Accessing Asia 2012 - Clean Air Initiative

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
BANGLADESH
People’s Republic of Bangladesh
million tons
Dhaka
Land area: 130168 km 2
Population: 149 million (2010)
Urban population: 28%, 42 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 41%, 60 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 83 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 557 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Total CO2 Emissions CO2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO2 per GDP & capita
5.9
9%
0.05
0.08
2.7 2.9
4.1
4.6
5.0
52%
22%
2W
3W
PC
MUV
BUS
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.06
0.04
0.02
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
6%
5%
4%
2%
LCV
HCV
0.00
0.00
2000 2004 2008
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
Vehicle Population & Motorization Index
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Vehicles/1000 people
ktoe
2000
1500
1000
500
tonsCO 2 per capita
Fuel Consumption
VKT by Mode (2000 and 2010) Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
Source: Clean Air Asia.
Emissions Profile: Bangladesh
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Bangladesh. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Gasoline Diesel
Euro 2 Euro 1
Since 2005 Since 2005
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
Since 2002 5000
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
KgCO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.69 0.70
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.05
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
NOTES:
49%
27
million tons
6%
Million Metric Tons
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
40
30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 from electricity generation
Total CO2 from electricity consumption
kgCO2 per kWh TCO2 per capita
kgCO2 per GDP
2000 2009
45%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Asia Average 2009: 0.83
0.11
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Asia Average 2009: 0.90
0.21
0.14
2000 2009
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Sources: Bangladesh Power Development Board Annual Report 2008-2010; Md. Alam Hossain Modal, Wulf Boie, Manfred Denich. (2010). Future Demand
Scenarios of Bangladesh Power Sector; Bangladesh Power Sector Data Book 2006; World Bank Development Indicators
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers were collected from the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority. VKT information were sourced from the Roads and Highways Department, Ministry of Construction.
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity generation from oil, natural gas, and hydropower. Geothermal power, combustible renewables, wind power, and solar power are not applicable.
7. Due to the lack of data, electricity consumption by end-use sector is considered to be under reported.
8. Electricity consumption from other sectors includes public administration and defense, education, health and social services, community, social and personal services.
Emissions Profile: Bangladesh
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Bangladesh. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
Natural Gas
89%
38 TWh
Other
17%
Industrial
28%
Commercial
9%
22 TWh
Residential
46%

million tons
ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
INDIA
Republic of India
Delhi
Land area: 2973193 km 2
Population: 1171 million (2010)
Urban population: 30%, 352 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 66%, 766 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 971 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 830 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Total CO 2 Emissions CO 2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO 2 per GDP & capita
121.0 135.8
203.4
169.0
243.3 263.5
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
140
120
100
50%
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index Fuel Consumption
80
60
40
20
0
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
9%
9%
vehicles per 1000
people
9%
20%
ktoe
3%
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
2W
3W
PC
MUV
BUS
LCV
HCV
tonsCO 2 per capita
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
2000 2004 2008
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
Emissions Profile: India
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: India. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.24
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Entire country Metros
Euro 3 Euro 4
Since 2010 Since 2010
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
Entire country Metros
350 50
Since 2010 Since 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia.
KgCO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
6%
704
million tons
91%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.81 0.78
Million Metric Tons
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 from electricity generation
Total CO2 from electricity consumption
0.81 0.78
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
kgCO2 per kWh TCO2 per capita
kgCO2 per GDP
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
2000 2009
Asia Average 2009: 0.83
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
NatGas
NatGas
12%
12%
Oil
Oil
3%
3%
Renewable
Renewable
14%
14%
Other
Other
3%
3%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Coal
Coal
68%
68%
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Transport
Transport
2%
2%
Asia Average 2009: 0.90
Other
Other
27%
27%
0.25
0.39
2000 2009
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Residential
Residential
3%
Commercia
3%
Commercia
l
11% 11%
11%
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Sources: Central Electricity Agency Electricity Yearbook 2011; Economic Survey 2010-2011; Energy Statistical Yearbooks 2006-201; Sewa Bhawan; & R.K. Puram. Ministry of Power (2008).
CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector User Guide Version 4.0 October 2008; The Energy Data Directory Yearbook 2010; World Bank; World Bank Development Indicators
NOTES:
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Emissions Profile: India
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: India. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
903 TWh
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the delimination
or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In this
approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers were collected from the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. VKT information were sourced from the SIAM statistics, India Planning Commission, and fleet records.
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity generation is from fossil fuels and hydropower. Geothermal power is not applicable. Combustible renewables, wind power, and solar power are assumed equal for a rough disaggregated
estimate. Other sources include independent power producers and nuclear energy.
7. Due to the lack of data, electricity consumption by end-use sector is considered to be under reported.
8. Electricity consumption from other sectors includes agriculture, public water works, sewage pumping, and non-specified.
Industrial
Industrial
57%
57%
571 TWh

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
INDONESIA
Republic of Indonesia
million tons
Jakarta
Land area: 9569901 km 2
Population: 240 million (2010)
Urban population: 50%, 120 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 65%, 153 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 274 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 1144 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Total CO2 Emissions CO2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO2 per GDP & capita
44.4 48.4
79.8
102.3
90.6
16% 2W
0.50
0.40
0.40
0.30
61.5
32%
3W
PC
0.30
0.20
0.20
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
9%
17%
26%
MUV
BUS
LCV
HCV
0.10
0.00
2000
0.10
0.00
2004 2008
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index
70
Vehicle Population
300
60 Motorization Index
250
35000
30000
Fuel Consumption
50
200
25000
40
30
20
10
150
100
50
20000
15000
10000
0
0
5000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
vehicles per 1000
people
ktoe
tonsCO 2 per capita
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Euro 2
Since 2005
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
Since 2010 350
Source: Clean Air Asia.
Emissions Profile: Indonesia
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: P.R. China. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
KgCO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
24%
16%
112
million tons
0.67
0.72
Million Metric Tons
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
200
150
100
50
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 from electricity generation
Total CO2 from electricity consumption
0.67
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
NOTES:
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
kgCO2 per kWh TCO2 per capita
kgCO2 per GDP
2000 2009
60%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
0.72
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
1.00
Asia Average 2009: 0.83 Asia Average 2009: 0.90
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
NatGas
NatGas
22%
22%
Other
Other
Renewable
Renewable
13% 13%
13%
0%
0%
Oil
Oil
23%
23%
Coal
Coal
42%
42%
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Industrial
Industrial
22%
22%
0.67
0.72
2000 2009
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Transport
Transport
13%
13%
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Sources: Badan Pengkajian Dan Penerapan Teknolog Annual Reports 2006-2011; Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia 2003-2010;
Kementerian Energi Dan Sumber Daya; World Bank Development Indicators
Emissions Profile: Indonesia
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Indonesia. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
155 TWh
Other Other
Other
0%
0%
Commercia Commercia
Commercia
l
23%
23%
135 TWh
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers were estimated from State Traffic Pollice and GAIKINDO. VKT information were sourced from Suhadi, D. (2008) and Indonesia’s TNA on Climate Change.
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity generation is from fossil fuels, geothermal, and hydropower. Other renewable energy sources are still being explored.
7. Electricity consumption from other sector is from public services.
Residential
Residential
42%
42%

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
LAO PDR
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
million tons
Vientiane
Land area: 230800 km 2
Population: 6 million (2010)
Urban population: 33%, 2 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 55%, 3 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 3 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 553 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
Total CO2 Emissions CO2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO2 per GDP & capita
0.25
0.40
1.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.9
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
36%
7%
1%
13% 3%
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index Fuel Consumption
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
200
150
100
50
0
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
40%
vehicles per 1000
people
ktoe
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2W
3W
PC
MUV
BUS
LCV
HCV
tonsCO 2 per capita
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
2000 2004 2008
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Not available
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
Not available
Emissions Profile: Lao PDR
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Lao PDR. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
KgCO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
NOTES:
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
NatGas
NatGas Other
Other Coal
Coal Oil
Oil
0%
0%
0%
0%
Renewable
Renewable
100%
100%
3 TWh
Sources: Ministry of Energy and Mines – Department Of Electricity; World Bank Development Indicators.
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Industrial
Industrial
34% 34%
34%
Transport
Transport
0% 0%
0%
Other
Other
8%
8%
Commercia Commercia
Commercia
l
22%
22%
2 TWh
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers were estimated from Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction. VKT information were estimated from city data (Vientiane).
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity generation is exclusively from hydropower; Lao PDR was considered to have zero emissions.
Emissions Profile: Lao PDR
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Lao PDR. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
Residential
Residential
36%
36%

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
MALAYSIA
Federation of Malaysia
million tons
Kuala Lumpur
Land area: 328657 km 2
Population: 28 million (2010)
Urban population: 73%, 21 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 99%, 28 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 147 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 5212 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Total CO 2 Emissions CO 2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO 2 per GDP & capita
29.4
32.8 36.7 41.1 45.8 50.3
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
25
20
15
10
5
0
24%
24%
3%
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index Fuel Consumption
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
1%
vehicles per 1000
people
7%
41%
ktoe
2W
3W
PC
MUV
BUS
LCV
HCV
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
tonsCO 2 per capita
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31
per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices
0.30
0.29
2000 2004 2008 KgCO2
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Gasoline
Euro 2
Since 2009
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
Since 2009 500
Source: Clean Air Asia.
Emissions Profile: Malaysia
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Malaysia. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
24%
16%
112
million tons
0.55
0.64
Million Metric Tons
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
1.37
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
NOTES:
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
Total CO2 from electricity generation Total CO2 from electricity consumption
kgCO2 per kWh TCO2 per capita
kgCO2 per GDP
2000 2009
60%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
2.07
Asia Average 2009: 0.83
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
NatGas
NatGas
60%
60%
Renewable
Renewable Other
Other
7%
7% 0%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Coal
Coal
31%
31%
Oil
Oil
2%
2%
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Sources: Malaysia Energy Information Hub Online Database; World Bank Development Indicators
Emissions Profile: Malaysia
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Malaysia. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
105 TWh
Industrial
Industrial
43%
43%
1.53
2.08
Asia Average 2009: 0.90
2000 2009
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Other Other
Other
2%
2%
Transport
Transport
0%
0%
Residential
Residential
21%
21%
91 TWh
Commercia
Commercia
l
34%
34%
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers were estimated from Road Transport Department, Ministry of Transport. VKT information were estimated from various studies.
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity generation is from fossil fuels and hydropower. Geothermal and wind power are not applicable. Combustible renewables (as biooil) and solar power are considered to be equal for a
rough disaggregation.
7. Electricity consumption from other sectors includes public lighting, mining, agriculture, and miscellaneous.

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
NEPAL
Federal Democratic Democratic Republic of Nepal
million tons
Kathmandu
Land area: 143351 km 2
Population: 30 million (2010)
Urban population: 17%, 5 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 44%, 13 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 16 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 524 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
Total CO 2 Emissions CO 2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO 2 per GDP & capita
1.3
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.4
3.0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
50%
8% 1%
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index Fuel Consumption
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
vehicles per 1000
people
1%
14%
22%
ktoe
4%
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2W
3W
PC
MUV
BUS
LCV
HCV
tonsCO 2 per capita
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
2000 2004 2008
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Euro 3
Since 2012
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
Not available
Source: Clean Air Asia.
Emissions Profile: Nepal
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Nepal. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
Kg CO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.01
million tons
100%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.01 0.00
Million Metric Tons
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
40
30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 from electricity generation
Total CO2 from electricity consumption
0.00 0.00
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
NOTES:
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
kgCO2 per kWh TCO2 per capita
kgCO2 per GDP
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
2000 2009
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Emissions Profile: Nepal
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Nepal. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
1.00
Asia Average 2009: 0.83 Asia Average 2009: 0.90
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
NatGas
NatGas Other
Other Coal
Coal Oil
Oil
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Renewable
Renewable
100%
100%
3 TWh
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Transport
Transport
0%
0%
Industrial
Industrial
39% 39%
39%
0.00 0.00
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Sources: Nepal Electricity Authority; Central Bureau of Statistics Statistical Yearbook 2009; National Energy Agency (2007-2010),
National Energy Agency Annual Reports 2007-2010; World Bank Development Indicators
2000 2009
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Other
Other
12%
12%
Commercia
Commercia
l
7%
7%
2 TWh
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers were collected from the Department of Transport Management. VKT information were sourced from Dhakal, (2003).
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity generation is exclusively from oil and hydropower.
7. Due to the lack of data, electricity consumption by end-use sector is considered to be under reported.
8. Electricity consumption from other sectors includes water supply & irrigation, non-commercial, street light, temporary supply, temple, community sales and exported supply.
Residential
Residential
42%
42%

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
PAKISTAN
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
million tons
Islamabad
Land area: 770875 km 2
Population: 174 million (2010)
Urban population: 36%, 62 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 62%, 106 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 116 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 670 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Total CO2 Emissions
24.0
20.2
CO2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO2 per GDP & capita
26.0
34.7
31.5
29.5
5% 1%
2W
3W
23% 13%
PC
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.32
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.28
6%
14% 38%
MUV
BUS
LCV
0.05
0.00
2000 2004 2008
0.27
0.26
0.25
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
HCV
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index Fuel Consumption
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
vehicles per 1000
people
ktoe
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
tonsCO 2 per capita
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Euro 2
Since 2005
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
(marketed)
Since 2010 7000
Source: Clean Air Asia.
Emissions Profile: Pakistan
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Pakistan. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
KgCO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
38%
48
million tons
0.53 0.50
Million Metric Tons
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 from electricity generation
Total CO2 from electricity consumption
0.18 0.16
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
NOTES:
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
kgCO2 per kWh TCO2 per capita
kgCO2 per GDP
2000 2009
62%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
1.00
Asia Average 2009: 0.83 Asia Average 2009: 0.90
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
Renewable
Renewable
0%
0%
NatGas
NatGas
27%
27%
Other
Other
20%
20%
Oil
Oil
8% 8%
8%
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Coal
Coal
45%
45%
Transport
Transport
0%
0%
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Sources: Pakistan Economic Survey 2010-2011; National Electric Power Regulatory Authority State of Industry;
Water and Power Development Authority Power Statistics 2010; World Bank Development Indicators
Emissions Profile: Pakistan
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Pakistan. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
96 TWh
Other
Other
20%
20%
Industrial
Industrial
27%
27%
0.53 0.50
2000 2009
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Commercia
Commercia
l
8%
8%
55 TWh
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers were estimated from Pakistan Economic Surveys. VKT information were estimated from IRG, (2010).
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity generation is from fossil fuels and hydropower. The other source is nuclear energy.
7. Electricity consumption from other sectors includes agriculture, street lights, and government use.
Residential
Residential
45%
45%

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
PHILIPPINES
Republic of the Philippines
million tons
Beijing
Land area: 298170 km 2
Population: 93 million (2010)
Urban population: 66%, 62 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 90%, 83 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 118 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 1258 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Total CO 2 Emissions CO 2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO 2 per GDP & capita
36.2 39.4 41.9 43.1 44.2 47.9
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
33%
26%
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index Fuel Consumption
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
80
60
40
20
0
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
1%
10%
vehicles per 1000
people
23%
2%
5%
ktoe
2W
3W
PC
MUV
BUS
LCV
HCV
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
tonsCO 2 per capita
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
2000 2004 2008
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.44
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Euro 2
Since 2007
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
Since 2004 500
Source: Clean Air Asia.
Emissions Profile: Philippines
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Philippines. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
KgCO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
30%
26
million tons
55%
15%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.47
0.42
Million Metric Tons
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 from electricity generation
Total CO2 from electricity consumption
0.22 0.23
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
NOTES:
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
kgCO2 per kWh TCO2 per capita
kgCO2 per GDP
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
2000 2009
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
1.00
Asia Average 2009: 0.83 Asia Average 2009: 0.90
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
Renewable
Renewable
32%
32%
Other
Other
0%
0%
NatGas
NatGas
32%
32%
Coal
Coal
27%
27%
Oil
Oil
9%
9%
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Industrial
Industrial
34%
34%
0.30 0.27
2000 2009
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Other Other
Other
3% 3%
3%
Transport Transport
Transport
0%
0%
Commercia
Commercia
l
29%
29%
Sources: National Energy Plan Statistics 2004; Power Statistics 1983-2011; LRTA Electricity consumption for 2007-2011; World Bank Development Indicators
Emissions Profile: Philippines
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Philippines. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
62 TWh
51 TWh
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers were collected from the Land Transportation Office. VKT information were estimated from various studies.
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity generation is from fossil fuels, geothermal, and hydropower. Combustible renewables, wind power, and solar power are assumed equal for a rough disaggregation.
7. Electricity consumption from other sectors includes public services, agriculture, and non-specified electricity usage. Limited data was found for transport.
Residential
Residential
34%
34%

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
PR CHINA
People’s Republic of China
million tons
Beijing
Land area: 9569901 km 2
Population: 1338 million (2010)
Urban population: 45%, 601 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 99%, 1323 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 3244 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 2424 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
Total CO2 Emissions
243.1
CO2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO2 per GDP & capita
285.9
700
600
500
400
300
200
657.7
426.0
349.6
9%
2W
3W
28%
PC
30% MUV
0.6
0.25
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.15
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.05
100
BUS
0
0
0
29%
LCV
2000 2004 2008
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
3%
1% HCV
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
200
150
100
50
0
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index Fuel Consumption
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
vehicles per 1000
people
ktoe
250000
200000
150000
100000
tonsCO 2 per capita
Entire country Metros
350 50
Since 2010 Since 2010
Emissions Profile: P.R. China
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: P.R. China. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
50000
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
KgCO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Gasoline Select Cities
Euro 4 Euro 5
Since 2010 Since 2010/12
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
Source: Clean Air Asia.

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
3137
million tons
99%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.85 0.83
Million Metric Tons
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 from electricity generation
Total CO2 from electricity consumption
0.95
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
kgCO2 per kWh TCO2 per capita
kgCO2 per GDP
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
2000 2009
2.32
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.97
2.33
Asia Average 2009: 0.83 Asia Average 2009: 0.90
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
Oil
Oil NatGas
NatGas
1%
1% 1%
1%
Renewable
Renewable
17%
17%
Other
Other
2%
2%
Coal
Coal
79%
79%
2000 2009
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Industrial
Industrial
73%
73%
Other
Other
2%
2% Residential Residential
Residential
Transport
Transport 12%
12%
2%
2%
Sources: National Electric Power Industry Statistics Express 2005-2011; China Energy Group Databook 7.0.; China Statistic Yearbooks; World Bank Development Indicators.
NOTES:
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Emissions Profile: P.R. China
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: P.R. China. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
3766 TWh
3705 TWh
Commercia
Commercia
l
11%
11%
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers were collected from National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Environmental Protection. VKT information were estimated from city data (Vientiane).
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity generation is from fossil fuels and hydropower. Geothermal, combustible renewables, wind power, and solar power are assumed to be equal for a rough disaggregation. The other
source is from nuclear energy.
7. Electricity consumption from other sectors includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, water conservancy, and non-specified areas. Limited electricity consumption data was found
for the commercial sector, transport sector, and own-use consumption.

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
SINGAPORE
Republic of Singapore
million tons
Singapore
Land area: 627 km 2
Population: 5 million (2010)
Urban population: 100%, 5 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 100%, 5 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 165 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 32111 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
10
8
6
4
2
0
Total CO 2 Emissions CO 2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO 2 per GDP & capita
6.4 6.6 6.6
7.6
8.1 8.3
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
31%
14%
11%
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index Fuel Consumption
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
190
185
180
175
170
165
160
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
1%
vehicles per 1000
people
38%
5%
ktoe
2W
3W
PC
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
MUV
BUS
LCV
HCV
500
0
tonsCO 2 per capita
1.75
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
2000 2004 2008
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Gasoline Diesel
Euro 2 Euro 4
Since 2001 Since 2006
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
Since 2006 50
Source: Clean Air Asia.
Emissions Profile: Singapore
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: S. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
KgCO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
19
million tons
76%
kgCO 2 per kWh
0.53
0.45
2000 2009
24%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
Million Metric Tons
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 from electricity generation
Total CO2 from electricity consumption
3.86
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
TCO 2 per capita
3.39
Asia Average 2009: 0.83
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
NatGas
NatGas
81%
81%
Renewable
Renewable Other
Other Coal
Coal
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Oil Oil
Oil
19%
19%
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
kgCO 2 per GDP
3.86
3.39
Asia Average 2009: 0.90
2000 2009
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Sources:Singstat Historical Electricity Consumption 1986- 2010, Fuel mix for electricity generation 2001-2010, and Miscellaneous; Energy Market Authority Annual Report 2004-2010;
KEMA Limited Singapore and Energy Market Authority. (2008). Review of the LRMC costs of CCGT electricity generation in Singapore to establish the technical parameters for setting the
Vesting Price for the period 1 January 2009 to 31 December 201. 100106665 Document 7 – Version 1.2.; World Bank Development Indicators
NOTES:
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Emissions Profile: Singapore
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Singapore. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
42 TWh
Industrial
Industrial
81%
81%
Other
Other
0%
0%
Transport Transport
Transport
0%
0%
Residential Residential
Residential
19%
19%
38 TWh
Commercia
Commercia
l
0%
0%
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers and VKT were collected from Land Transport Authority.
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity generation is from oil and natural gas. Coal, geothermal, hydropower, combustible renewables, wind power, and solar power are not applicable.
7. Electricity consumption from commercial and transport sectors have no data.

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
SRI LANKA
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
million tons
Colombo
Land area: 64630 km 2
Population: 20 million (2010)
Urban population: 15%, 3 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 77%, 16 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 27 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 1322 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Total CO 2 Emissions CO 2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO 2 per GDP & capita
3.8 4.0
4.4
5.1
5.6
6.0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
37%
6%
17%
9%
9%
10%
12%
2W
3W
PC
MUV
BUS
LCV
HCV
tonsCO 2 per capita
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index Fuel Consumption
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
vehicles per 1000
people
ktoe
2000 2004 2008
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
Emissions Profile: Sri Lanka
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Sri Lanka. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Euro 1
Since 2003
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
(under consideration/ discussion)
2012 50
Source: Clean Air Asia.
KgCO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
4
million tons
0.36
100%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.41
Million Metric Tons
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 from electricity generation
Total CO2 from electricity consumption
0.12
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
NOTES:
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
kgCO2 per kWh TCO2 per capita
kgCO2 per GDP
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
2000 2009
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
0.21
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
1.00
Asia Average 2009: 0.83 Asia Average 2009: 0.90
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
Renewable
Renewable
0%
0%
NatGas
NatGas
27%
27%
Other
Other
20%
20%
Oil
Oil
20%
20%
Coal
Coal
33%
33%
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Transport
Transport
0%
0%
Other Other
Other
20%
20%
Industrial
Industrial
27%
27%
0.19
0.25
2000 2009
Sources: Ceylon Electricity Board Statistical Digests 2001-2010; Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2007; World Bank Development Indicators.
Emissions Profile: Sri Lanka
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Sri Lanka. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
62 TWh
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Commercia Commercia
Commercia
l
20%
20%
51 TWh
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers were estimated from the Department of Census and Statistics. VKT information were estimated from various studies.
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity is generated from oil, hydropower, combustible renewables, wind power, and solar power. Solar power is entirely from solar photovoltaic off-grid systems.
7. Due to the lack of data, electricity consumption by end-use sector is considered to be under reported.
8. Electricity consumption from other sectors includes street lighting and religious places.
Residential
Residential
33%
33%

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
THAILAND
Kingdom of Thailand
million tons
Bangkok
Land area: 510890 km 2
Population: 68 million (2010)
Urban population: 34%, 24 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 99%, 67 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 187 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 2751 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Total CO 2 Emissions CO 2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO 2 per GDP & capita
40.9
35.9
45.3
56.6
51.3
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
25
20
15
10
5
0
25%
36%
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index Fuel Consumption
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
2W
3W
PC
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
6%
18%
12%
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
3%
vehicles per 1000
people
ktoe
2W
3W
PC
MUV
BUS
LCV
HCV
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
tonsCO 2 per capita
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2000 2004 2008
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.31
0.3
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Euro 4
Since 2012
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
Since 2012 50
Source: Clean Air Asia.
Emissions Profile: Thailand
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Thailand. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
KgCO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
63%
81
million tons
0.57 0.56
Million Metric Tons
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
200
150
100
50
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 from electricity generation
Total CO2 from electricity consumption
0.82
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
NOTES:
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
kgCO2 per kWh TCO2 per capita
kgCO2 per GDP
2000 2009
36%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
1.14
Asia Average 2009: 0.83
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
NatGas NatGas
NatGas
73%
73%
Renewable
Renewable Other
Other
6%
6% 0%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Coal
Coal
21%
21%
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Oil
Oil
0%
0%
Industrial
Industrial
41%
41%
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Sources: Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Electric Power Annual Reports 2004-2010;
Energy Statistics of Thailand 2010; EPPO Online Statistical Database; World Bank Development Indicators
Emissions Profile: Thailand
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Thailand. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
144 TWh
0.99
1.33
Asia Average 2009: 0.90
2000 2009
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Other
Other
2%
2%
Transport
Transport
0%
0%
Residential
Residential
22%
22%
Commercia
Commercia
l
35%
35%
137 TWh
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
3. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
4. Vehicle population numbers were collected from Department of Land Transport. VKT information were estimated from Department of Highways and various studies.
5. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
6. Electricity generation is from fossil fuels, geothermal, hydropower. Combustible renewables are not applicable. Wind and solar polar are assumed equal for a rough disaggregation. Other sources
are from small power producers and independent power producers.
7. Electricity consumption from other sources include free of charge, agriculture, and temporary customers.

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
VIETNAM
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Hanoi
Land area: 310070 km 2
million tons
Population: 87 billion (2010)
Urban population: 30%, 26 million (2010)
Population with access to electricity: 98%, 84 million (2009)
GDP (constant 2000 USD): 63 billion (2010)
GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD): 723 (2010)
ROAD TRANSPORT: EMISSIONS PER VEHICLE TYPE
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Total CO 2 Emissions CO 2 Emissions By Type (2010) CO 2 per GDP & capita
8.5
12.0 13.9
17.9
25.5
30.5
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012 Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
ROAD TRANSPORT: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
vehicles (millions)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
3%
29%
19%
Vehicle Population and Motorization Index Fuel Consumption
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
100%
Vehicle Population
Motorization Index
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
VKT by Mode (2002-2010)
2000 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0
2W
3W
PC
400
300
200
100
MUV
Bus
LCV
HCV
3%
vehicles per 1000
people
46%
ktoe
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
2W
3W
PC
MUV
BUS
LCV
HCV
tonsCO 2 per capita
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
2000 2004 2008
CO2 emissions per capita
CO2 emissions per GDP
Emissions Profile: Vietnam
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Vietnam. Pasig City. Philippines.
The Emissions Profile accompanies Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators from Road Transport and Electricity.”AccessingAsia presents the first
benchmark of air pollutant (as particulate matter, PM) and GHG (as CO2) emissions for 13 countries across Asia for road transport and electricity.
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Gasoline
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Electric
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
Euro 2
Since 2007
Current Sulfur levels in Diesel (ppm)
Since 2007 500
Source: Clean Air Asia.
KgCO2 per US dollar at
constant 2000 prices

ACCESSING ASIA
Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Electricity
ELECTRICITY: CO 2 EMISSIONS
CO 2 Emissions (from generation)
per Source Type (2009)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
49%
35
million tons
0.36
6%
0.42
Million Metric Tons
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 from electricity generation
Total CO2 from electricity consumption
0.08
ELECTRICITY: DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS
TWh
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Total CO 2 emissions from generation and consumption
kgCO2 per kWh TCO2 per capita
kgCO2 per GDP
2000 2009
45%
Coal Oil Natural Gas
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Asia Average 2009: 0.50
0.36
2000 2009
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
1.00
Asia Average 2009: 0.83 Asia Average 2009: 0.90
Generation by
Source Type (2009)
Renewable
Renewable
36%
36%
Other
Other
0%
0%
Coal
Coal
18%
18%
NatGas NatGas
NatGas
43%
43%
Oil Oil
Oil
3%
3%
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Industrial
Industrial
51%
51%
0.36
0.42
2000 2009
Consumption by
End-use Sector (2009)
Other
Other
1%
1%
Transport
Transport
2%
2%
Commercia
Commercia
l
5%
5%
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Sources: Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2010; Tran Minh Tuyen; & Axel Michealowa. Hamburg Institute of International Economics. (2004). HWWA Discussion Paper Construction for
Vietnam National Electricity Grid; Vietnam Electricity Corporate Profile 2009-2010. UNFCCC. Project 6919 Song Bung 4 hydropower project; World Bank Development Indicators
NOTES:
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Emissions Profile: Vietnam
Clean Air Asia. 2012. Emissions Profile: Vietnam. Pasig City. Philippines.
For more information about Clean Air Asia, please visit www.cleanairasia.org
For the data found in this report, please visit www.CitiesACT.org
62 TWh
51 TWh
1. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this report do not imply any judgment or endorsement on the part of Clean Air Asia concerning the
delimination or legal status of any territory or boundaries. In no event will Clean Air Asia be liable for any form of damage arising from the application or misapplication of this report.
2. Emissions from road transport sector were estimated using the Activity-Structure-Intensity-Fuel (ASIF) approach (adapted from Schipper and Marie 1999; Schipper, Gorham, and Marie, 2000). In
this approach, road transport emissions are dependent on the level of transport activity (A); road transport mode structure (S); fuel intensity (I); and carbon content of fuel or emission factor (F).
3. Vehicle population numbers were estimated from Vietnam Register and Transport Development an Strategy Institute (TDSI). VKT information were estimated from TDSI.
4. Fuel consumption data presented in this profile is based on activity data.
5. Data collected is from reported electricity generation and consumption.
6. Electricity generation is from fossil fuels and hydropower. Geothermal, combustible renewables, wind power, and solar power are not applicable.
7. Electricity consumption from other sectors includes agriculture and management.
Residential
Residential
41%
41%