Prison Needle Exchange: Lessons from a Comprehensive Review ...

43 UN GAOR Supp (No 49) at 298, UN Doc A/43/49 (1988).
92 Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.Adopted 30 August 1955 by the First United Nations Congress on the
Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders. UN Doc A/CONF/611, annex I, ESC res 663C, 24 UN ESCOR Supp (No 1)
at 11, UN Doc E/3048 (1957), amended ESC res 2076, 62 UN ESCOR Supp (No 1) at 35, UN Doc E/5988 (1977).
93 Recommendation No R (98)7 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States Concerning the Ethical and Organisational
Aspects of Health Care in Prison.Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 8 April 1998 at the 627th Meeting of the Ministers’
Deputies [hereinafter Council of Europe Recommendation No R 98(7)].
94 WHO Guidelines on HIV Infection and AIDS in Prisons. Geneva:WHO, 1993 [hereinafter WHO Guidelines].
95 Declaration of Commitment – United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS. UN GA Res/S-26/2, 27 June 2001
[hereinafter UNGASS Declaration].
96 International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights. UNCHR res 1997/33, UN Doc E/CN.4/1997/150 (1997).
97 WHO Guidelines, supra, note 94 at Art 4.
98 UNGASS Declaration, supra, note 95 at Art 58.
99 Ibid at Arts 62, 64.
100 See, for example, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, supra, note 86 at Art 25; International Covenant on Social, Economic
and Cultural Rights, supra, note 80 at Art 12; European Social Charter, supra, note 85 at Art 11;African Charter on Human and
Peoples’ Rights, supra, note 81 at Art 16.
101 Constitution of the World Health Organization. In: Basic Documents,39 th ed. Geneva:WHO, 1992. See generally:V Leary.The
right to health in international human rights law. Health and Human Rights 1994; 1(1): 24-56.
102 Basic Principles, supra, note 88.
103 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union,Art 35.
104 Council of Europe Recommendation No R 98(7), supra, note 93.
105 WHO Guidelines, supra, note 94 at guidelines 1, 2, 4.
106 H Stöver. Drugs and HIV/AIDS Services in European Prisons. Oldenburg, Germany: Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 2002,
at 127-128.
107 WHO Guidelines, supra, note 94 at 4.
108 Ibid.
109 Ibid at 6.
110 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Statement on HIV/AIDS in Prisons to the United Nations
Commission on Human Rights at its Fifty-second session,April 1996.
111 International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, supra, note 96 at paras 2, 15(d).
112 International Council of Prison Medical Services. Oath of Athens for Prison Health Professionals.Adopted 10 September 1979,
Athens.
113 See Jürgens, supra, note 47 at 81-88.
114 Ibid.
115 R Elliott. Prisoners’ Constitutional Right to Sterile Needles and Bleach.Appendix 2 in Jürgens, supra, note 47.
116 Corrections and Conditional Release Act, SC 1992, c 20 [hereinafter CCRA]; SOR/92-620.
117 CCRA, s 86(2).
118 I Malkin.The Role of the Law of Negligence in Preventing Prisoners’ Exposure to HIV While in Custody.Appendix 1 in Jürgens,
supra, note 47.
119 SF Hurley, DJ Jolley, JM Kaldor. Effectiveness of needle-exchange programmes for prevention of HIV infection. Lancet 1997;
349(9068): 1797-1800.
120 DR Holtgrave, SD Pinkerton,TS Jones, P Lurie, D Vlahov. Cost and cost-effectiveness of increasing access to sterile syringes and
needles as an HIV prevention intervention in the United States. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human
Retrovirology 1998; 18(Suppl 1): S133-138.
72 Prison Needle Exchange: Lessons from a Comprehensive Review of International Evidence and Experience