Bryological Monograph An annotated checklist of the mosses of ...

Table 3. Non-native mosses in Europe.
Species Location
combinations are given in the second edition of his flora
(Smith, 2004).
Heterocladium flaccidum (Schimp.) A.J.E.Sm., stat. et
comb. nov. Basionym: Heterocladium heteropterum var.
flaccidum Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & W.Gümbel,
Bryologia Europaea 5: 154 (fasc. 49–51). 1852.
Hypnum cupressiforme var. heseleri (Ando & Higuchi)
M.O.Hill, stat. et comb. nov. Basionym: Hypnum heseleri
Ando & Higuchi, Journal of the Hattori Botanical
Laboratory 75: 98. f. 1–2. 1994.
Pelekium atlanticum (Hedenäs) Hedenäs, comb. nov.
Basionym: Thuidium atlanticum Hedenäs, Journal of
Bryology 16: 387. f. 1–2. 1991.
Pohlia flexuosa var. pseudomuyldermansii (Arts,
Nordhorn-Richter & A.J.E.Sm.) A.J.E.Sm., comb. nov.
Basionym: Pohlia muyldermansii var. pseudomuyldermansii
Arts, Nordhorn-Richter & A.J.E.Sm. Journal of Bryology
14: 642. f. 3. 1987.
Weissia6mittenii (Bruch & Schimp.) Mitt. emend.
A.J.E.Sm., stat. nov. Basionym: Weissia mittenii (Bruch &
Schimp.) Mitt., Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
ser. 2, 8: 317. 1851.
Planta originis hybridae. Parens feminea Weissia multicapsularis.
Parens mas forte W. rostellata.
Composition of the moss flora
The moss flora comprises 1292 species in 278 genera, 71
families and 22 orders. In addition, we recognize 46
subspecies and 118 varieties. Of the total 1292 species, 53
are confined in Europe to the Atlantic islands of
Macaronesia (Table 2). In addition, Bryoxiphium norvegicum,
Didymodon brachyphyllus and Polytrichastrum
MOSSES OF EUROPE AND MACARONESIA 201
Achrophyllum dentatum Garden, England
Atrichum crispum Britain and Ireland, widespread (male only)
Bryum apiculatum Tenerife
Bryum valparaisense Canary Islands, Portugal
Calomnion complanatum Garden, Ireland
Calyptrochaeta apiculata Britain, rare
Campylopus introflexus C. and W. Europe, widespread
Hennediella macrophylla Britain, widespread and spreading
Hennediella stanfordensis Britain and Ireland, widespread and spreading
Hypopterygium tamarisci Portugal
Leptophascum leptophyllum Widespread in S. and W. Europe, apparently spreading
Leptotheca gaudichaudii Garden, Ireland
Myuroclada maximowiczii Garden, southern Russia
Orthodontium lineare C. and W. Europe, widespread
Sematophyllum adnatum Lombardy and Piedmont, several localities
Splachnobryum obtusum Hot springs, Hungary and Azores; elsewhere in greenhouses
Syntrichia bogotensis Madeira
Tortula amplexa Britain, confined to one small area
Tortula bogosica Azores and Canaries
Tortula bolanderi S. Europe (rare), Macaronesia
Thuidiopsis sparsa Madeira, in a former park area
sphaerothecium are confined to Iceland, and Bryum
miniatum to the Faeroe islands.
In the east and south-east, several species are known only
from Russia, mainly from the Urals and the Caucasus. In
Asia just outside Europe, Crumia latifolia, Tortula caucasica
and Trichostomum connivens are known from the
Caucasus. An additional eight species are listed by
Kürschner & Erdag˘ (2005) from Anatolia.
Twenty-onespeciesofmossarethoughttohavebeen
introduced to Europe by human agency (Table 3), a
remarkably small number. Mosses must have been
introduced from the Americas, especially to Macaronesia,
before moss recording began; but invasions before
1900 would not have been noticed. No non-native species
is known to have arrived before 1800, though Corley &
Frahm (1982) have speculated that Campylopus pyriformis
is a late 18th century introduction from the Southern
Hemisphere. Indeed, the only alien known to have reached
Europe before 1900 is the North American Atrichum
crispum, which has spread slowly and is probably a single
clone. There are several other species that may be
introduced. For example Bryum gemmiferum, now widespread
in central and west Europe, appears still to be
spreading, and lacks pre-1940 records (Herman
Stieperaere, pers. comm.).
TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
The main source for the hierarchy is Goffinet & Buck
(2004). A few genera have been moved between families to
take account of suggestions from Ignatov and Hedenäs or
where there is evidence from newer molecular phylogenies.
The following classes and orders occur in Europe. Orders
are included in the list of taxa, below.