Prison Needle Exchange: Lessons from a Comprehensive Review ...

15 Central and Eastern Europe Harm Reduction Network, supra, note 12 at 5 with references.
16 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization (UNAIDS/WHO). AIDS Epidemic Update:
December 2002. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO, 2002, at 15.
17 Ibid at notes 8 to 15.
18 Seroprevalence data is from Correctional Service of Canada (CSC). HIV/AIDS in Prisons: Final Report of the Expert Committee on
AIDS and Prisons. Ottawa: CSC, 1994, at 15-19; CSC. HIV/AIDS in Prisons: Background Materials. Ottawa: CSC, 1994, at 47-79; Jürgens,
infra, note 47 at Appendix 2, with references; R Lines. Action on HIV/AIDS in Prisons:Too Little,Too Late – A Report Card. Montréal:
Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, 2002, at 3-4.
19 Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Health Canada, and Correctional Service of Canada. Infectious Disease
Prevention and Control in Canadian Federal Penitentiaries 2000-01. Ottawa: CSC, 2003, at 6.
20 HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C in prison: the facts. Montréal: Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, 2004 (revised, updated version of
info sheet one in the series of info sheets on HIV/AIDS in prisons. More detailed information is available for 2001. See supra, note
19.
21 Supra, note 19.
22 C Hankins et al. HIV-1 infection in a medium security prison for women – Quebec. Canada Diseases Weekly Report 1989; 15(33):
168-170.
23 DA Rothon, RG Mathias, MT Schechter. Prevalence of HIV infection in provincial prisons in British Columbia. Canadian Medical
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24 P Ford, C White, H Kaufmann et al. Voluntary anonymous linked study of the prevalence of HIV infection and hepatitis C among
inmates in a Canadian federal penitentiary for women. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1995; 153: 1605-1609.
25 PM Ford, M Pearson, P Sankar-Mistry,T Stevenson, D Bell, J Austin. HIV, hepatitis C and risk behaviour in a Canadian mediumsecurity
federal penitentiary. QJM 2000; 93(2): 113-119.
26 M Pearson, PS Mistry, PM Ford.Voluntary screening for hepatitis C in a Canadian federal penitentiary for men. Canada
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27 CA Hankins, S Gendron, MA Handley, C Richard, MT Tung, M O’Shaughnessy. HIV infection among women in prison: an assessment
of risk factors using a nonnominal methodology. American Journal of Public Health 1994; 84(10): 1637-1640.
28 S Landry et al. Étude de prévalence du VIH et du VHC chez les personnes incarcérées au Québec et pistes pour l’intervention.
Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004; 15(Suppl A): 50A (abstract 306).
29 Reuters Health, 18 February 2003.Available at www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=16138.
30 Canadian HIV/AIDS Policy & Law Newsletter 1996; 2(2): 20.
31 A Raufu. Nigerian prison authorities free HIV positive inmates. AIDS Analysis Africa 2001; 12(1): 15.
32 UNAIDS/WHO, supra, note 16 at 23.
33 NM Osti et al. Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among inmates of the penitentiary complex of the region of
Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1999; 94(4): 479-483.Also M Burattini et al. Correlation
between HIV and HCV in Brazilian prisoners: evidence for parenteral transmission inside prison. Revista de Saúde Pública 2000;
34(5): 431-436; L Strazza, RS Azevedo, HB Carvalho, E Massad.The vulnerability of Brazilian female prisoners to HIV infection.
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2004; 37(5): 771-776.
34 K Dolan et al. Prison-based syringe exchange programmes: a review of international research and development. Addiction 2003;
98: 153-158, with reference.
35 B Pal,A Acharya, K Satyanarayana. Seroprevalence of HIV infection among jail inmates in Orissa. Indian Journal of Medical Research
1999; 109: 199-201.
36 See generally, GE Macalino, JC Hou, MS Kumar, LE Taylor, IG Sumantera, JD Rich. Hepatitis C infection and incarcerated populations.
International Journal of Drug Policy 2004; 15: 103-114; K Dolan. The Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Infection in Prison Populations.
University of New South Wales: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, 1999, at 12, with many references.
37 Macalino et al, supra, note 36 at 111.
38 CSC, supra, note 19 at 14.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid at 20.
Notes 69