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1.2 STATE OF THE ART OF AQUACULTURE PRACTICES 1.2.1 ,Qrigin_and_growth 5 florld wide andkegjonal 8 Fish culture practice is centuries old. Ift is believed that fish culture as an occupation originated in China in 2000 B.C. Nevertheless the first record of it appeared in the form of a book "The classic of Fish culture" by Fan Lei in 475 B.C. where in he cited the fish ponds as the source of his wealth (Ling, 1977). In India, the traditional fish culture has got a history of well over 2000 years. It appears to have been originated by a small section of the population as a IHGHHS of their livelihood. ‘Kautilya' had also described fish culture in 'Arthasastra' released in 300 B.C. -— an epic of Indian culture of those days. Emperor Asoka had also given ample coverage for fish culture in the Sthoopas erected by him all over the empire during his time. A.reference to fish culture is also presented in the book 'Manaso11asu' written by King Someswara in 1127 A.D. (Menon, 1970). All the above indicated that man has been associated with fish culture at least for a period of 4000 years. Since then, the trial and error method of fish culture has taken its own course in different countries during its long history to take the present shape. It is well established in many of the developed and developing countries. Eventhough aquaculture has a tradition of about 4000 years, the shrimp culture practices as witnessed today is only two decades old. According to Ling (1977), one of the possibilities of aquaculture development from ancient practice is from trapping fish, with the operations steadily improving from trapping —-holding to trapping—holding -—- growing and finally into complete husbandry practices. Philippines has been practising it for about 300-400 years (FAD, 1989). Shrimp culture development has been very recent in Australia, Newzealand and the Pacific island countries (Rabanal, 1988). Shrimp culture is practised in well over 51 countries (Bob Rosenberry, 1991).
9 The 'Sugpo' cultivathmi of Philippines, the prawn fishery in ponds of Singapore, the tambaks (embanked coastal areas) of Indonesia, the prawn culture practices of Formosa, Taiwan and main land of China, the paddy field shrimp filtration of the south west coast of India and the composite culture of fish and shrimps in the spill areas of the brackishwater rivers (Bhasa badha) of west Bengal are all traditional practices of culturing evolved based on certain knowledge of the habits of the concerned species (Mohamed, 1973). Aguaculturg in Southeast Asia - an over vie! Cultivation of marine shrimps in salt water ponds has been practised in the orient for the past several centuries. These include the pond culture practices of Malaysia and Singapore involving several penaeid species (Tham, 1955, 1968; Hall, 1962), catching of shrimps fran the extensive tambaks of Indonesia, and from the tnackishwater ponds in Formosa (Kestevan and Job, 1957), the Sugpo culture of the Philippines (Vil1adolid and Villaluz 1951; Delmendo and Rabanal, 1956; Caces-Borja and Rasalan, 1968) and the large scale trapping and filtration of shrimps in the paddy fields of Kerala coast (Menon, 1954; Gopinath, 1956; George et al. 1968; George, 1974). Thus the traditional aquaculture has been practised by shrimp farmers of S.E Asia for centuries. During the last 18 years, however, the introduction and development of':modern, and innovative culture technologies have transformed this age old occupation into a major industry leading to increased shrimp production. Review on shrimp production (Rothusberg et al. 1985 and Bob Rosenberry, 1991) shows that more than half of the extra deand can be met by Asian aquaculture, 70% of which from Southeast Asia alone. Culture of f§ugpo' in Philippines The naturally produced fry of 'Sugpo' (Penaeus monodon, Fabricius) entering estuaries from the sea are collected and cultured
Page 1 and 2: STUDIES ON IMPROVED PRACTICES OI-'
Page 3 and 4: Q Eu?‘-6 PLR A_T,I 0 N I, K.S. Pu
Page 5 and 6: .1» 4 It 4 .1 2 O3 .4 .4 .1; .4 4
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE Hailing from a traditional
Page 9 and 10: vi by FAO, INFOFISH in Bangkok, Tha
Page 11 and 12: QCKQQHLEDQEHHNTS " '0 I wish to exp
Page 13 and 14: 1 - INTRPDPCTI 0" 1.1 LITERATURE fi
Page 15 and 16: Thailand - SEAFDEC News letter and
Page 17 and 18: 5 The national symposium on "Shrimp
Page 19: 7 The author through his investigat
Page 23 and 24: * Taiwan ‘I1 Taiwan has the highe
Page 25 and 26: lPd0v¢§i2 13 Shrimp culture start
Page 27 and 28: 15 Hatcheries are not set up due to
Page 29 and 30: demonstrated through the Bay of Ben
Page 31 and 32: 19 paddy is transplanted. Subsequen
Page 33 and 34: 21 ‘Bheries’ Nonakheris or 'Bha
Page 35 and 36: 1.2.2 ,$hrimp farming cycles 23 The
Page 37 and 38: 25 The purpose of shrimp hatchery i
Page 39 and 40: PL40 or PL60 stages. 27 Some times
Page 41 and 42: highly successful as nurseries [Sid
Page 43 and 44: harvest technology and marketing. 3
Page 45 and 46: kept at 6% using organic manures as
Page 47 and 48: 35 Yield was more than S000 kg/crop
Page 49 and 50: 37 gates during the flow of water f
Page 51 and 52: 39 user groups and even fishery clo
Page 53 and 54: Table 1 State West Bengal Orissa ST
Page 55 and 56: 42 imposition of 360 km EEZ, primar
Page 57 and 58: 44 were the ‘principal producers
Page 59 and 60: labour - intensive work, but subsis
Page 61 and 62: 47 production in developing countri
Page 63 and 64: 49 ingredients such as trashfish fo
Page 65 and 66: 51 Socially oriented aquaculture ca
Page 67 and 68: 53 OTl8Dt8dPHfI€Ch approachnmxnme
Page 69 and 70: . - ,‘ 0 .' , F K T I Ky 7§:'°
Page 71 and 72:
56 aquacultural aspects pertaining
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58 In the seasonal fields, shrimp h
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60 Mqsilt se1>ha1v.S, Liza 22- Qhan
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PLATE II A - Commercial pelleted sh
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‘fffl I -(.7; fiL * ¢& 0 - . PLA
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Acclhmatisation 64 The varied accli
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B. Economics 66 Depending on the ty
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68 2 .4 l§_}fBSTIGATIONS _A_N?I)__
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70 Iniestigggatign A1: Studies on t
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PLATE IV A -Traditional shrimp filt
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73 indicus was worked out to 260.34
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74 Llnvgestgigation Studies on shri
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75 traditional practice (Investigat
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77 in Table 4b. While the yield of
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78 _Inves_tigation - g1t_3 : Studie
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3-6 F
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B2 catch was H dobsoni (64.84%] fol
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83 investigation - A Q: Studies on
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G;,.\\"“’ ' I SLUICE GAT E 1 T
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PLATE V A —Poddy- cum- shrimp fil
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87 of filtration. In all 700 kg fee
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89 months could be obtained. The yi
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TABLE 6g Q-q-&& $113 1. 2. 3. 1.. 5
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FIG-6 I. | I I SLUICE GATE - /llrzl
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PLATE VI A— Harvested stock of sh
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Table 7a Months November December J
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Table 7 c rut an A§ E UP 0F_QUA}IT
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‘ U. \\ BANK " I I MAIN CANAL =
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97 addition a series of secondary a
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99 -. 9502 methods are presented
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Table 8 b §ATCHflPETA1LS OffAN 1HP
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102 the Munambam barmouth and that
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104 Narakkal and 12.58 g (121.1 m)
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2.4 Grggp t B 106 Case- atadtioast
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108 _Case study - Bl : Experimental
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P LAT E VII A - Shrimp seed collect
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111 Tnve -Per.¢ent.ase insolubles
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113 statistically analysed. The res
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, ~ ;- 4 an I *' ‘V’ ' "'0 9
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3 - 5 Fljrlstvckins 1 16 Side by si
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4. Results 4 - 1 "8te£__EL%a1.itY
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119 harvest day were subjected to s
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121 (laseg_s*t__uclyg-_-g _§I'_>:
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123 between 7.5 and 8.0. The fluctu
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TABLE 12 b T.1?1F¢DETA1L5 OF .53B1
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125 Casesgtudy -_Bg4 : Experimental
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dry twigs were planted. 3-3 substra
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128 presented in the Table 13c. The
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'1'/-\1:$l_.l1‘ 13 b DPIJYAPILS O
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130 Casestudy 5gB5 : Experimental c
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Fi eld history 13 1 The selected fi
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PLATE X ,\*;"""' '//vfl! “\“‘
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Table 14a 1. Z. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9
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4 - Z Gr9!th_aS_$eS smear 136 Obser
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138 showed that transformation of f
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TABLE 16 I EXPENDITURE DETAILS OF E
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139
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141 quality parameters was done (Ta
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1&3 was done by cast net operation
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TABLE 15 c 50-—— ‘---— s_1_
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1145 3-Z Fielsd Pr¢n_m*=i
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147 4-Z Grgvth meawr21sn_5S and hwe
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Table 16d PFTAIL§°F PENAEUSMQNODO
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Q’e11§ti°n._1 b 1- la-1 149 To
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151 individual size and the details
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Table 17c °PERAT10NAl»E§Q¥OM1C5
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153 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CULTURE
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_§. monodon 155 Hither to enexplor
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157 Study C8 : Pilot study on B, mo
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3.2 Waterenchange 159 On completion
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161 showed tremendous variations su
Page 237:
Table 19c Date of observation xtibh
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164 tidal water was admitted throug
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165 pond. Trays were sundried daily
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TABLE 20 d IREND OF GROETH‘ P -10
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168 to be D = Q8? = 0.091 which was
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170 keeping an initial water level
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Table 21 a E§PER1flENTAL CULTgRE_Q
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173 implied that the treatments in
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175 ponds to maintain an average le
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177 suitably imersed in the pond in
Page 259:
Table 22 b 11-1_._..-@_ _¢—.—_
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PLATE XIII A — Series of mini pon
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180 desilted and prepared for B. in
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4.1 Na . 182 4 . Results ter qualit
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183 the right combinations of feed
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5 . Obselfgations 185 The 5 feeds t
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187 water @ almost 70% and subseque
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5. Observations 189 .As a result of
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190 C 7 : Pilot study on _§. monod
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4.2 Growth assessment 192 Table 25a
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193 C 8 : Pilot study on monodon cu
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Table 26a 195 MONTHLY MEAN VALUES O
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Table 26c “FAN yelvfis ,1= GROWTH
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197 2 . 4 Group D Bmsriasntalpp Sw_
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199 I) 1. Impact of two different f
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201 survival rate varied from 40 -
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TABLE 27 C MEAN GROWTH RATE OF PENA
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203 exchange, after filtering throu
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TABLE 28 a 15.2.1989 02.3.1989 16.3
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6.2.1989. 3.3 gFry_stocking 206 Uni
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TABLE 29 a MEAN SIZE OF P. INDICUS
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3.3 Stocking 209 59 wild juveniles
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Table 30a T PQRIICULARS OF EXRERIME
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3.4 Feeding 212 After two days of s
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2.4 GIOEE E 213 Caseufitudieslctqn
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215 diagonally opposite to the deli
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217 Thereafter, fry were released t
Page 317:
219 The transparency of the medium
Page 320 and 321:
LI-ibbb J2 D EXPENDITURE Q§TAILS O
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221 In a national perspective, semi
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223 technology to be employed and m
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225 characteristics of tidal water
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227 One may assue that a gross exch
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229 The substratum was more firm at
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231 Temperature and salinity of wat
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233 restricted tidal water entry si
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235 1954), Hora and Nair (1944) and
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237 filling upto 75 cm level was al
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239 The traditional culture pond sh
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achieved. 3.1.3 Pond preparation 24
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243 possible in the compartments at
Page 346 and 347:
the sea and from the land. 245 The
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247 gradient could be noticed only
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249 gradual reduction of light at a
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251 (Sakthivel, 1988). The water co
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253 burgeoning population of Vibrio
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255 different seasons without being
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257 management was done with extrem
Page 360 and 361:
259 vulnerable to seagull predation
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Z61 (Johnson and Fielding 1956; Lun
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263 Many of the perceived environme
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265 accounts for 18%. The preferred
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267 The availability' of epibenthic
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269 confines of an estuary" (Morris
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271 there was two to three weeks nu
Page 374 and 375:
274 Trivedi et al. (1982) in Shetru
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;¢\an-“‘ .P@ , 1"‘ ¢?§ P
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I PLATE XVIII A-Test feed trays sus
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PLATE XX A— fenoeuq _mon*odo|1 B
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276 Percentage survival of shrimps
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278 Poor FCR means considerable los
Page 386 and 387:
280 seasonal availability of food o
Page 388 and 389:
282 Usually high protein formulated
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284 feeding efficiency contribute t
Page 392 and 393:
286 in detail various aspects of ba
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Z88 freshly prepared palatable feed
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289 of decaying paddy stumps during
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291 use of organic manures such as
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292 al for good agrowth adequate nu
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294 level requirement for the early
Page 404 and 405:
296 to make use of the tidal amplit
Page 406 and 407:
298 Iiarumancheri and Pallithode. B
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300 aspects leading to cmygen deple
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PLATE XXV A - I-larvesl - use of se
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303 to those of other methods. Less
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304 Harvesting was done in a day in
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305 favourable ebbing time. The res
Page 418 and 419:
307 length of 84 mm (3.76 g) 93 mm
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Table 3 3 a S1. Type of No. cul 121
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310 B. indicus when fed with pellet
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312 reported that the average retur
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314 of improved fields at Ayyampill
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316 _E. indicus with 125.04% (R01)
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318 practice, the production cost i
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320 lease value which determined th
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321 Thus, adaption of an extensive
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323 Webber and Riodan (1979) pointe
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325 Thus well suited climatic condi
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) Lack of technicians 327 Insuffici
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329 Kuthiathode in Kerala. Of the 2
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331 ecosystems of Kerala during 199
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ml Foreign technology .. 333 Over a
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335 system can economically functio
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337 a practical proposal in the stu
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339 In the above context, it is wor
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3&1 A search on the types of rural
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343 taken to fix the main sl.uice g
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345 Considering the nature of manag
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management. G{9FthoI¢1at°d-t° tD
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4.1 sunnmnnv 4. suunnnr AND RECQMME
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351 15. Increased shrimp yield (137
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353 saline paddy fields for raising
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355 Puuveypu using turbid silt lade
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357 growth and survival are describ
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359 71. Compared to autostocking in
Page 475 and 476:
361 remunerative avocations like fi
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363 procurer of raw shrimps. This c
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5 . LITERATURE CITED Achuthankutty,
Page 481 and 482:
367 Balakrishnan, K.P. and C.S. Shy
Page 483 and 484:
369 Csavas, I. 1988. Shrimp farming
Page 485 and 486:
371 Ganapati, P.N. and V.S.R. Murth
Page 487 and 488:
373 Gopalan, U.K., Doyil T. Vengayi
Page 489 and 490:
3'75 Hora, S.L. and K.K. Nair, 191t
Page 491 and 492:
377 Kungvankij, P. 1982. The design
Page 493 and 494:
379 Mc Vey, J.P. 1983. CRC Hand boo
Page 495 and 496:
381 Mukherjee, A.B. 1977. Closed bo
Page 497 and 498:
383 Panikkar, N.K. 1952. Possibilit
Page 499 and 500:
385 Purushan, K.S. 1991. Relevant f
Page 501 and 502:
387 *Ruello, N.V. 1973. The influen
Page 503 and 504:
389 Silas, E.G. 1981. Welcome Addre
Page 505 and 506:
391 Thomson 7 J.M. 1956. Fluctuatio
Page 507 and 508:
393 Young, P.C. 1975. Preliminary o
Page 509 and 510:
Acclimatisation Compound feed Detri
Page 511 and 512:
Reprinted from Epocgeedingg gf the
Page 513:
CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMKIS suppl
Page 519 and 520:
CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMICS Sl No
Page 521 and 522:
CASE STUDIES ON THE ECONOMICS bic b
Page 523 and 524:
Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 19
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HIGH DENSITY, FARMING OF P. INDICUS
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8" HIGH DENSITY, FARMING OF P. INDI
Page 530 and 531:
158 U. K. GOPALAN, K. S. PURUSHAN,
Page 532 and 533:
Reprint from Seafood Export Journal
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grounds of commercial prawns. But t
Page 536 and 537:
Seafood Export Journal ygol. ZQIX,
Page 538 and 539:
the quality prawns can also be attr
Page 540 and 541:
9. Cost of materials for shed l0. H
Page 542 and 543:
Beprintgfrom Seafood Export’ Jour
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seed invariably enter and autostodk
Page 546 and 547:
Reprinted from Fishing mes, .\/Q1.
Page 548 and 549:
established in this brackishwater'
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