNIQUES Table 10.
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310 MONITORING TECHNIQUES such that
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314 MONITORING TECHNIQUES industria
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Table 10.12 Selected examples of sa
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Table 10.15 Charcoal tube user guid
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Table 10.15 Cont’d Substance Expe
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Table 10.17 Compounds detectable by
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Table 10.17 Cont’d Compound Analy
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Table 10.23 Cont’d Principle Exam
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Table 10.30 Methods for sampling an
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Table 10.30 Cont’d Substance Samp
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386 MONITORING TECHNIQUES Existing
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11 Radioactive chemicals The main c
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392 RADIOACTIVE CHEMICALS Table 11.
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394 RADIOACTIVE CHEMICALS D t = D 0
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12 Safety by design Plant and equip
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398 SAFETY BY DESIGN Table 12.2 Che
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400 SAFETY BY DESIGN Table 12.5 Fea
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402 SAFETY BY DESIGN Table 12.7 Sel
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404 SAFETY BY DESIGN Equipment desi
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406 SAFETY BY DESIGN Table 12.11 Sa
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408 SAFETY BY DESIGN Table 12.12 Ra
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410 SAFETY BY DESIGN Table 12.13 Co
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13 Operating procedures Safety is a
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414 OPERATING PROCEDURES Table 13.1
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418 OPERATING PROCEDURES Work can b
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420 OPERATING PROCEDURES PLANT DETA
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422 OPERATING PROCEDURES CERTIFICAT
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424 OPERATING PROCEDURES • Have e
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426 OPERATING PROCEDURES Calling in
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430 OPERATING PROCEDURES Cuts is un
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436 OPERATING PROCEDURES There are
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Page 452 and 453: 440 OPERATING PROCEDURES Table 13.1
Page 454 and 455: 442 OPERATING PROCEDURES Monitoring
Page 456 and 457: 444 MARKETING Table 14.1 Legislatio
Page 458 and 459: 446 MARKETING Table 14.2 Indication
Page 460 and 461: 448 MARKETING Table 14.3 ‘Risk’
Page 462 and 463: 450 MARKETING Table 14.3 Cont’d 4
Page 464 and 465: 452 MARKETING Table 14.5 Classifica
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Page 468 and 469: 456 MARKETING Table 14.9 Compatibil
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Page 472 and 473: 15 Transport of chemicals Transport
Page 474 and 475: 462 TRANSPORT OF CHEMICALS Legislat
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Page 478 and 479: 466 TRANSPORT OF CHEMICALS Table 15
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Page 502 and 503: 490 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT:
Page 524 and 525: 17 Chemicals and the environment: m
Page 526 and 527: 514 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT D
Page 528 and 529: 516 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT T
Page 540 and 541: 528 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT A
Page 542 and 543: 530 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT P
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538 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT T
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544 CONVERSION TABLES AND MEASUREME
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Emission rates To obtain: g/s g/min
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19 Bibliography It is impractical t
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554 BIBLIOGRAPHY Be Prepared for an
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556 BIBLIOGRAPHY Kletz, T.A. (1989)
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558 BIBLIOGRAPHY Selected statutory
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560 BIBLIOGRAPHY European legislati
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562 BIBLIOGRAPHY 95/50/EC Directive
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564 BIBLIOGRAPHY 2000/166/EC Decisi
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566 BIBLIOGRAPHY European legislati
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568 BIBLIOGRAPHY SI 1989/1149 Contr
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570 BIBLIOGRAPHY Selected decisions
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572 BIBLIOGRAPHY BPM 20 Iron works
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574 BIBLIOGRAPHY EH 65/30 Review of
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576 BIBLIOGRAPHY HS(G)123 Working t
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578 BIBLIOGRAPHY INDG 136 COSHH: a
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580 BIBLIOGRAPHY L73 RIDDOR explain
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582 BIBLIOGRAPHY MDHS 70 General me
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584 BIBLIOGRAPHY SHW 396 Effects of
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586 BIBLIOGRAPHY Publications by th
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588 BIBLIOGRAPHY BS 3951 (Withdrawn
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590 BIBLIOGRAPHY BS EN 54-2 Fire de
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592 BIBLIOGRAPHY BS EN 60079-14 AMD
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594 APPENDIX: SELECTED UK LEGISLATI
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596 APPENDIX: SELECTED UK LEGISLATI
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Absorption: gas, 314 percutaneous,
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systems of work, See Systems of wor
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Gloves, See Hand protection Glutera
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physical properties, 301 precaution
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Spillage, 427, 428, 429 Spontaneous
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