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present investigation. 2 The Regional seminar on Aquaculture development in South east Asia (ADSEA) held in Philippines in 1987 (SEAFDBC, 1988) assessed the progress and success accomplished in aquaculture in the light of the then and future needs and challenges. "Aquaculture systems and practices: A selected Review“ commissioned by Aquaculture Development and co-ordination, Programme (HAO, 1989) has reviewed the aquaculture methods and practices, as well general considerations in the choice of culture systems. Tfiue review concluded that "the success of aquaculture can only be attained through proper management based on a knowledge/understanding of the culture, environment and the biological processes involved in the culture operation as well as on the existence/availability of certain vital inputs - such as seed, feed, manpower, finance and technology". Recently, Pillay (1990) has brought out an excellent treatise on practical low level technologies resulting in c0st—effective production in aquaculture in a multi disciplinary manner covering all major aspects of the subject. Latest in the series is the FAO (UN) Fisheries Technical Paper: 318 [Meaden. and Kapetsky, 1991) entitled "Geographical information systems and remote sensing in Inland Fisheries and aquaculture which has dealt with capabilities of 110 districts to support fish farming development. In addition, a number of exclusive journals and other publications from different countries: Philippines - Aqua Farm News, Asian Aquaculture from SEAFDEC, Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly, Brais Newsletter and Aquaculture Abstracts.
Thailand - SEAFDEC News letter and the IPFC News letter. 3 India - CMFRINewsletter, CIFRI News letter and Aquaculture drops for farmers. Scotland - Aquaculture news. Netherlands - Aquaculture U.K. - Fish Farming International. U.S.A. - World Mariculture Society News letter, Aquaculture digest, ASFA .Aquaculture abstracts, Aquaculture magazine, Aquaculture and fish farmer. FAD — Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. - Aquaculture News Letter - PAN - are regularly bringing out articles on various aspects of shrimp farming. But a point of caution is that all these can be of some guidelines only, as shrimp culture technology is highly endemic in its true sense. The few literature available on Indian shrimp farming in vogue since about 3000 years are also of general nature. Hence only the relevant scientific ones have been cited at the appropriate places. The results of investigations on ‘various aspects of shrimp farming have been presented during the different "All India Symposia on Estuarine Biology" held from time to time (1969, 1972 G 1975). The All India Co—ordinated Research Project on "Studies on .Marine 'Prawn Biology' and “Resources” (CMFRI, 1975) has 'brought out considerable data on the prawn resources of the country within 40 metres depth zone and on the biology of the concerned species. In December, 1978, the CMFRI organised a seminar "on the role
Page 1 and 2: STUDIES ON IMPROVED PRACTICES OI-'
Page 3 and 4: Q Eu?‘-6 PLR A_T,I 0 N I, K.S. Pu
Page 5 and 6: .1» 4 It 4 .1 2 O3 .4 .4 .1; .4 4
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE Hailing from a traditional
Page 9 and 10: vi by FAO, INFOFISH in Bangkok, Tha
Page 11 and 12: QCKQQHLEDQEHHNTS " '0 I wish to exp
Page 13: 1 - INTRPDPCTI 0" 1.1 LITERATURE fi
Page 17 and 18: 5 The national symposium on "Shrimp
Page 19 and 20: 7 The author through his investigat
Page 21 and 22: 9 The 'Sugpo' cultivathmi of Philip
Page 23 and 24: * Taiwan ‘I1 Taiwan has the highe
Page 25 and 26: lPd0v¢§i2 13 Shrimp culture start
Page 27 and 28: 15 Hatcheries are not set up due to
Page 29 and 30: demonstrated through the Bay of Ben
Page 31 and 32: 19 paddy is transplanted. Subsequen
Page 33 and 34: 21 ‘Bheries’ Nonakheris or 'Bha
Page 35 and 36: 1.2.2 ,$hrimp farming cycles 23 The
Page 37 and 38: 25 The purpose of shrimp hatchery i
Page 39 and 40: PL40 or PL60 stages. 27 Some times
Page 41 and 42: highly successful as nurseries [Sid
Page 43 and 44: harvest technology and marketing. 3
Page 45 and 46: kept at 6% using organic manures as
Page 47 and 48: 35 Yield was more than S000 kg/crop
Page 49 and 50: 37 gates during the flow of water f
Page 51 and 52: 39 user groups and even fishery clo
Page 53 and 54: Table 1 State West Bengal Orissa ST
Page 55 and 56: 42 imposition of 360 km EEZ, primar
Page 57 and 58: 44 were the ‘principal producers
Page 59 and 60: labour - intensive work, but subsis
Page 61 and 62: 47 production in developing countri
Page 63 and 64: 49 ingredients such as trashfish fo
Page 65 and 66:
51 Socially oriented aquaculture ca
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53 OTl8Dt8dPHfI€Ch approachnmxnme
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. - ,‘ 0 .' , F K T I Ky 7§:'°
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56 aquacultural aspects pertaining
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58 In the seasonal fields, shrimp h
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60 Mqsilt se1>ha1v.S, Liza 22- Qhan
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PLATE II A - Commercial pelleted sh
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‘fffl I -(.7; fiL * ¢& 0 - . PLA
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Acclhmatisation 64 The varied accli
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B. Economics 66 Depending on the ty
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68 2 .4 l§_}fBSTIGATIONS _A_N?I)__
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70 Iniestigggatign A1: Studies on t
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PLATE IV A -Traditional shrimp filt
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73 indicus was worked out to 260.34
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74 Llnvgestgigation Studies on shri
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75 traditional practice (Investigat
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77 in Table 4b. While the yield of
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78 _Inves_tigation - g1t_3 : Studie
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3-6 F
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B2 catch was H dobsoni (64.84%] fol
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83 investigation - A Q: Studies on
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G;,.\\"“’ ' I SLUICE GAT E 1 T
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PLATE V A —Poddy- cum- shrimp fil
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87 of filtration. In all 700 kg fee
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89 months could be obtained. The yi
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TABLE 6g Q-q-&& $113 1. 2. 3. 1.. 5
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FIG-6 I. | I I SLUICE GATE - /llrzl
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PLATE VI A— Harvested stock of sh
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Table 7a Months November December J
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Table 7 c rut an A§ E UP 0F_QUA}IT
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‘ U. \\ BANK " I I MAIN CANAL =
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97 addition a series of secondary a
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99 -. 9502 methods are presented
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Table 8 b §ATCHflPETA1LS OffAN 1HP
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102 the Munambam barmouth and that
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104 Narakkal and 12.58 g (121.1 m)
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2.4 Grggp t B 106 Case- atadtioast
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108 _Case study - Bl : Experimental
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P LAT E VII A - Shrimp seed collect
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111 Tnve -Per.¢ent.ase insolubles
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113 statistically analysed. The res
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, ~ ;- 4 an I *' ‘V’ ' "'0 9
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3 - 5 Fljrlstvckins 1 16 Side by si
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4. Results 4 - 1 "8te£__EL%a1.itY
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119 harvest day were subjected to s
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121 (laseg_s*t__uclyg-_-g _§I'_>:
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123 between 7.5 and 8.0. The fluctu
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TABLE 12 b T.1?1F¢DETA1L5 OF .53B1
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125 Casesgtudy -_Bg4 : Experimental
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dry twigs were planted. 3-3 substra
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128 presented in the Table 13c. The
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'1'/-\1:$l_.l1‘ 13 b DPIJYAPILS O
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130 Casestudy 5gB5 : Experimental c
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Fi eld history 13 1 The selected fi
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PLATE X ,\*;"""' '//vfl! “\“‘
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Table 14a 1. Z. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9
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4 - Z Gr9!th_aS_$eS smear 136 Obser
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138 showed that transformation of f
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TABLE 16 I EXPENDITURE DETAILS OF E
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139
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141 quality parameters was done (Ta
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1&3 was done by cast net operation
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TABLE 15 c 50-—— ‘---— s_1_
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1145 3-Z Fielsd Pr¢n_m*=i
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147 4-Z Grgvth meawr21sn_5S and hwe
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Table 16d PFTAIL§°F PENAEUSMQNODO
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Q’e11§ti°n._1 b 1- la-1 149 To
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151 individual size and the details
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Table 17c °PERAT10NAl»E§Q¥OM1C5
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153 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CULTURE
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_§. monodon 155 Hither to enexplor
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157 Study C8 : Pilot study on B, mo
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3.2 Waterenchange 159 On completion
Page 235 and 236:
161 showed tremendous variations su
Page 237:
Table 19c Date of observation xtibh
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164 tidal water was admitted throug
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165 pond. Trays were sundried daily
Page 244:
TABLE 20 d IREND OF GROETH‘ P -10
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168 to be D = Q8? = 0.091 which was
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170 keeping an initial water level
Page 251 and 252:
Table 21 a E§PER1flENTAL CULTgRE_Q
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173 implied that the treatments in
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175 ponds to maintain an average le
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177 suitably imersed in the pond in
Page 259:
Table 22 b 11-1_._..-@_ _¢—.—_
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PLATE XIII A — Series of mini pon
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180 desilted and prepared for B. in
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4.1 Na . 182 4 . Results ter qualit
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183 the right combinations of feed
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5 . Obselfgations 185 The 5 feeds t
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187 water @ almost 70% and subseque
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5. Observations 189 .As a result of
Page 277 and 278:
190 C 7 : Pilot study on _§. monod
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4.2 Growth assessment 192 Table 25a
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193 C 8 : Pilot study on monodon cu
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Table 26a 195 MONTHLY MEAN VALUES O
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Table 26c “FAN yelvfis ,1= GROWTH
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197 2 . 4 Group D Bmsriasntalpp Sw_
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199 I) 1. Impact of two different f
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201 survival rate varied from 40 -
Page 294 and 295:
TABLE 27 C MEAN GROWTH RATE OF PENA
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203 exchange, after filtering throu
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TABLE 28 a 15.2.1989 02.3.1989 16.3
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6.2.1989. 3.3 gFry_stocking 206 Uni
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TABLE 29 a MEAN SIZE OF P. INDICUS
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3.3 Stocking 209 59 wild juveniles
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Table 30a T PQRIICULARS OF EXRERIME
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3.4 Feeding 212 After two days of s
Page 310 and 311:
2.4 GIOEE E 213 Caseufitudieslctqn
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215 diagonally opposite to the deli
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217 Thereafter, fry were released t
Page 317:
219 The transparency of the medium
Page 320 and 321:
LI-ibbb J2 D EXPENDITURE Q§TAILS O
Page 322 and 323:
221 In a national perspective, semi
Page 324 and 325:
223 technology to be employed and m
Page 326 and 327:
225 characteristics of tidal water
Page 328 and 329:
227 One may assue that a gross exch
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229 The substratum was more firm at
Page 332 and 333:
231 Temperature and salinity of wat
Page 334 and 335:
233 restricted tidal water entry si
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235 1954), Hora and Nair (1944) and
Page 338 and 339:
237 filling upto 75 cm level was al
Page 340 and 341:
239 The traditional culture pond sh
Page 342 and 343:
achieved. 3.1.3 Pond preparation 24
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243 possible in the compartments at
Page 346 and 347:
the sea and from the land. 245 The
Page 348 and 349:
247 gradient could be noticed only
Page 350 and 351:
249 gradual reduction of light at a
Page 352 and 353:
251 (Sakthivel, 1988). The water co
Page 354 and 355:
253 burgeoning population of Vibrio
Page 356 and 357:
255 different seasons without being
Page 358 and 359:
257 management was done with extrem
Page 360 and 361:
259 vulnerable to seagull predation
Page 362 and 363:
Z61 (Johnson and Fielding 1956; Lun
Page 364 and 365:
263 Many of the perceived environme
Page 366 and 367:
265 accounts for 18%. The preferred
Page 368 and 369:
267 The availability' of epibenthic
Page 370 and 371:
269 confines of an estuary" (Morris
Page 372 and 373:
271 there was two to three weeks nu
Page 374 and 375:
274 Trivedi et al. (1982) in Shetru
Page 376 and 377:
;¢\an-“‘ .P@ , 1"‘ ¢?§ P
Page 378 and 379:
I PLATE XVIII A-Test feed trays sus
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PLATE XX A— fenoeuq _mon*odo|1 B
Page 382 and 383:
276 Percentage survival of shrimps
Page 384 and 385:
278 Poor FCR means considerable los
Page 386 and 387:
280 seasonal availability of food o
Page 388 and 389:
282 Usually high protein formulated
Page 390 and 391:
284 feeding efficiency contribute t
Page 392 and 393:
286 in detail various aspects of ba
Page 394 and 395:
Z88 freshly prepared palatable feed
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289 of decaying paddy stumps during
Page 398 and 399:
291 use of organic manures such as
Page 400 and 401:
292 al for good agrowth adequate nu
Page 402 and 403:
294 level requirement for the early
Page 404 and 405:
296 to make use of the tidal amplit
Page 406 and 407:
298 Iiarumancheri and Pallithode. B
Page 408 and 409:
300 aspects leading to cmygen deple
Page 410 and 411:
PLATE XXV A - I-larvesl - use of se
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303 to those of other methods. Less
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304 Harvesting was done in a day in
Page 416 and 417:
305 favourable ebbing time. The res
Page 418 and 419:
307 length of 84 mm (3.76 g) 93 mm
Page 420 and 421:
Table 3 3 a S1. Type of No. cul 121
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310 B. indicus when fed with pellet
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312 reported that the average retur
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314 of improved fields at Ayyampill
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316 _E. indicus with 125.04% (R01)
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318 practice, the production cost i
Page 433 and 434:
320 lease value which determined th
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321 Thus, adaption of an extensive
Page 437 and 438:
323 Webber and Riodan (1979) pointe
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325 Thus well suited climatic condi
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) Lack of technicians 327 Insuffici
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329 Kuthiathode in Kerala. Of the 2
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331 ecosystems of Kerala during 199
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ml Foreign technology .. 333 Over a
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335 system can economically functio
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337 a practical proposal in the stu
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339 In the above context, it is wor
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3&1 A search on the types of rural
Page 457 and 458:
343 taken to fix the main sl.uice g
Page 459 and 460:
345 Considering the nature of manag
Page 461 and 462:
management. G{9FthoI¢1at°d-t° tD
Page 463 and 464:
4.1 sunnmnnv 4. suunnnr AND RECQMME
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351 15. Increased shrimp yield (137
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353 saline paddy fields for raising
Page 469 and 470:
355 Puuveypu using turbid silt lade
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357 growth and survival are describ
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359 71. Compared to autostocking in
Page 475 and 476:
361 remunerative avocations like fi
Page 477 and 478:
363 procurer of raw shrimps. This c
Page 479 and 480:
5 . LITERATURE CITED Achuthankutty,
Page 481 and 482:
367 Balakrishnan, K.P. and C.S. Shy
Page 483 and 484:
369 Csavas, I. 1988. Shrimp farming
Page 485 and 486:
371 Ganapati, P.N. and V.S.R. Murth
Page 487 and 488:
373 Gopalan, U.K., Doyil T. Vengayi
Page 489 and 490:
3'75 Hora, S.L. and K.K. Nair, 191t
Page 491 and 492:
377 Kungvankij, P. 1982. The design
Page 493 and 494:
379 Mc Vey, J.P. 1983. CRC Hand boo
Page 495 and 496:
381 Mukherjee, A.B. 1977. Closed bo
Page 497 and 498:
383 Panikkar, N.K. 1952. Possibilit
Page 499 and 500:
385 Purushan, K.S. 1991. Relevant f
Page 501 and 502:
387 *Ruello, N.V. 1973. The influen
Page 503 and 504:
389 Silas, E.G. 1981. Welcome Addre
Page 505 and 506:
391 Thomson 7 J.M. 1956. Fluctuatio
Page 507 and 508:
393 Young, P.C. 1975. Preliminary o
Page 509 and 510:
Acclimatisation Compound feed Detri
Page 511 and 512:
Reprinted from Epocgeedingg gf the
Page 513:
CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMKIS suppl
Page 519 and 520:
CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMICS Sl No
Page 521 and 522:
CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMICS bic b
Page 523 and 524:
Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 19
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HIGH DENSITY, FARMING OF P. INDICUS
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8" HIGH DENSITY, FARMING OF P. INDI
Page 530 and 531:
158 U. K. GOPALAN, K. S. PURUSHAN,
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Reprint from Seafood Export Journal
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grounds of commercial prawns. But t
Page 536 and 537:
Seafood Export Journal ygol. ZQIX,
Page 538 and 539:
the quality prawns can also be attr
Page 540 and 541:
9. Cost of materials for shed l0. H
Page 542 and 543:
Beprintgfrom Seafood Export’ Jour
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seed invariably enter and autostodk
Page 546 and 547:
Reprinted from Fishing mes, .\/Q1.
Page 548 and 549:
established in this brackishwater'
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