Relocation and Resettlement in Ceará - Houston Advanced ...

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10 FRC, PAGE 10 resources. Labour markets and patterns are disrupted and links between producers and customers are often severed. Formal and informal economic associations formed over long periods also tend to disappear with changes in public spaces, work patterns and the dispersal of their members. Social problems arising from involuntary displacement include weakening of community structures and social networks, dispersal of family groups, loss of cultural identity, diminution of traditional authority and the potential for mutual help. Links with the communities’ cultural identity—such as shrines and graves—are broken. Health care is adversely affected. Environmental impacts include inundation of flora and fauna, loss of habitat, and eco-system degradation. Economically and socially, involuntary displacement and resettlement have been criticised because they have often created chronic impoverishment in project affected communities rather than contributed positively to their development. Resettlement was too often viewed as a task to remove people from the project site as quickly and as cheaply as possible. The view that resettlement provides an opportunity for community development and strengthening was rarely pursued. Today, the World Bank and many responsive governments have established safeguards on involuntary displacement to ensure that, at a minimum, resettlement achieves the restoration of PAPs’ prior economic levels. The World Bank has stressed, in addition, that those displaced should be enabled to share in the benefits made possible through the development program that caused their eviction. As a result, resettlement management has become more demanding, with mandated procedural safeguards and benchmarks. The process has been facilitated by a vast amount of research conducted over the last two decades by the World Bank and independent researchers in developing and developed countries. Social scientists have identified the following seven broad categories of impacts of involuntary displacement: 1) Landlessness 2) Joblessness 3) Homelessness 4) Morbidity 5) Food insecurity 6) Loss of access to common property 7) Social disarticulation A Report Card on Resettlement in Ceará The HARC team analysed the vulnerability of project affected persons (PAPs) in Ceará with respect to each of these impacts. Findings are summarised below.
Landlessness: 11 FRC, PAGE 11 Cearense planners and policy makers have been careful to ensure that rural agricultural populations are not displaced from their traditional occupations and migrate to large urban centres. For this reason, they have implemented a generous land grant scheme for project-affected people. Displaced tenant farmers and small holders are provided a house in a resettlement agrovila, which accommodates all the families displaced by the projects, and are provided a small agricultural plot, usually 5 hectares. A brief summary of resettlement assistance is provided in Table 1. For details on resettlement awards, please refer to the First Interim Report. Table 1. Resettlement Policy and Awards in Ceará PAP Levels of Asset s Resettlement Agency Resettlement Award Project Landless tenant farmer SRH House in agrovila plus agricultural plot Small holder, total assets
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