Micropropagation and medicinal properties of Barleria greenii

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3.3 Results and discussion ......................................................................... 53 3.3.1 Explant decontamination ................................................................... 54 3.3.2 Effects of BA and NAA on shoot multiplication .................................. 55 3.3.3 Effects of types and concentrations of cytokinins on shoot multiplication .................................................................................... 58 3.3.4 Effects of photoperiod on shoot multiplication ................................... 62 3.3.5 In vitro rooting of regenerated shoots ................................................ 63 3.3.6 Ex vitro rooting and acclimatization ................................................... 65 Chapter 4 In vitro propagation of Huernia hystrix ........................................ 67 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 67 4.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................... 69 4.2.1 Source material, decontamination and bulking of explants ................ 69 4.2.2 Effects of BA and NAA on shoot multiplication .................................. 69 4.2.3 Effects of temperature and photoperiod on shoot multiplication ........ 70 4.2.4 Determination of titratable acidity ...................................................... 70 4.2.5 Effects of culture vessel size on shoot multiplication ......................... 71 4.2.6 Indirect organogenesis ...................................................................... 71 4.2.7 Rooting and acclimatization ............................................................... 71 4.2.8 Data analyses .................................................................................... 72 4.3 Results and discussion ......................................................................... 72 4.3.1 Explant decontamination ................................................................... 72 4.3.2 Shoot and root organogenesis .......................................................... 74 4.3.3 Effects of temperature and photoperiod on shoot multiplication ........ 77 4.3.4 Titratable acidity ................................................................................ 82 4.3.5 Effects of culture vessel size on shoot multiplication ......................... 84 4.3.6 Indirect organogenesis ...................................................................... 86 4.3.7 Rooting and acclimatization ............................................................... 87 iv
Chapter 5 Pharmacological and phytochemical evaluation of Barleria species and Huernia hystrix ......................................................... 90 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 90 5.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................... 91 5.2.1 Collection of plant materials .............................................................. 91 5.2.2 Pharmacological evaluation ............................................................... 92 5.2.2.1 Preparation of extracts ................................................................... 92 5.2.2.2 Antibacterial activity ....................................................................... 92 5.2.2.3 Antifungal activity ........................................................................... 93 5.2.2.4 Anti-inflammatory activity ............................................................... 94 5.2.2.5 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition........................................... 95 5.2.2.6 Antioxidant activity ......................................................................... 96 5.2.2.6.1 DPPH radical-scavenging activity ............................................. 96 5.2.2.6.2 Ferric reducing power activity .................................................... 97 5.2.2.6.3 β-Carotene linoleic acid assay .................................................. 97 5.2.3 Phytochemical evaluation .................................................................. 98 5.2.3.1 Preparation of extracts ................................................................... 98 5.2.3.2 Total phenolic content .................................................................... 98 5.2.3.3 Total iridoid content ........................................................................ 99 5.2.3.4 Flavonoid content ........................................................................... 99 5.2.3.5 Gallotannin content ...................................................................... 100 5.2.3.6 Condensed tannin (proanthocyanidin) content ............................. 100 5.2.4 Data analyses .................................................................................. 101 5.3 Results and discussion ....................................................................... 101 5.3.1 Yield of plant extracts ...................................................................... 101 5.3.2 Pharmacological evaluation ............................................................. 101 5.3.2.1 Antibacterial activity ..................................................................... 101 v
Page 1 and 2: MICROPROPAGATION AND MEDICINAL PROP
Page 3: 2.1.4 Stage II: Proliferation or mu
Page 7 and 8: STUDENT DECLARATION Micropropagatio
Page 9 and 10: FACULTY OF SCIENCE & AGRICULTURE DE
Page 11 and 12: AMOO, S.O., FINNIE, J.F. and VAN ST
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 Figure 1.
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.2: Anti-inflammatory activ
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Chapter 2 Table 2.1:
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS [3G]BA 6-Benz
Page 21 and 22: PE Petroleum ether PEPC Phosphoenol
Page 23 and 24: status. Being a dwarf species, very
Page 25 and 26: activities shown by H. hystrix extr
Page 27 and 28: During this same period, these auth
Page 29 and 30: dark pink with magenta streaks on t
Page 31 and 32: traditional medicine (muthi) among
Page 33 and 34: 1.5 Aims and objectives Endemic and
Page 35 and 36: 2.1 Micropropagation 2.1.1 Introduc
Page 37 and 38: their constituent cells (MURASHIGE,
Page 39 and 40: media are sterile, the explants mai
Page 41 and 42: plants is higher (MURASHIGE, 1978)
Page 43 and 44: adventitious roots are produced wit
Page 45 and 46: DEBERGH and MAENE (1981) therefore
Page 47 and 48: cytokinins as well as these major e
Page 49 and 50: Auxins are known to play a crucial
Page 51 and 52: 6-Benzyladenine (BA) 6-Furfurylamin
Page 53 and 54: STADEN and DREWES, 1992), the relat
Page 55 and 56:
growth and development throughout t
Page 57 and 58:
HASEGAWA et al (1973) reported a co
Page 59 and 60:
Table 2.1 continued Plant species E
Page 61 and 62:
2.2 Pharmacological and phytochemic
Page 63 and 64:
filamentous fungi (such as Fusarium
Page 65 and 66:
PGI2, PGF2α, are known to sensitiz
Page 67 and 68:
Many researchers have reported anti
Page 69 and 70:
inclusion of antioxidant and free r
Page 71 and 72:
activity of gallotannins from Mangi
Page 73 and 74:
3.1 Introduction Chapter 3 In vitro
Page 75 and 76:
with 30 g l -1 sucrose, 0.1 g l -1
Page 77 and 78:
andomised and maintained in a growt
Page 79 and 80:
3.3.1 Explant decontamination Figur
Page 81 and 82:
Adventitious shoots per explant (n)
Page 83 and 84:
3.3.3 Effects of types and concentr
Page 85 and 86:
Table 3.1: Effects of types and con
Page 87 and 88:
3.3.4 Effects of photoperiod on sho
Page 89 and 90:
to be a slow release reservoir of a
Page 91 and 92:
Percentage survival 70 60 50 40 30
Page 93 and 94:
exponential population growth rates
Page 95 and 96:
Cultures were incubated under the s
Page 97 and 98:
loosely closed screw cap jars (300
Page 99 and 100:
Frequency of decontamination (%) 60
Page 101 and 102:
Table 4.2: Frequencies of shoot, ro
Page 103 and 104:
SALISBURY and ROSS (1992), a temper
Page 105 and 106:
Table 4.5: Effects of temperature a
Page 107 and 108:
photoperiod could therefore be due
Page 109 and 110:
Titratable acidity (µM H + g -1 FW
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 4.4: Huernia hystrix adventi
Page 113 and 114:
strength MS medium with or without
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 5 Pharmacological and phyto
Page 117 and 118:
Garden, Pietermaritzburg, South Afr
Page 119 and 120:
2004) respectively, were also deter
Page 121 and 122:
each of the plant extracts, the bla
Page 123 and 124:
ORR =
Page 125 and 126:
5.2.3.5 Gallotannin content The rho
Page 127 and 128:
Barleria species, the EtOH extracts
Page 129 and 130:
Table 5.2: Yield (% w/w) of extract
Page 131 and 132:
Table 5.4: Antibacterial activity (
Page 133 and 134:
Table 5.5: Antifungal activity of c
Page 135 and 136:
5.3.2.3 Anti-inflammatory activity
Page 137 and 138:
Prostaglandin synthesis inhibition
Page 139 and 140:
The AChE inhibitory activity of ext
Page 141 and 142:
(A) DPPH Scavenging activity (%) (B
Page 143 and 144:
Table 5.8: DPPH radical scavenging
Page 145 and 146:
Absorbance 630 nm 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1
Page 147 and 148:
(ORHAN et al., 2009; ABDEL-HAMEED,
Page 149 and 150:
5.3.3 Phytochemical evaluation 5.3.
Page 151 and 152:
5.3.3.2 Total iridoid content Figur
Page 153 and 154:
5.3.3.3 Flavonoid content The flavo
Page 155 and 156:
5.3.3.4 Gallotannin content The roo
Page 157 and 158:
5.3.3.5 Condensed tannin (proanthoc
Page 159 and 160:
Chapter 6 General conclusions An ef
Page 161 and 162:
evaluating their safety may be nece
Page 163 and 164:
ANAND, Y. and BANSAL, Y.K. 1998. Pl
Page 165 and 166:
BASKARAN, P., VELAYUTHAM, P. and JA
Page 167 and 168:
CHENG, S.H. and EDWARDS, G.E. 1991.
Page 169 and 170:
DE KLERK, G.J., BRUGGE, J.T. and MA
Page 171 and 172:
ETKIN, N.L. 1998. Indigenous patter
Page 173 and 174:
GIRIDHAR, P., GURURAJ, H.B. and RAV
Page 175 and 176:
HUANG, D., OU, B. and PRIOR, R.L. 2
Page 177 and 178:
KIRANMAI, C., ARUNA, V., KARUPPUSAM
Page 179 and 180:
LITZ, R.E. and CANOVER, R.A. 1981.
Page 181 and 182:
MARKS, T.R. and SIMPSON, S.E. 1994.
Page 183 and 184:
NDAWONDE, B.G., ZOBOLO, A.M., DLAMI
Page 185 and 186:
PAREEK, A. and KOTHARI, S.L. 2003.
Page 187 and 188:
RAI, M.K., AKHTAR, N. and JAISWAL,
Page 189 and 190:
threatened plants - progress in the
Page 191 and 192:
SRIVASTAVA, L.M. 2002. Plant Growth
Page 193 and 194:
TURNER, S. 2001. Witwatersrand Nati
Page 195:
WILLIAMSON, E., OKPAKO, D.T. and EV
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