Micropropagation and medicinal properties of Barleria greenii

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express a special appreciation to my supervisor, Prof J. van Staden for his invaluable support, guidance and encouragement throughout the duration of this study. I am very grateful for the financial support he provided in the form of a postgraduate bursary. Many thanks to my co-supervisor, Dr J.F. Finnie, for his constructive advice, as well as constant support and encouragement. My sincere thanks to all members of the Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, for their extensive support. The administrative staff (Mrs Magnussen and Mrs Warren) and my Research Committee members (Dr Bairu and Dr Elgorashi) are especially thanked for their support and inputs. My sincere appreciation to Dr Gary Stafford and Mrs Alison Young for their help in the collection of plants used in this study. Dr Gary Stafford also kindly supplied the Huernia hystrix flower used on the cover page. Thanks to my colleagues in the lab, especially Ashwell Ndhlala and Mack Moyo, with whom I shared many brainstorming sessions related to some aspects of this research. The technical assistance provided by Mr Hampton and his team in the use of some equipment are much appreciated. My special thanks to my parents and brother as well as Grace, Afolad, Folake and Bunmi for their understanding, love, support and encouragement. I miss you all. Above all, glory, praise and honour to Jehovah God, the omnipotent and omniscient one, for his indescribable free gift. xii
LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 Figure 1.1: Barleria greenii. (A) The plant during flowering (B) Calyx bearing the unopened, mature fruits (capsules). ................................................... 4 Figure 1.2: Flowering Huernia hystrix potted in a small container. Bar = 10 mm. 6 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Molecular structures of some auxins commonly used in plant tissue culture. ............................................................................................. 23 Figure 2.2: Molecular structures of some cytokinins commonly used in plant tissue culture. ................................................................................... 27 Figure 2.3: The physiological and pathophysiological functions of COX-2 enzyme (STEINMEYER, 2000). .................................................................... 41 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: In vitro propagation of Barleria greenii. (A) Stock plant. (B) Control (MS medium without PGR). (C) Shoot multiplication on MS medium supplemented with 3 µM BA. (D) Shoot multiplication on MS medium supplemented with 7 µM MemTR. (E) In vitro rooted regenerated shoot ready for acclimatization. (F) Three-month-old fully acclimatized plant. Bars = 10 mm. ................................................... 53 Figure 3.2: Effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution treatments on explants decontamination. ............................................................... 54 Figure 3.3: Effects of BA and NAA on adventitious shoot production of Barleria greenii after four weeks of culture. Bars with different letters are significantly different (P = 0.05) according to DMRT. ....................... 56 Figure 3.4: Effects of BA and NAA on adventitious shoot production of Barleria greenii after six weeks of culture. Bars with different letters are significantly different (P = 0.05) according to DMRT. ....................... 57 Figure 3.5: Effects of half strength MS medium with or without IBA treatment on in vitro rooting of regenerated shoots. Bars with different letters are significantly different (P = 0.05) according to DMRT. ....................... 64 xiii
Page 1 and 2: MICROPROPAGATION AND MEDICINAL PROP
Page 3 and 4: 2.1.4 Stage II: Proliferation or mu
Page 5 and 6: Chapter 5 Pharmacological and phyto
Page 7 and 8: STUDENT DECLARATION Micropropagatio
Page 9 and 10: FACULTY OF SCIENCE & AGRICULTURE DE
Page 11: AMOO, S.O., FINNIE, J.F. and VAN ST
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.2: Anti-inflammatory activ
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Chapter 2 Table 2.1:
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS [3G]BA 6-Benz
Page 21 and 22: PE Petroleum ether PEPC Phosphoenol
Page 23 and 24: status. Being a dwarf species, very
Page 25 and 26: activities shown by H. hystrix extr
Page 27 and 28: During this same period, these auth
Page 29 and 30: dark pink with magenta streaks on t
Page 31 and 32: traditional medicine (muthi) among
Page 33 and 34: 1.5 Aims and objectives Endemic and
Page 35 and 36: 2.1 Micropropagation 2.1.1 Introduc
Page 37 and 38: their constituent cells (MURASHIGE,
Page 39 and 40: media are sterile, the explants mai
Page 41 and 42: plants is higher (MURASHIGE, 1978)
Page 43 and 44: adventitious roots are produced wit
Page 45 and 46: DEBERGH and MAENE (1981) therefore
Page 47 and 48: cytokinins as well as these major e
Page 49 and 50: Auxins are known to play a crucial
Page 51 and 52: 6-Benzyladenine (BA) 6-Furfurylamin
Page 53 and 54: STADEN and DREWES, 1992), the relat
Page 55 and 56: growth and development throughout t
Page 57 and 58: HASEGAWA et al (1973) reported a co
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.1 continued Plant species E
Page 61 and 62: 2.2 Pharmacological and phytochemic
Page 63 and 64:
filamentous fungi (such as Fusarium
Page 65 and 66:
PGI2, PGF2α, are known to sensitiz
Page 67 and 68:
Many researchers have reported anti
Page 69 and 70:
inclusion of antioxidant and free r
Page 71 and 72:
activity of gallotannins from Mangi
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3.1 Introduction Chapter 3 In vitro
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with 30 g l -1 sucrose, 0.1 g l -1
Page 77 and 78:
andomised and maintained in a growt
Page 79 and 80:
3.3.1 Explant decontamination Figur
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Adventitious shoots per explant (n)
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3.3.3 Effects of types and concentr
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Table 3.1: Effects of types and con
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3.3.4 Effects of photoperiod on sho
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to be a slow release reservoir of a
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Percentage survival 70 60 50 40 30
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exponential population growth rates
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Cultures were incubated under the s
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loosely closed screw cap jars (300
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Frequency of decontamination (%) 60
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Table 4.2: Frequencies of shoot, ro
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SALISBURY and ROSS (1992), a temper
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Table 4.5: Effects of temperature a
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photoperiod could therefore be due
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Titratable acidity (µM H + g -1 FW
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Figure 4.4: Huernia hystrix adventi
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strength MS medium with or without
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 5 Pharmacological and phyto
Page 117 and 118:
Garden, Pietermaritzburg, South Afr
Page 119 and 120:
2004) respectively, were also deter
Page 121 and 122:
each of the plant extracts, the bla
Page 123 and 124:
ORR =
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5.2.3.5 Gallotannin content The rho
Page 127 and 128:
Barleria species, the EtOH extracts
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Table 5.2: Yield (% w/w) of extract
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Table 5.4: Antibacterial activity (
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Table 5.5: Antifungal activity of c
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5.3.2.3 Anti-inflammatory activity
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Prostaglandin synthesis inhibition
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The AChE inhibitory activity of ext
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(A) DPPH Scavenging activity (%) (B
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Table 5.8: DPPH radical scavenging
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Absorbance 630 nm 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1
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(ORHAN et al., 2009; ABDEL-HAMEED,
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5.3.3 Phytochemical evaluation 5.3.
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5.3.3.2 Total iridoid content Figur
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5.3.3.3 Flavonoid content The flavo
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5.3.3.4 Gallotannin content The roo
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5.3.3.5 Condensed tannin (proanthoc
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Chapter 6 General conclusions An ef
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evaluating their safety may be nece
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ANAND, Y. and BANSAL, Y.K. 1998. Pl
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BASKARAN, P., VELAYUTHAM, P. and JA
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CHENG, S.H. and EDWARDS, G.E. 1991.
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DE KLERK, G.J., BRUGGE, J.T. and MA
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ETKIN, N.L. 1998. Indigenous patter
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GIRIDHAR, P., GURURAJ, H.B. and RAV
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HUANG, D., OU, B. and PRIOR, R.L. 2
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KIRANMAI, C., ARUNA, V., KARUPPUSAM
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LITZ, R.E. and CANOVER, R.A. 1981.
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MARKS, T.R. and SIMPSON, S.E. 1994.
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NDAWONDE, B.G., ZOBOLO, A.M., DLAMI
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PAREEK, A. and KOTHARI, S.L. 2003.
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RAI, M.K., AKHTAR, N. and JAISWAL,
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threatened plants - progress in the
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SRIVASTAVA, L.M. 2002. Plant Growth
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TURNER, S. 2001. Witwatersrand Nati
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WILLIAMSON, E., OKPAKO, D.T. and EV
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Micropropagation and medicinal properties of Barleria greenii

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