The aims of the present study were to: 2. Aims of the Study 1. Design new primers for the diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of Hungarian CDV, FPV and CPV2 strains. 2. Perform the phylogenetic analysis of Hungarian CDV strains in order to determine which variants are currently circulating in Hungary. 3. Design an RFLP-based test that would allow the differentiation of vaccine from wild-type strains of CDV. 4. Perform the genetic analysis of CDV strains present in vaccines currently used in Hungary. Hungary. 5. Determine which CPV2 genotypes (2a, 2b or 2c) are currently present in 12
3.1.1 General informations 3. Literature Survey 3.1 Canine distemper Canine distemper (CD) is caused by the CDV which belongs to the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae virus family (Appel, 1987). There are several hypothesizes regarding the origin of CDV. Some of the early scientists believed that CD was known “since time immemorial” in Europe, or at least France (Desmars, as cited in Panisset, 1938 and Blancou, 2004). Others, such as Heusinger (1853, as cited in Blancou, 2004), believed that the disease was “imported” from South America (Peru) shortly before 1760. He based his theory on a previous report by Ulloa from 1746, who in his opinion clearly described the some of the main clinical and epidemiological features of CD (Blancou, 2004). According to these theories, the disease was first described in Europe in 1760 in Madrid, Spain, where it caused severe losses in the canine population. Following its assumed arrival in Europe in 1760, the disease was soon reported in other countries such as England, Italy (1764), and Russia (1770). A severe CD outbreak occurred in Spain in 1763, and according to some reports approximately 900 dogs died of the disease in a single day in Madrid (Blancou, 2004). Following numerous more or less scientific assumptions regarding the etiology of the disease, Henri Carré was the first to demonstrate that it was caused by an “ultravirus” (Blancou, 2004). CD is a highly contagious viral infection of different carnivores that belong to numerous animal families, such as Canidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, Felidae, Phocidae, Viverridae, Ursidae and many others (Kovács et al., 1983; Appel, 1987; Blixenkrone-Møller et al., 1993; Gemma et al., 1996; Barret et al., 1999; Lan et al., 2006). Domestic canine populations and receptive wild species seem to act as reservoirs one for the other (Appel & Summers, 1995; Carpenter et al., 1998; Lednicky et al., 2004). CD-like diseases have been observed in large felids in the Tanzanian Serengeti National Park in 1994 (Roelke-Parker et al., 1996), in North American zoos in 1991 and 1992 (Appel et al., 1994), as well as in collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) and a non- human primate (Macaca fuscata) in Japan (Appel et al., 1994; Yoshikawa et al., 1989; 13
- Page 1 and 2: Szent István University Postgradua
- Page 3 and 4: Contents Abbreviations ............
- Page 5 and 6: aa amino acid Asn asparagine Asp as
- Page 7 and 8: Summary Samples taken from various
- Page 9 and 10: Összefoglaló (Summary in Hungaria
- Page 11: 1. Introduction Based on modern sci
- Page 15 and 16: stomach, and mononuclear cells of t
- Page 17 and 18: (noninflammatory demyelination), ho
- Page 19 and 20: according to the area of CNS involv
- Page 21 and 22: Edward Jenner was probably the firs
- Page 23 and 24: comparison, a study conducted by Bo
- Page 25 and 26: 3.2.2.1 Neonatal animals Infection
- Page 27 and 28: 3.2.4 Pathology Gross pathologic ch
- Page 29 and 30: 3.3.1 General informations 3.3 Type
- Page 31 and 32: ecovered from the intestinal-associ
- Page 33 and 34: 3.3.5 Diagnosis, treatment and prev
- Page 35 and 36: een overtaken by CPV2b and/or CPV2c
- Page 37 and 38: Table 1: Description of the analyze
- Page 39 and 40: purposes by a circus lion tamer fro
- Page 41 and 42: Table 4: Primers used for the diagn
- Page 43 and 44: 4.5.3.2 Classical PCR assays The 50
- Page 45 and 46: 5.1.1 CDV infections 5. Results 5.1
- Page 47 and 48: 5.1.2 FPV infections During necrops
- Page 49 and 50: 5.2.1 CDV infection Most relevant c
- Page 51 and 52: 5.3 Electron microscopy In the urin
- Page 53 and 54: amplicons obtained from field virus
- Page 55 and 56: 5.4.3 Sequence analysis and phyloge
- Page 57 and 58: Fig. 19: Phylogenetic tree construc
- Page 59 and 60: P gene Vanguard A75/17 Ferret Onder
- Page 61 and 62: (98.90 %) isolated from a naturally
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Fig. 22: Phylogenetic tree construc
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5.4.3.2 FPV strains PCR positive sa
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The alignment of the Hungarian CPV2
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America. The similarity of the Hung
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Only one strain from each subgroup
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Vanguard (Pfizer Animal Health, USA
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performed in order to reveal whethe
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a relatively quick evolutionary pat
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7. New Scientific Results Most impo
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APPEL, M.J.G.: Canine distemper vir
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DE YBANEZ R.R., VELA C., CORTES E.,
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HAAS L., MARTENS W., GREISER-WILKE
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KIMURA, M.: A simple method for est
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MEURS K.M., FOX P.R., MAGNON A.M.,
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PARRISH C.R.: Pathogenesis of felin
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VANDEVELDE M., ZURBRIGGEN A., HIGGI
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10. Other Publications in Peer Revi
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Academy of Sciences and the Doctora
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