Ground Water Issue Phytoremediation of Contaminated ... - CLU-IN

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34 Table 3. continued CONTAMINANT MEDIUM PROCESS CONCENTRATION 1 HMX Water Phytodegradation 1,250 to 4,440 ppb TNT and 3,250 to 9,200 ppb total nitrobodies (TNT, RDX, HMX, TNB, 2A-DNT, 4A-DNT) PLANT 2 RESULTS/NOTES Emergent aquatic plants: canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), wool grass (Scirpus cyperinus), sweetflag (Acorus calamus), parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) ESTCP, 1999 REFERENCE An ex-situ gravel-based system with aquatic plants removed total nitrobodies to goal of 10 ppm. Kochia sp. Anderson et al., 1994 Enhanced biodegradation of atrazine occurred in soil collected from the rhizosphere. Phytodegradation Unspecified: 48.3 g atrazine in less than 270 mL solution was used in the hydroponic reactor. Hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × nigra DN34, Imperial Carolina) Burken and Schnoor, 1999 There was no volatilization of atrazine from the poplars. 53.3% of the applied atrazine was taken up into the plant. The largest percentage of atrazine taken up was found in the leaves. Surface water Phytodegradation 200 g/L Aquatic plants: coontail or hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum), American elodea or Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis), common duckweed (Lemna minor) Rice et al., 1997a After 16 days, atrazine concentrations were significantly reduced in presence of Ceratophyllum demersum (41.3% of applied atrazine remained) and Elodea canadensis (63.2% of applied atrazine remained) but not in unvegetated system or in presence of Lemna minor (85% of applied atrazine remained).
35 Table 3. continued CONTAMINANT MEDIUM PROCESS CONCENTRATION 1 Carbofuran Soil Rhizodegradation Phytodegradation 3 kg/ha active ingredient in field experiment PLANT 2 RESULTS/NOTES REFERENCE Corn (Zea mays L.) Buyanovsky et al., 1995 In first 30 days of greenhouse experiment, mineralization was greater in soil close to the roots than in soil without roots or far from roots. Uptake of carbofuran and/or degradation products occurred. In field experiment, concentrations in top 10 cm of planted soil were half the concentrations in unplanted soil. EDB Ground water Phytodegradation 25 ppm Koa haole Newman et al., 1998 Uptake of EDB was investigated. 2,4-D Soil Rhizodegradation Uncontaminated soil was used. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Sandmann and Loos, 1984 Other MPN counts of 2,4-D degraders were significantly greater for sugarcane rhizosphere soil than for non-rhizosphere soil. PCP Soil Rhizodegradation 100 mg/kg Hycrest crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisher ex Link) Schultes) After 155 days, 22% of PCP was mineralized in planted system, but only 6% in unplanted. Ferro et al., 1994 PCBs Soil Rhizodegradation Not specified Osage orange and mulberry Fletcher et al., 1995 MTBE Ground water Phytodegradation Phytovolatilization Surfactants (LAE, LAS) Phenolics in leachates from osage orange and mulberry supported growth of PCB-degrading bacteria. Not specified Poplar tree cell cultures, hybrid poplars, eucalyptus Newman et al., 1998, 1999 Eucalyptus transpired 16.5% of applied radio-labeled MTBE and hybrid poplar transpired 5.1% in laboratory chambers. Detectable transpiration of MTBE was not measured from mature eucalyptus in the field. Metabolism of MTBE by the trees is one hypothesis. Surface water Rhizodegradation 1 mg/L Cattail (Typha latifolia), duckweed (Lemna minor) Federle and Schwab, 1989 Mineralization of LAS and LAE was faster and more extensive in water with cattails than in root-free sediment. LAE was mineralized by duckweed but LAS was not.
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