Micropropagation and medicinal properties of Barleria greenii

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application of different auxins may lead to a distinct physiological and/or morphogenic response in different explants due to variation in their endogenous growth regulator profile at the time of excision, determined by their growth and developmental stage. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) α-Naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) Figure 2.1: Molecular structures of some auxins commonly used in plant tissue culture. 23
Auxins are known to play a crucial role in regulating or influencing growth and developmental processes such as cell expansion, cell wall acidification, initiation of cell division, differentiation of vascular tissue and organization of meristems giving rise to either unorganized tissue (callus) or defined organs (GASPAR et al., 1996; MUDAY and DELONG, 2001). Responses such as callus production, induction of somatic embryogenesis, shoot production, rooting and secondary metabolite production in growth media supplemented with different auxin concentrations have been reported by many researchers (NIGRA et al., 1987; DE KLERK et al., 1997; SUN et al., 2008; AZAD et al., 2009; BASKARAN et al., 2009). Depending on the objective, PIERIK (1987) encouraged limiting the use of 2,4–D due to its ability to induce mutations and/or inhibit photosynthesis. GASPAR et al. (1996) noted that, in addition to the modifying effect of other growth regulators (ALONI, 1995; LIU and REID, 1992), the activity of auxins can be affected by the free availability of boron. They noted that both the translocation of IAA and nuclear RNA synthesis in response to auxin treatment can be inhibited in boron-deficient plants. Furthermore, the endogenous level of IAA can be regulated by its photo-oxidation (RAY, 1958) when cultures are over-exposed to light. The rapid metabolism of auxins such as IAA and IBA within plant tissues may be useful in automatically changing the auxin:cytokinin ratio in culture (for example, during callus production followed by organogenesis) or when less auxin is required for a subsequent developmental phase in the same culture (for example, during root elongation following root induction) (GASPAR et al., 1996). The structures of some commonly used cytokinins in tissue culture are shown in Figure 2.2. Cytokinins such as zeatin and isopentenyladenine with isoprenoid derived chains attached at their N 6 terminal are often described as isoprenoid cytokinins. The aromatic cytokinins (such as benzyladenine and topolins) have an aromatic derivative side chain at their N 6 terminal. Cytokinins can be found in different forms such as free bases, ribosides, nucleotides, N-glucosides and O- glucosides (OG) in plant cells (LETHAM and PALNI, 1983) and their endogenous levels often regulate their physiological activities (KAMĺNEK et al., 1997). The exogenous application of cytokinins, their uptake and metabolism in turn influence the endogenous cytokinin levels in plant cells (KAMĺNEK et al., 1997). STRNAD (1997) classified the metabolism of cytokinins from a physiological perspective into 24
Page 1 and 2: MICROPROPAGATION AND MEDICINAL PROP
Page 3 and 4: 2.1.4 Stage II: Proliferation or mu
Page 5 and 6: Chapter 5 Pharmacological and phyto
Page 7 and 8: STUDENT DECLARATION Micropropagatio
Page 9 and 10: FACULTY OF SCIENCE & AGRICULTURE DE
Page 11 and 12: AMOO, S.O., FINNIE, J.F. and VAN ST
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 Figure 1.
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.2: Anti-inflammatory activ
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Chapter 2 Table 2.1:
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS [3G]BA 6-Benz
Page 21 and 22: PE Petroleum ether PEPC Phosphoenol
Page 23 and 24: status. Being a dwarf species, very
Page 25 and 26: activities shown by H. hystrix extr
Page 27 and 28: During this same period, these auth
Page 29 and 30: dark pink with magenta streaks on t
Page 31 and 32: traditional medicine (muthi) among
Page 33 and 34: 1.5 Aims and objectives Endemic and
Page 35 and 36: 2.1 Micropropagation 2.1.1 Introduc
Page 37 and 38: their constituent cells (MURASHIGE,
Page 39 and 40: media are sterile, the explants mai
Page 41 and 42: plants is higher (MURASHIGE, 1978)
Page 43 and 44: adventitious roots are produced wit
Page 45 and 46: DEBERGH and MAENE (1981) therefore
Page 47: cytokinins as well as these major e
Page 51 and 52: 6-Benzyladenine (BA) 6-Furfurylamin
Page 53 and 54: STADEN and DREWES, 1992), the relat
Page 55 and 56: growth and development throughout t
Page 57 and 58: HASEGAWA et al (1973) reported a co
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.1 continued Plant species E
Page 61 and 62: 2.2 Pharmacological and phytochemic
Page 63 and 64: filamentous fungi (such as Fusarium
Page 65 and 66: PGI2, PGF2α, are known to sensitiz
Page 67 and 68: Many researchers have reported anti
Page 69 and 70: inclusion of antioxidant and free r
Page 71 and 72: activity of gallotannins from Mangi
Page 73 and 74: 3.1 Introduction Chapter 3 In vitro
Page 75 and 76: with 30 g l -1 sucrose, 0.1 g l -1
Page 77 and 78: andomised and maintained in a growt
Page 79 and 80: 3.3.1 Explant decontamination Figur
Page 81 and 82: Adventitious shoots per explant (n)
Page 83 and 84: 3.3.3 Effects of types and concentr
Page 85 and 86: Table 3.1: Effects of types and con
Page 87 and 88: 3.3.4 Effects of photoperiod on sho
Page 89 and 90: to be a slow release reservoir of a
Page 91 and 92: Percentage survival 70 60 50 40 30
Page 93 and 94: exponential population growth rates
Page 95 and 96: Cultures were incubated under the s
Page 97 and 98: loosely closed screw cap jars (300
Page 99 and 100:
Frequency of decontamination (%) 60
Page 101 and 102:
Table 4.2: Frequencies of shoot, ro
Page 103 and 104:
SALISBURY and ROSS (1992), a temper
Page 105 and 106:
Table 4.5: Effects of temperature a
Page 107 and 108:
photoperiod could therefore be due
Page 109 and 110:
Titratable acidity (µM H + g -1 FW
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 4.4: Huernia hystrix adventi
Page 113 and 114:
strength MS medium with or without
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 5 Pharmacological and phyto
Page 117 and 118:
Garden, Pietermaritzburg, South Afr
Page 119 and 120:
2004) respectively, were also deter
Page 121 and 122:
each of the plant extracts, the bla
Page 123 and 124:
ORR =
Page 125 and 126:
5.2.3.5 Gallotannin content The rho
Page 127 and 128:
Barleria species, the EtOH extracts
Page 129 and 130:
Table 5.2: Yield (% w/w) of extract
Page 131 and 132:
Table 5.4: Antibacterial activity (
Page 133 and 134:
Table 5.5: Antifungal activity of c
Page 135 and 136:
5.3.2.3 Anti-inflammatory activity
Page 137 and 138:
Prostaglandin synthesis inhibition
Page 139 and 140:
The AChE inhibitory activity of ext
Page 141 and 142:
(A) DPPH Scavenging activity (%) (B
Page 143 and 144:
Table 5.8: DPPH radical scavenging
Page 145 and 146:
Absorbance 630 nm 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1
Page 147 and 148:
(ORHAN et al., 2009; ABDEL-HAMEED,
Page 149 and 150:
5.3.3 Phytochemical evaluation 5.3.
Page 151 and 152:
5.3.3.2 Total iridoid content Figur
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5.3.3.3 Flavonoid content The flavo
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5.3.3.4 Gallotannin content The roo
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5.3.3.5 Condensed tannin (proanthoc
Page 159 and 160:
Chapter 6 General conclusions An ef
Page 161 and 162:
evaluating their safety may be nece
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ANAND, Y. and BANSAL, Y.K. 1998. Pl
Page 165 and 166:
BASKARAN, P., VELAYUTHAM, P. and JA
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CHENG, S.H. and EDWARDS, G.E. 1991.
Page 169 and 170:
DE KLERK, G.J., BRUGGE, J.T. and MA
Page 171 and 172:
ETKIN, N.L. 1998. Indigenous patter
Page 173 and 174:
GIRIDHAR, P., GURURAJ, H.B. and RAV
Page 175 and 176:
HUANG, D., OU, B. and PRIOR, R.L. 2
Page 177 and 178:
KIRANMAI, C., ARUNA, V., KARUPPUSAM
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LITZ, R.E. and CANOVER, R.A. 1981.
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MARKS, T.R. and SIMPSON, S.E. 1994.
Page 183 and 184:
NDAWONDE, B.G., ZOBOLO, A.M., DLAMI
Page 185 and 186:
PAREEK, A. and KOTHARI, S.L. 2003.
Page 187 and 188:
RAI, M.K., AKHTAR, N. and JAISWAL,
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threatened plants - progress in the
Page 191 and 192:
SRIVASTAVA, L.M. 2002. Plant Growth
Page 193 and 194:
TURNER, S. 2001. Witwatersrand Nati
Page 195:
WILLIAMSON, E., OKPAKO, D.T. and EV
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Micropropagation and medicinal properties of Barleria greenii

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