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3.1.8 Harvest and post harvest technologies 3.1.9 Growth <strong>studies</strong> 3.1.10 Economics of shrimp culture 3.2 System appraisal 3 .2 .1 Strength/prospects/opportunities 3 . 2 . 2 Weakness/th reats/constraints 3.3 The technology 3.3.1 Ecological (pond, seed and feed management) considerations in the light of modern innovations. 3.3.2 Social considerations 3.3.3 Economical considerations 3.3.4 The technology explained iii 4. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1 Summary 4.2 Recommendations 5. LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX 301 305 311 323 323 326 334 334 336 338 340 349 349 360 365
PREFACE Hailing from a traditional fisherman family and also being a shrimp farmer and an Associate Professor in the Kerala Agricultural University, Fisheries Station at Puduveypu, the author with his 25 years of experience is~ well aware of the importance of shrimp culture in the economy of central Kerala. Hence, having realised the need for incorporating innovative technology to our traditional farming practices, in order to update it on par with other nations, the author felt it important to make a critical study of the existing culture practices in the central Kerala, a region where it has been existing since time immemorial. Also the need was felt to work out the economics of different types and level of culture so as to provide an insight for the farming community and financial managers on investment decisions in shrimp farming. In this context, it is worth recollecting the outcome of the "Expert consultation on planning for Aquaculture Development" held in Policoro, Italy in 1988 (ADCP Report, 1989/33). The participants proposed that appropriate action be taken starting at the interregional level "to preparewa catalogue __liSting availablersystems and pra_c,tices_,of production" to assist governments of developing countries in planning and developing appropriate aquaculture methodologies. To this end, the thesis entitled "Studies on improved practices of prawn farming for higher production in central Kerala" prepared by the author describes various practices prevailing in the study area in order to elucidate their relative merits. The study on semi-intensive farming at Mundapuram, Kannur was also carried out and included in the thesis for comparison. e
Page 1 and 2: STUDIES ON IMPROVED PRACTICES OI-'
Page 3 and 4: Q Eu?‘-6 PLR A_T,I 0 N I, K.S. Pu
Page 5: .1» 4 It 4 .1 2 O3 .4 .4 .1; .4 4
Page 9 and 10: vi by FAO, INFOFISH in Bangkok, Tha
Page 11 and 12: QCKQQHLEDQEHHNTS " '0 I wish to exp
Page 13 and 14: 1 - INTRPDPCTI 0" 1.1 LITERATURE fi
Page 15 and 16: Thailand - SEAFDEC News letter and
Page 17 and 18: 5 The national symposium on "Shrimp
Page 19 and 20: 7 The author through his investigat
Page 21 and 22: 9 The 'Sugpo' cultivathmi of Philip
Page 23 and 24: * Taiwan ‘I1 Taiwan has the highe
Page 25 and 26: lPd0v¢§i2 13 Shrimp culture start
Page 27 and 28: 15 Hatcheries are not set up due to
Page 29 and 30: demonstrated through the Bay of Ben
Page 31 and 32: 19 paddy is transplanted. Subsequen
Page 33 and 34: 21 ‘Bheries’ Nonakheris or 'Bha
Page 35 and 36: 1.2.2 ,$hrimp farming cycles 23 The
Page 37 and 38: 25 The purpose of shrimp hatchery i
Page 39 and 40: PL40 or PL60 stages. 27 Some times
Page 41 and 42: highly successful as nurseries [Sid
Page 43 and 44: harvest technology and marketing. 3
Page 45 and 46: kept at 6% using organic manures as
Page 47 and 48: 35 Yield was more than S000 kg/crop
Page 49 and 50: 37 gates during the flow of water f
Page 51 and 52: 39 user groups and even fishery clo
Page 53 and 54: Table 1 State West Bengal Orissa ST
Page 55 and 56: 42 imposition of 360 km EEZ, primar
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44 were the ‘principal producers
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labour - intensive work, but subsis
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47 production in developing countri
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49 ingredients such as trashfish fo
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51 Socially oriented aquaculture ca
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53 OTl8Dt8dPHfI€Ch approachnmxnme
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. - ,‘ 0 .' , F K T I Ky 7§:'°
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56 aquacultural aspects pertaining
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58 In the seasonal fields, shrimp h
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60 Mqsilt se1>ha1v.S, Liza 22- Qhan
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PLATE II A - Commercial pelleted sh
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‘fffl I -(.7; fiL * ¢& 0 - . PLA
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Acclhmatisation 64 The varied accli
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B. Economics 66 Depending on the ty
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68 2 .4 l§_}fBSTIGATIONS _A_N?I)__
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70 Iniestigggatign A1: Studies on t
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PLATE IV A -Traditional shrimp filt
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73 indicus was worked out to 260.34
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74 Llnvgestgigation Studies on shri
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75 traditional practice (Investigat
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77 in Table 4b. While the yield of
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78 _Inves_tigation - g1t_3 : Studie
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3-6 F
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B2 catch was H dobsoni (64.84%] fol
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83 investigation - A Q: Studies on
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G;,.\\"“’ ' I SLUICE GAT E 1 T
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PLATE V A —Poddy- cum- shrimp fil
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87 of filtration. In all 700 kg fee
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89 months could be obtained. The yi
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TABLE 6g Q-q-&& $113 1. 2. 3. 1.. 5
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FIG-6 I. | I I SLUICE GATE - /llrzl
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PLATE VI A— Harvested stock of sh
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Table 7a Months November December J
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Table 7 c rut an A§ E UP 0F_QUA}IT
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‘ U. \\ BANK " I I MAIN CANAL =
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97 addition a series of secondary a
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99 -. 9502 methods are presented
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Table 8 b §ATCHflPETA1LS OffAN 1HP
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102 the Munambam barmouth and that
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104 Narakkal and 12.58 g (121.1 m)
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2.4 Grggp t B 106 Case- atadtioast
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108 _Case study - Bl : Experimental
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P LAT E VII A - Shrimp seed collect
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111 Tnve -Per.¢ent.ase insolubles
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113 statistically analysed. The res
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, ~ ;- 4 an I *' ‘V’ ' "'0 9
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3 - 5 Fljrlstvckins 1 16 Side by si
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4. Results 4 - 1 "8te£__EL%a1.itY
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119 harvest day were subjected to s
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121 (laseg_s*t__uclyg-_-g _§I'_>:
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123 between 7.5 and 8.0. The fluctu
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TABLE 12 b T.1?1F¢DETA1L5 OF .53B1
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125 Casesgtudy -_Bg4 : Experimental
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dry twigs were planted. 3-3 substra
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128 presented in the Table 13c. The
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'1'/-\1:$l_.l1‘ 13 b DPIJYAPILS O
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130 Casestudy 5gB5 : Experimental c
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Fi eld history 13 1 The selected fi
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PLATE X ,\*;"""' '//vfl! “\“‘
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Table 14a 1. Z. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9
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4 - Z Gr9!th_aS_$eS smear 136 Obser
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138 showed that transformation of f
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TABLE 16 I EXPENDITURE DETAILS OF E
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139
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141 quality parameters was done (Ta
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1&3 was done by cast net operation
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TABLE 15 c 50-—— ‘---— s_1_
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1145 3-Z Fielsd Pr¢n_m*=i
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147 4-Z Grgvth meawr21sn_5S and hwe
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Table 16d PFTAIL§°F PENAEUSMQNODO
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Q’e11§ti°n._1 b 1- la-1 149 To
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151 individual size and the details
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Table 17c °PERAT10NAl»E§Q¥OM1C5
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153 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CULTURE
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_§. monodon 155 Hither to enexplor
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157 Study C8 : Pilot study on B, mo
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3.2 Waterenchange 159 On completion
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161 showed tremendous variations su
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Table 19c Date of observation xtibh
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164 tidal water was admitted throug
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165 pond. Trays were sundried daily
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TABLE 20 d IREND OF GROETH‘ P -10
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168 to be D = Q8? = 0.091 which was
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170 keeping an initial water level
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Table 21 a E§PER1flENTAL CULTgRE_Q
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173 implied that the treatments in
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175 ponds to maintain an average le
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177 suitably imersed in the pond in
Page 259:
Table 22 b 11-1_._..-@_ _¢—.—_
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PLATE XIII A — Series of mini pon
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180 desilted and prepared for B. in
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4.1 Na . 182 4 . Results ter qualit
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183 the right combinations of feed
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5 . Obselfgations 185 The 5 feeds t
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187 water @ almost 70% and subseque
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5. Observations 189 .As a result of
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190 C 7 : Pilot study on _§. monod
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4.2 Growth assessment 192 Table 25a
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193 C 8 : Pilot study on monodon cu
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Table 26a 195 MONTHLY MEAN VALUES O
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Table 26c “FAN yelvfis ,1= GROWTH
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197 2 . 4 Group D Bmsriasntalpp Sw_
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199 I) 1. Impact of two different f
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201 survival rate varied from 40 -
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TABLE 27 C MEAN GROWTH RATE OF PENA
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203 exchange, after filtering throu
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TABLE 28 a 15.2.1989 02.3.1989 16.3
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6.2.1989. 3.3 gFry_stocking 206 Uni
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TABLE 29 a MEAN SIZE OF P. INDICUS
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3.3 Stocking 209 59 wild juveniles
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Table 30a T PQRIICULARS OF EXRERIME
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3.4 Feeding 212 After two days of s
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2.4 GIOEE E 213 Caseufitudieslctqn
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215 diagonally opposite to the deli
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217 Thereafter, fry were released t
Page 317:
219 The transparency of the medium
Page 320 and 321:
LI-ibbb J2 D EXPENDITURE Q§TAILS O
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221 In a national perspective, semi
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223 technology to be employed and m
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225 characteristics of tidal water
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227 One may assue that a gross exch
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229 The substratum was more firm at
Page 332 and 333:
231 Temperature and salinity of wat
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233 restricted tidal water entry si
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235 1954), Hora and Nair (1944) and
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237 filling upto 75 cm level was al
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239 The traditional culture pond sh
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achieved. 3.1.3 Pond preparation 24
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243 possible in the compartments at
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the sea and from the land. 245 The
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247 gradient could be noticed only
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249 gradual reduction of light at a
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251 (Sakthivel, 1988). The water co
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253 burgeoning population of Vibrio
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255 different seasons without being
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257 management was done with extrem
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259 vulnerable to seagull predation
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Z61 (Johnson and Fielding 1956; Lun
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263 Many of the perceived environme
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265 accounts for 18%. The preferred
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267 The availability' of epibenthic
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269 confines of an estuary" (Morris
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271 there was two to three weeks nu
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274 Trivedi et al. (1982) in Shetru
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;¢\an-“‘ .P@ , 1"‘ ¢?§ P
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I PLATE XVIII A-Test feed trays sus
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PLATE XX A— fenoeuq _mon*odo|1 B
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276 Percentage survival of shrimps
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278 Poor FCR means considerable los
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280 seasonal availability of food o
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282 Usually high protein formulated
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284 feeding efficiency contribute t
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286 in detail various aspects of ba
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Z88 freshly prepared palatable feed
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289 of decaying paddy stumps during
Page 398 and 399:
291 use of organic manures such as
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292 al for good agrowth adequate nu
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294 level requirement for the early
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296 to make use of the tidal amplit
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298 Iiarumancheri and Pallithode. B
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300 aspects leading to cmygen deple
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PLATE XXV A - I-larvesl - use of se
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303 to those of other methods. Less
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304 Harvesting was done in a day in
Page 416 and 417:
305 favourable ebbing time. The res
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307 length of 84 mm (3.76 g) 93 mm
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Table 3 3 a S1. Type of No. cul 121
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310 B. indicus when fed with pellet
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312 reported that the average retur
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314 of improved fields at Ayyampill
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316 _E. indicus with 125.04% (R01)
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318 practice, the production cost i
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320 lease value which determined th
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321 Thus, adaption of an extensive
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323 Webber and Riodan (1979) pointe
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325 Thus well suited climatic condi
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) Lack of technicians 327 Insuffici
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329 Kuthiathode in Kerala. Of the 2
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331 ecosystems of Kerala during 199
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ml Foreign technology .. 333 Over a
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335 system can economically functio
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337 a practical proposal in the stu
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339 In the above context, it is wor
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3&1 A search on the types of rural
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343 taken to fix the main sl.uice g
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345 Considering the nature of manag
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management. G{9FthoI¢1at°d-t° tD
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4.1 sunnmnnv 4. suunnnr AND RECQMME
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351 15. Increased shrimp yield (137
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353 saline paddy fields for raising
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355 Puuveypu using turbid silt lade
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357 growth and survival are describ
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359 71. Compared to autostocking in
Page 475 and 476:
361 remunerative avocations like fi
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363 procurer of raw shrimps. This c
Page 479 and 480:
5 . LITERATURE CITED Achuthankutty,
Page 481 and 482:
367 Balakrishnan, K.P. and C.S. Shy
Page 483 and 484:
369 Csavas, I. 1988. Shrimp farming
Page 485 and 486:
371 Ganapati, P.N. and V.S.R. Murth
Page 487 and 488:
373 Gopalan, U.K., Doyil T. Vengayi
Page 489 and 490:
3'75 Hora, S.L. and K.K. Nair, 191t
Page 491 and 492:
377 Kungvankij, P. 1982. The design
Page 493 and 494:
379 Mc Vey, J.P. 1983. CRC Hand boo
Page 495 and 496:
381 Mukherjee, A.B. 1977. Closed bo
Page 497 and 498:
383 Panikkar, N.K. 1952. Possibilit
Page 499 and 500:
385 Purushan, K.S. 1991. Relevant f
Page 501 and 502:
387 *Ruello, N.V. 1973. The influen
Page 503 and 504:
389 Silas, E.G. 1981. Welcome Addre
Page 505 and 506:
391 Thomson 7 J.M. 1956. Fluctuatio
Page 507 and 508:
393 Young, P.C. 1975. Preliminary o
Page 509 and 510:
Acclimatisation Compound feed Detri
Page 511 and 512:
Reprinted from Epocgeedingg gf the
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CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMKIS suppl
Page 519 and 520:
CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMICS Sl No
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CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMICS bic b
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Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 19
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HIGH DENSITY, FARMING OF P. INDICUS
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8" HIGH DENSITY, FARMING OF P. INDI
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158 U. K. GOPALAN, K. S. PURUSHAN,
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Reprint from Seafood Export Journal
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grounds of commercial prawns. But t
Page 536 and 537:
Seafood Export Journal ygol. ZQIX,
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the quality prawns can also be attr
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9. Cost of materials for shed l0. H
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Beprintgfrom Seafood Export’ Jour
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seed invariably enter and autostodk
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Reprinted from Fishing mes, .\/Q1.
Page 548 and 549:
established in this brackishwater'
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