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O vii water management; harvest methods; growth <strong>studies</strong> and economics of culture. ' 1 On an appraisal of the system in detail, the prospects and constraints in the culture practices are identified. The discussion is concluded by presenting the salient features of the appropriate technology evolved afte-r taking into consideration the various ecological, social and economical aspects prevalent in the study area. A vivid summary has been given followed by recommendations. Literature survey has covered around 367 titles. Besides, the author has published several scientific and informative papers and articles. 7 among them more relevant in the context of the present study have been given as an appendix.
QCKQQHLEDQEHHNTS " '0 I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. M. Sakthivel, Director, The Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) Kochi for his guidance, supervision and encouragement throughout the period of ¢his study. I am grateful to the Chairman, MPEDA, Kochi for the permission and facilities provided for the work. My thanks are due to the Vice—Chancellor, Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) for the kind permission accorded to undertake the study. Also, I am thankful to Dr. E.G. Silas, former Vice—Chancellor and Dr. M.J. Sebastian, Dean, College of Fisheries, Panangad for the encouragement and keen interest evinced in the study. On this occassion, I sincerely acknowledge the invaluable services and help rendered by the shrimp farmers, scientists of sister institutions and friends during the course of this study. Special mention should be made to: i) Dr. U.K. Gopalan and Dr. T. Balachandran, Senior Scientists, National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Kochi for their valuable suggestions and critically going through the manuscript. ii) Mr. G.R. Unnithan, Scientist, Central Institute» of' Fisheries Technology, Kochi for the statistical interpretation of the data. iii) Dr. P.M. Sherief, Assistant Professor and Mr. C.G. Rajendran, Associate Professor, Fisheries Faculty, KAU, for their suggestions in data analysis. iv) Mr. A.P. Zacharia, Senior Photographer, MPEDA, Kochi for depicting the salient aspects of the study. v) Mr. M.K. Kochumoideen, Field Supervisor, MPEDA, Kochi and Mr. T.K. Sudhakaran, Laboratory Assistant, NIO, Kochi for their assistance in field work.
Page 1 and 2: STUDIES ON IMPROVED PRACTICES OI-'
Page 3 and 4: Q Eu?‘-6 PLR A_T,I 0 N I, K.S. Pu
Page 5 and 6: .1» 4 It 4 .1 2 O3 .4 .4 .1; .4 4
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE Hailing from a traditional
Page 9: vi by FAO, INFOFISH in Bangkok, Tha
Page 13 and 14: 1 - INTRPDPCTI 0" 1.1 LITERATURE fi
Page 15 and 16: Thailand - SEAFDEC News letter and
Page 17 and 18: 5 The national symposium on "Shrimp
Page 19 and 20: 7 The author through his investigat
Page 21 and 22: 9 The 'Sugpo' cultivathmi of Philip
Page 23 and 24: * Taiwan ‘I1 Taiwan has the highe
Page 25 and 26: lPd0v¢§i2 13 Shrimp culture start
Page 27 and 28: 15 Hatcheries are not set up due to
Page 29 and 30: demonstrated through the Bay of Ben
Page 31 and 32: 19 paddy is transplanted. Subsequen
Page 33 and 34: 21 ‘Bheries’ Nonakheris or 'Bha
Page 35 and 36: 1.2.2 ,$hrimp farming cycles 23 The
Page 37 and 38: 25 The purpose of shrimp hatchery i
Page 39 and 40: PL40 or PL60 stages. 27 Some times
Page 41 and 42: highly successful as nurseries [Sid
Page 43 and 44: harvest technology and marketing. 3
Page 45 and 46: kept at 6% using organic manures as
Page 47 and 48: 35 Yield was more than S000 kg/crop
Page 49 and 50: 37 gates during the flow of water f
Page 51 and 52: 39 user groups and even fishery clo
Page 53 and 54: Table 1 State West Bengal Orissa ST
Page 55 and 56: 42 imposition of 360 km EEZ, primar
Page 57 and 58: 44 were the ‘principal producers
Page 59 and 60: labour - intensive work, but subsis
Page 61 and 62:
47 production in developing countri
Page 63 and 64:
49 ingredients such as trashfish fo
Page 65 and 66:
51 Socially oriented aquaculture ca
Page 67 and 68:
53 OTl8Dt8dPHfI€Ch approachnmxnme
Page 69 and 70:
. - ,‘ 0 .' , F K T I Ky 7§:'°
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56 aquacultural aspects pertaining
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58 In the seasonal fields, shrimp h
Page 75 and 76:
60 Mqsilt se1>ha1v.S, Liza 22- Qhan
Page 77 and 78:
PLATE II A - Commercial pelleted sh
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‘fffl I -(.7; fiL * ¢& 0 - . PLA
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Acclhmatisation 64 The varied accli
Page 83 and 84:
B. Economics 66 Depending on the ty
Page 85 and 86:
68 2 .4 l§_}fBSTIGATIONS _A_N?I)__
Page 87:
70 Iniestigggatign A1: Studies on t
Page 90 and 91:
PLATE IV A -Traditional shrimp filt
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73 indicus was worked out to 260.34
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74 Llnvgestgigation Studies on shri
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75 traditional practice (Investigat
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77 in Table 4b. While the yield of
Page 104 and 105:
78 _Inves_tigation - g1t_3 : Studie
Page 107 and 108:
3-6 F
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B2 catch was H dobsoni (64.84%] fol
Page 113 and 114:
83 investigation - A Q: Studies on
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G;,.\\"“’ ' I SLUICE GAT E 1 T
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PLATE V A —Poddy- cum- shrimp fil
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87 of filtration. In all 700 kg fee
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89 months could be obtained. The yi
Page 125 and 126:
TABLE 6g Q-q-&& $113 1. 2. 3. 1.. 5
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FIG-6 I. | I I SLUICE GATE - /llrzl
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PLATE VI A— Harvested stock of sh
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Table 7a Months November December J
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Table 7 c rut an A§ E UP 0F_QUA}IT
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‘ U. \\ BANK " I I MAIN CANAL =
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97 addition a series of secondary a
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99 -. 9502 methods are presented
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Table 8 b §ATCHflPETA1LS OffAN 1HP
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102 the Munambam barmouth and that
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104 Narakkal and 12.58 g (121.1 m)
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2.4 Grggp t B 106 Case- atadtioast
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108 _Case study - Bl : Experimental
Page 155 and 156:
P LAT E VII A - Shrimp seed collect
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111 Tnve -Per.¢ent.ase insolubles
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113 statistically analysed. The res
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, ~ ;- 4 an I *' ‘V’ ' "'0 9
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3 - 5 Fljrlstvckins 1 16 Side by si
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4. Results 4 - 1 "8te£__EL%a1.itY
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119 harvest day were subjected to s
Page 171:
121 (laseg_s*t__uclyg-_-g _§I'_>:
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123 between 7.5 and 8.0. The fluctu
Page 176 and 177:
TABLE 12 b T.1?1F¢DETA1L5 OF .53B1
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125 Casesgtudy -_Bg4 : Experimental
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dry twigs were planted. 3-3 substra
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128 presented in the Table 13c. The
Page 184:
'1'/-\1:$l_.l1‘ 13 b DPIJYAPILS O
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130 Casestudy 5gB5 : Experimental c
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Fi eld history 13 1 The selected fi
Page 191 and 192:
PLATE X ,\*;"""' '//vfl! “\“‘
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Table 14a 1. Z. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9
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4 - Z Gr9!th_aS_$eS smear 136 Obser
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138 showed that transformation of f
Page 200 and 201:
TABLE 16 I EXPENDITURE DETAILS OF E
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139
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141 quality parameters was done (Ta
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1&3 was done by cast net operation
Page 209 and 210:
TABLE 15 c 50-—— ‘---— s_1_
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1145 3-Z Fielsd Pr¢n_m*=i
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147 4-Z Grgvth meawr21sn_5S and hwe
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Table 16d PFTAIL§°F PENAEUSMQNODO
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Q’e11§ti°n._1 b 1- la-1 149 To
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151 individual size and the details
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Table 17c °PERAT10NAl»E§Q¥OM1C5
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153 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CULTURE
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_§. monodon 155 Hither to enexplor
Page 230 and 231:
157 Study C8 : Pilot study on B, mo
Page 232:
3.2 Waterenchange 159 On completion
Page 235 and 236:
161 showed tremendous variations su
Page 237:
Table 19c Date of observation xtibh
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164 tidal water was admitted throug
Page 242 and 243:
165 pond. Trays were sundried daily
Page 244:
TABLE 20 d IREND OF GROETH‘ P -10
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168 to be D = Q8? = 0.091 which was
Page 249 and 250:
170 keeping an initial water level
Page 251 and 252:
Table 21 a E§PER1flENTAL CULTgRE_Q
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173 implied that the treatments in
Page 255 and 256:
175 ponds to maintain an average le
Page 257 and 258:
177 suitably imersed in the pond in
Page 259:
Table 22 b 11-1_._..-@_ _¢—.—_
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PLATE XIII A — Series of mini pon
Page 264:
180 desilted and prepared for B. in
Page 267 and 268:
4.1 Na . 182 4 . Results ter qualit
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183 the right combinations of feed
Page 271 and 272:
5 . Obselfgations 185 The 5 feeds t
Page 273 and 274:
187 water @ almost 70% and subseque
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5. Observations 189 .As a result of
Page 277 and 278:
190 C 7 : Pilot study on _§. monod
Page 279 and 280:
4.2 Growth assessment 192 Table 25a
Page 282 and 283:
193 C 8 : Pilot study on monodon cu
Page 284 and 285:
Table 26a 195 MONTHLY MEAN VALUES O
Page 286 and 287:
Table 26c “FAN yelvfis ,1= GROWTH
Page 288 and 289:
197 2 . 4 Group D Bmsriasntalpp Sw_
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199 I) 1. Impact of two different f
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201 survival rate varied from 40 -
Page 294 and 295:
TABLE 27 C MEAN GROWTH RATE OF PENA
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203 exchange, after filtering throu
Page 298 and 299:
TABLE 28 a 15.2.1989 02.3.1989 16.3
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6.2.1989. 3.3 gFry_stocking 206 Uni
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TABLE 29 a MEAN SIZE OF P. INDICUS
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3.3 Stocking 209 59 wild juveniles
Page 306 and 307:
Table 30a T PQRIICULARS OF EXRERIME
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3.4 Feeding 212 After two days of s
Page 310 and 311:
2.4 GIOEE E 213 Caseufitudieslctqn
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215 diagonally opposite to the deli
Page 315 and 316:
217 Thereafter, fry were released t
Page 317:
219 The transparency of the medium
Page 320 and 321:
LI-ibbb J2 D EXPENDITURE Q§TAILS O
Page 322 and 323:
221 In a national perspective, semi
Page 324 and 325:
223 technology to be employed and m
Page 326 and 327:
225 characteristics of tidal water
Page 328 and 329:
227 One may assue that a gross exch
Page 330 and 331:
229 The substratum was more firm at
Page 332 and 333:
231 Temperature and salinity of wat
Page 334 and 335:
233 restricted tidal water entry si
Page 336 and 337:
235 1954), Hora and Nair (1944) and
Page 338 and 339:
237 filling upto 75 cm level was al
Page 340 and 341:
239 The traditional culture pond sh
Page 342 and 343:
achieved. 3.1.3 Pond preparation 24
Page 344 and 345:
243 possible in the compartments at
Page 346 and 347:
the sea and from the land. 245 The
Page 348 and 349:
247 gradient could be noticed only
Page 350 and 351:
249 gradual reduction of light at a
Page 352 and 353:
251 (Sakthivel, 1988). The water co
Page 354 and 355:
253 burgeoning population of Vibrio
Page 356 and 357:
255 different seasons without being
Page 358 and 359:
257 management was done with extrem
Page 360 and 361:
259 vulnerable to seagull predation
Page 362 and 363:
Z61 (Johnson and Fielding 1956; Lun
Page 364 and 365:
263 Many of the perceived environme
Page 366 and 367:
265 accounts for 18%. The preferred
Page 368 and 369:
267 The availability' of epibenthic
Page 370 and 371:
269 confines of an estuary" (Morris
Page 372 and 373:
271 there was two to three weeks nu
Page 374 and 375:
274 Trivedi et al. (1982) in Shetru
Page 376 and 377:
;¢\an-“‘ .P@ , 1"‘ ¢?§ P
Page 378 and 379:
I PLATE XVIII A-Test feed trays sus
Page 380 and 381:
PLATE XX A— fenoeuq _mon*odo|1 B
Page 382 and 383:
276 Percentage survival of shrimps
Page 384 and 385:
278 Poor FCR means considerable los
Page 386 and 387:
280 seasonal availability of food o
Page 388 and 389:
282 Usually high protein formulated
Page 390 and 391:
284 feeding efficiency contribute t
Page 392 and 393:
286 in detail various aspects of ba
Page 394 and 395:
Z88 freshly prepared palatable feed
Page 396 and 397:
289 of decaying paddy stumps during
Page 398 and 399:
291 use of organic manures such as
Page 400 and 401:
292 al for good agrowth adequate nu
Page 402 and 403:
294 level requirement for the early
Page 404 and 405:
296 to make use of the tidal amplit
Page 406 and 407:
298 Iiarumancheri and Pallithode. B
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300 aspects leading to cmygen deple
Page 410 and 411:
PLATE XXV A - I-larvesl - use of se
Page 412 and 413:
303 to those of other methods. Less
Page 414 and 415:
304 Harvesting was done in a day in
Page 416 and 417:
305 favourable ebbing time. The res
Page 418 and 419:
307 length of 84 mm (3.76 g) 93 mm
Page 420 and 421:
Table 3 3 a S1. Type of No. cul 121
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310 B. indicus when fed with pellet
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312 reported that the average retur
Page 427 and 428:
314 of improved fields at Ayyampill
Page 429 and 430:
316 _E. indicus with 125.04% (R01)
Page 431 and 432:
318 practice, the production cost i
Page 433 and 434:
320 lease value which determined th
Page 435 and 436:
321 Thus, adaption of an extensive
Page 437 and 438:
323 Webber and Riodan (1979) pointe
Page 439 and 440:
325 Thus well suited climatic condi
Page 441 and 442:
) Lack of technicians 327 Insuffici
Page 443 and 444:
329 Kuthiathode in Kerala. Of the 2
Page 445 and 446:
331 ecosystems of Kerala during 199
Page 447 and 448:
ml Foreign technology .. 333 Over a
Page 449 and 450:
335 system can economically functio
Page 451 and 452:
337 a practical proposal in the stu
Page 453 and 454:
339 In the above context, it is wor
Page 455 and 456:
3&1 A search on the types of rural
Page 457 and 458:
343 taken to fix the main sl.uice g
Page 459 and 460:
345 Considering the nature of manag
Page 461 and 462:
management. G{9FthoI¢1at°d-t° tD
Page 463 and 464:
4.1 sunnmnnv 4. suunnnr AND RECQMME
Page 465 and 466:
351 15. Increased shrimp yield (137
Page 467 and 468:
353 saline paddy fields for raising
Page 469 and 470:
355 Puuveypu using turbid silt lade
Page 471 and 472:
357 growth and survival are describ
Page 473 and 474:
359 71. Compared to autostocking in
Page 475 and 476:
361 remunerative avocations like fi
Page 477 and 478:
363 procurer of raw shrimps. This c
Page 479 and 480:
5 . LITERATURE CITED Achuthankutty,
Page 481 and 482:
367 Balakrishnan, K.P. and C.S. Shy
Page 483 and 484:
369 Csavas, I. 1988. Shrimp farming
Page 485 and 486:
371 Ganapati, P.N. and V.S.R. Murth
Page 487 and 488:
373 Gopalan, U.K., Doyil T. Vengayi
Page 489 and 490:
3'75 Hora, S.L. and K.K. Nair, 191t
Page 491 and 492:
377 Kungvankij, P. 1982. The design
Page 493 and 494:
379 Mc Vey, J.P. 1983. CRC Hand boo
Page 495 and 496:
381 Mukherjee, A.B. 1977. Closed bo
Page 497 and 498:
383 Panikkar, N.K. 1952. Possibilit
Page 499 and 500:
385 Purushan, K.S. 1991. Relevant f
Page 501 and 502:
387 *Ruello, N.V. 1973. The influen
Page 503 and 504:
389 Silas, E.G. 1981. Welcome Addre
Page 505 and 506:
391 Thomson 7 J.M. 1956. Fluctuatio
Page 507 and 508:
393 Young, P.C. 1975. Preliminary o
Page 509 and 510:
Acclimatisation Compound feed Detri
Page 511 and 512:
Reprinted from Epocgeedingg gf the
Page 513:
CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMKIS suppl
Page 519 and 520:
CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMICS Sl No
Page 521 and 522:
CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMICS bic b
Page 523 and 524:
Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 19
Page 525 and 526:
HIGH DENSITY, FARMING OF P. INDICUS
Page 527 and 528:
8" HIGH DENSITY, FARMING OF P. INDI
Page 530 and 531:
158 U. K. GOPALAN, K. S. PURUSHAN,
Page 532 and 533:
Reprint from Seafood Export Journal
Page 534 and 535:
grounds of commercial prawns. But t
Page 536 and 537:
Seafood Export Journal ygol. ZQIX,
Page 538 and 539:
the quality prawns can also be attr
Page 540 and 541:
9. Cost of materials for shed l0. H
Page 542 and 543:
Beprintgfrom Seafood Export’ Jour
Page 544 and 545:
seed invariably enter and autostodk
Page 546 and 547:
Reprinted from Fishing mes, .\/Q1.
Page 548 and 549:
established in this brackishwater'
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