Prison Needle Exchange: Lessons from a Comprehensive Review ...

41 S Black. Springhill Project Report. Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada, 1999.
42 For example, see A Taylor et al. Outbreak of HIV Infection in a Scottish Prison. British Medical Journal 1995; 310: 289-292.
43 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union
and Norway. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002, at 46.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid at 47.
46 Correctional Service of Canada. 1995 National Inmate Survey: Final Report. Ottawa:The Service (Correctional Research and
Development), 1996, No SR-02, at 145.
47 R Jürgens. HIV/AIDS in Prisons: Final Report. Montréal: Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network and Canadian AIDS Society, 1996, at 23,
with notes.
48 With respect to the public health impacts of urinalysis testing for illicit drugs in prison, see generally: SM Gore,AG Bird,AJ Ross.
Prison rights: mandatory drugs tests and performance indicators for prisons. British Medical Journal 1996; 312(7043): 1411-1413.
49 See, for example, SM Shah, P Shapshak, JE Rivers, RV Stewart, NL Weatherby, KQ Xin, JB Page, DD Chitwood, DC Mash, D Vlahov,
CB McCoy. Detection of HIV-1 DNA in needle/syringes, paraphernalia, and washes from shooting galleries in Miami: a preliminary
laboratory report. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology 1996; 11(3): 301-306; P Shapshak, RK
Fujimura, JB Page, D Segal, JE Rivers, J Yang, SM Shah, G Graham, L Metsch, N Weatherby, DD Chitwood, CB McCoy. HIV-1 RNA
load in needles/syringes from shooting galleries in Miami: a preliminary laboratory report. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependency
2000; 58(1-2): 153-157; RH Needle, S Coyle, H Cesari, R Trotter, M Clatts, S Koester, L Price, E McLellan,A Finlinson, RN
Bluthenthal,T Pierce, J Johnson,TS Jones, M Williams. HIV risk behaviors associated with the injection process: multiperson use of
drug injection equipment and paraphernalia in injection drug user networks. Substance Use & Misuse 1998; 33(12): 2403-2423; B
Jose, SR Friedman,A Neaigus, R Curtis, JP Grund, MF Goldstein,TP Ward, DC Des Jarlais. Syringe-mediated drug-sharing (backloading):
a new risk factor for HIV among injecting drug users. AIDS 1993; 7(12): 1653-1660, erratum in AIDS 1994; 8(1): following 4.
50 R Lines. Pros & Cons: A Guide to Creating Successful Community-Based HIV/AIDS Programs for Prisoners.Toronto: Prisoners’ HIV/AIDS
Support Action Network, 2002, at 67.
51 Supra, note 36.
52 A Ball et al. Multi-centre Study on Drug Injecting and Risk of HIV Infection: a report prepared on behalf of the international collaborative
group for the World Health Organization Programme on Substance Abuse. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995.
53 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Prisons and AIDS: UNAIDS Point of View. Geneva: UNAIDS Information
Centre,April 1997, at 6.
54 Supra, note 43 at 46-47.
55 Dolan, supra, note 36 at 6.
56 Ibid, with reference.
57 Jürgens, supra, note 47, with reference.
58 A Buavirat et al. Risk of prevalent HIV infection associated with incarceration among injecting drug users in Bangkok,Thailand:
case-control study. British Medical Journal 2003; 326(7384): 308.
59 Medecins Sans Frontières. Health Promotion Program in the Russian Prison System: Prisoner Survey 2000. Cited in: International
Harm Reduction Development, supra, note 13. See also R Jürgens, MB Bijl. Risk behaviours in penal institutions. In P Bollini (ed). HIV
in Prison. A Manual for the Newly Independent States. MSF,WHO, and Prison Reform International, 2002.
60 Ibid.
61 C Magis-Rodriguez et al. Injecting drug use and HIV/AIDS in two jails of the North border of Mexico.Abstract for the XIII
International AIDS Conference, 2000.
62 Dolan, supra, note 34 at 153, with references.
63 Jürgens, supra, note 47 at 40, with references.
64 K Dolan,W Hall,A Wodak, M Gaughwin. Evidence of HIV transmission in an Australian prison. Medical Journal of Australia 1994;
160(11): 734; K Dolan et al.A network of HIV infections among Australian inmates. XI International Conference on AIDS,
Vancouver, 7-11 July 1996,Abstract We.D.3655.
65 R Jürgens. HIV/AIDS in prisons: recent developments. Canadian HIV/AIDS Policy & Law Review 2002; 7(2/3): 13-20, at 19, with reference
to L Dapkus. Prison’s rate of HIV frightens a nation. Associated Press 29 September 2002.
66 Dolan, supra, note 36.
70 Prison Needle Exchange: Lessons from a Comprehensive Review of International Evidence and Experience