UNEP Study Guide - World Model United Nations

United Nations
Environment
Programme
Sponsored by Monash University
World Model United Nations 2013
STUDY GUIDE

Contact Us
World Model United Nations 2013
info@worldmun.org
www.worldmun.org
CONTENTS
Letters
Letter from the Secretary General
Letter from the Under-Secretary General
Letter from the Chair
Introduction
History of the Committee
4
5
6
7
7
8
10
15
17
21
22
23
Topic B: Renewable Energy Incentives
24 Statement of the Problem
25 History of the Problem
26 Available Alternative Options
27 The Market
30 Past UN Action
32 Proposed Solutions
33 Questions a Resolution Must Answer
33 Key Actors and Positions
35 Suggestions for Further Research
36
36
36
41
Organisms
Statement of the Problem
History of the Problem
Past UN Action
Proposed Solutions
Questions a Resolution Must Answer
Key Actors and Positions
Suggestions for Further Research
Position Papers
Closing Remarks
Endnotes
Bibliography

LETTERS

Letter from the Secretary-General
Dear Delegates,
It is my pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 22nd session of World Model United
Nations! My name is Charlene Wong, and I am the Secretary-General of WorldMUN 2013.
topic areas.
We encourage you to use this study guide as the starting point for your exploration of
-
including our WorldMUN 101 Guide and Rules of Procedure, updated for this year. Both
in March!
Sincerely,
Charlene S. Wong
Secretary-General
World Model United Nations 2013
secretarygeneral@worldmun.org
4

Letter from the Under-Secretary-General
Dear Delegates,
-
Under Secretary-General of the Economic and Social Council and Regional Bodies and am
-
Under-Secretary-General, the Economic
and Social Council & Regional Bodies
World Model United Nations 2013
ecosoc@worldmun.org
5

Letter from the Chair
Dear Delegates,
My name is Joshua Zhang and it is with great pleasure that I welcome all of you to the
-
-
-
-
-
me at any time.
Sincerely Yours,
Joshua Zhang
Programme
World Model United Nations 2013
unep@worldmun.org
6

Introduction
1
range of issues ranging from the atmosphere,
In our committee, UNEP will focus on two
widespread. Ranging from what we might experiment
History of the Committee
the major powers in the world present, was intended
of the greatest impacts of this conference was the
of the UN discussed the need for an international
Germany, France, and the Netherlands. 2
Resolution 2997; Agenda 21 from the 1992 UN Earth
Malmo Ministerial and UN millennium Declarations
summits. 3
and more. These partnerships allow UNEP to assist in
information. 4
already accomplished or sponsored include the Solar
Loan Program 5 , the Marshlands project in the Middle
East 6 and AEO for Youth 7 . Other interesting projects
7

2007 was declared the (International) Year of
the Dolphin
2010 was designated the International Year of
2011 was the International Year of the Forests
All.
UNEP is currently under the leadership of Achim
(DEWA)
Implementation (DEPI)
(DTIE)
(DELC)
Information (DCPI)
Topic Area A: Genetically
gene manipulation, genetic engineering and
prompted experimentation in what we eat and
8
withstand conditions that their natural predecessors
counterparts. 9
and insect and disease resistance. 10 As a result, we
issues.
GM crops alone. 11
counterparts. Among these crops, the most common
today. 12
Therefore, these transgenic plant products not
products. 13
the food ingredient. The end product that goes into
means. 14
8

Biotech crop countries and mega-countries 2004
Source: UNEP
15
issues with regards to GMOs: whether or not GMOs
the implications of transgenic technologies are on
16 In addition to
the intellectual property rights of these GMOs, the
socioeconomic impacts of using GMOs, and the
ethical implications of the introduction of GMOs
farming encourages harmful monocultures. 17
18 In addition,
that could result in the creation of a new man-made
resistance, and the proliferation of monocultures
conditions or diseases. Furthermore, food security is
19
UNEP along with the Food Administration
America adopting the use of GM crops and much
2 2
in 2011. A total of 29 countries worldwide grew GM
9

20
21
Storage of farmers’ seeds for the future
Source: UNEP
22 These
23 With the dramatic
for agriculture and food purposes.
the recipient organism. 24
isolated and transferred, whereas with traditional
introduction of a desired gene from one species into
another 25
from other organisms such as micro-organisms and
animals.
Earlier Developments
to manipulate the genetic structure of the tomato
polygalacturonase, so that the ripening process
26 and competition from
27
would generally accept genetically engineered foods.
10

Monsanto and the Bacillus thuringiensis Potato, or
would not only accept genetically engineered
that are used in agriculture are the production of
Vegetable farmers planting coriander to repel insects pests in Sudan
Source: UNEP
Land Use
11 million hectares of land were used to plant GMO
crops. Three years later, in 2001, this amount has
jumped to 44.2 million hectares. 28
countries. 29
30 Land
years, especially in countries such as India and China
31
of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA) predicted that
15 million farmers will grow 150 million hectares of
32 Currently, six multinational
33
in the future. As of 2011, the United States leads the
foods. 34
dedicated to GM crops or plan to in the near future. 35
These countries that grew the most transgenic crops
36 The United States
11

37
lands were dedicated to GM crops.
usurped their organic predecessors. In the United
38
and protected from insects. These traits are intended
contain some sort of GM technology. Throughout
Africa (33) and Asia (19). 39
Source: UNEP
GM Animals
are another issue facing the United Nations
certain characteristics of that animal. This not only
States Federal Drug Administration, genetically
to produce products intended for human therapeutic
use (pharmaceutical products or tissue for
interactions with humans (hypo-allergenic pets); (5)
multiple uses). As a result, genetically engineered
40
food use.
Challenges
challenges with the proliferation of GMOs. First, we
must ensure that genomics and related research
Third, we must facilitate access to research and
intellectual property rights.
Environmental Concerns
run. Because of this, GMOs could potentially mutate
12

enhances soil fertility. It requires low inputs and can be intercropped with traditional
crops
passed on, unintentionally, to other organisms. 41
or genome alternations once widely released.
42 This holds especially
produced in potatoes. 43 Some of these naturally
the food preparation process is important. This would
include considering whether the production of toxins
from these interactions and how the generations
extremely delicate and any slight alteration may
tip the scales towards destruction.
It is uncertain how the entire
ecosystem will react to GM crops. It is
will react to GM crop pollen, or how
animals and insects may change after
consuming GMOs.
dangerous and the most certain
of GMOs. 44 Industrial agriculture
encourages the use of harmful
monocultures, lands dedicated to
45
the production of a single cash crop is essentially
growing only select cash crops. GMOs are then used
46 In 1996 the FAO reported that
the world depends on too few crops and that many
13

lost, mainly due to the spread of modern commercial
agriculture. The report lists the main causes of plant
on top. Costa Rica, Chile, Malaysia, Philippines and
47 The United
48
Human Health
49
either increasing it, leading to allergy, or depressing
assessment of any new GM food. That is, the insertion
of new genes not normally present in traditional food
products may result in increased allergic reactions in
some consumers. For example, in 1995, a study in the
that exposure to glyphosate was associated with
50
estrogens when grown in the presence of the
who consume them. 51
in animal feeds may result in low residues in the meat,
the contaminated feeds. 52
GMO consumption, intentional or unintentional,
genes inserted are consumed, these traits may
53 This is particularly dangerous
to newly introduced genetic material, there does not
food. 54
55
Furthermore, people are constantly exposed
to foreign DNA from the food they eat and from
a toxic chemical and consumption of this chemical
into host plants. 56
results in the transfer of only single genes or small
whose function is understood. Furthermore, the
transfer into human cells although there is a remote
57 Therefore, recent studies show
that some of the issues raised in connection with
examples of health concerns arising from traditional
is necessary with an assessment of consuming GM
14

Intellectual Property Rights
The challenge with intellectual property rights is
concentrating among the top multinational
companies. 58
these multinational industries to create millions of
opportunities for farmers around the world, it may
seed and agro-chemical industries. 59 In 1998, just
in the USA. 60
that not only will
it lead to a further
also threaten local
food security. 61 Smallscale
farmers around
the world worry that
genetic alterations,
and the widespread
use of cheaper,
GMOs threaten global diversity
Source: CIP Americas Program
into the hands of large corporations is extremely
dangerous to local food security, especially in
62
will thus come at the expense of poorer, small-scale
farmers. While these farmers may see increased
yields in the short-run, the reliance on GM crop seeds,
in the hands of these corporations, runs an extreme
in the 1970s where small-scale farmers were ruined
63 Currently,
farmers only use a small portion of their seeds for
64
that they do not germinate if planted for a second
time. 65 The purpose of this technology is so that
corporations. If GM seeds get a stranglehold of the
Past UN Action
to the recent surge in GMOs.
own GMO policies as to which
are deemed as safe and which
are deemed as unsafe. As GMO
made numerous actions in the
of these include:
Global Programme of Action for the Protection of
Marine Environment from Land Based Activities
66
15

67
coastal and marine resources and ecosystem health,
causes excess nitrogen to enter the ocean resulting
68 These can create
Production of GMO crops in certain countries
Source: UNEP
this alone is not enough to stop the threat to marine
Rio Declaration
Nature (IUCN), with the assistance of UNEP, adopted
a resolution in 2002 on GMOs set out in the Rio
The Rio Declaration sets out a precautionary approach
and actions. 69 Although the Rio Declaration does
caution the use of GMOs, it does not set out any
Therefore, the Rio Declaration is not enough to
set of guidelines or procedures is necessary to
16

Cartagena Protocol
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was adopted
70
Other UNEP-GEP Biosafety projects include: UNEP-
GEP Project on Implementation of National Biosafety
71 Although
the Cartagena Protocol does not address GMOs
72
Cartagena Protocol applies precaution not just to
traditional local cultures and traditions, or reduce the
entire process, which the Cartagena Protocol does
UNEP Global Environmental Facility Initiative
73
In addition, as of 30 May 2012, there are 35 countries
Europe, and 26 countries in Latin America and the
74 These
reforms, or policies that caters to its own needs. Most
are applauded, we should not ignore the need for a
one nation, one region, or one geographical location.
region in our world, they still pose a threat to the
Proposed Solutions
Outlook
sector dominance has meant that most agricultural
management rather than drought tolerance or yield
potential of GMOs has already changed the direction
17

a greater reliance on monocultures with potentially
75 The
learn from the success of golden rice to use genetic
76 International standards and
agreements will not only protect intellectual
importantly, these guidelines can help ensure that
met.
1.
2. Strengthen international mechanisms that
3.
Organic Farming
would. 77 They also argue that chemical companies
methods of farming in producing higher crop yields.
and accounted for more than 31 million hectares with
78 Organic farming
Unfortunately, while food for African consumption
79
Source: UNEP
In a separate study, scientists in the U.S.
80 Furthermore,
18

methods of producing harmful monocultures. 81 In
a monoculture, if a single spore infects one leaf
identical plants than in a monoculture. Therefore,
spores of a pathogen produced on one plant are less
can infect - and so disease spreads more slowly. More
plants.
a particular plant induce a resistance reaction. 82 If a
spore which would normally infect that plant then
use those surplus resources. Such compensation is
uncommon in a monoculture where all plants are
mixtures.
the surface, stimulating the rapid reproduction and
83
major source of food for larger organisms. But some
84
poisoning, which can shut down mussel and clam
the water as they multiply. The result is an oxygen-
19

85
86 Therefore, proponents
causes soil erosion,
greenhouse gas
emissions, increased
pest resistance, and
farming is not a
perfect method
either. While studies
handling and use of all LMOs (except pharmaceuticals)
standard-setting in relation to the handling, transport,
protocol also still
that are intended
for as food use or
feed, a large part
of the agricultural
c o m m o d i t i e s .
Expanding its
these two areas is
essential in ensuring
methods, organic
farming must cater to
Cotton is one of the most prominent cash crops in the world
Secondly, food
safety aspects of
styles. In addition, certain areas are not suited for
organic farming and, most importantly, organic
or similar programs will greatly help food safety and
consumer awareness, which is a crucial in protecting
farming faces is the presence of large, multinational our consumers.
Thirdly, the International Plant Protection
the spread and introduction of plant and plant
product pests, including weeds and other species
International Mechanisms
plants and to promote appropriate control measures.
mechanisms in the context of GMOs.
IPPC sets International Standards for Phytosanitary
the SPS agreement. It is also in the process of
20

Scientists developing new GMOs
Source: UNEP
necessary.
Research
countries. These companies include Monsanto,
Argentina, China, India, Malaysia and the Philippines)
in promoting transgenic research in Africa. For
example, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
can threaten their health and that of surrounding
plants and animals
entering the country.
Questions a Resolution Must Answer
answer and a few that a resolution should answer in
1.
term human health?
2.
3.
4.
produced?
5.
6.
7.
Any resolution from any nation or region must
security, and human health. Any solution must also
account for the growth of our human population,
where needs for agriculture and food are expected
to rise dramatically just in the next few decades. 87
Next, resolutions should also consider actions on
issues include: the protection of animals or plants
21

from pests, diseases, or disease-causing organisms;
plants or plant products, or from pests; and the
United States
The United States is home to most of the
intellectual property rights, and encouraging healthy
competition among these corporations, the reality is
the hands of these industrial corporations threatens
many are already resenting their dependence on
cheaper, larger, more nutritious foods or their
organic counterparts. Therefore, while the United
places emphasis on the companies that are spurring
its economy.
European Union
consumers. The potential for GM seeds to result in
22

1990s that are unrelated to GM foods. Between 1991
88
rape products. There are currently nine ongoing cases.
of these.
In 2001, the European Commission adopted two
The European Commission is of the opinion that
GM products. The Commission expects that adoption
regulations regarding the growth of GM crops may
their own GMOs.
African workers reading the description of Bt Corn in Africa
Africa
potential impacts. During the drought of 2002-03,
only the immediate issue of food shortages and
to GM foods in Africa. Consumers International (CI),
countries, has played an important role in shaping
products may cause. There is growing acceptance of
Suggestions for Further Research
23

The Omnivore’s Dilemma
The Threatened Gene: Food, Politics, and the Loss of
Genetic Diversity
The Omnivore’s Dilemma
The Threatened Gene, warns of
mindset. Furthermore, Fowler and Mooney also
as the United States Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) are all great sources to search for more
corporations are detailing to their shareholders. A
read what mandates, policies, or proposals your
Topic Area B: Renewable Energy
Incentives
and human demand of energy is exponentially
solar, wind, hydro, or electrical sources to the more
energy, there are more than enough options that
community?
89 The
Coal, a fossil fuel, is one of the major sources of fossil fuels in the
developing world.
24

and stronger than its predecessors in the energy
Furthermore, in order for these clean technologies
90
the hunt for energy. Whether it was something as
applied to transportation and production as well with
the proliferation of these fossil fuels has increased
its use exponentially, the impact that it has on our
only is human population now at a record high in the
280 ppm to 397 ppm. 91
of fuels, principally wood, coal, oil, and natural gas.
community and the increased consumption of
often outsource factories to lower-wage countries
countries, focus primarily on economic growth, and
factory emissions. This has caused many of these
factories and has caused widespread pollution in these
heating needs, electricity, home construction, and
food has caused the human ecological footprint to
supply of fossil fuels. 92
and water while transportation of these resources
alone produces 48 tons of CO 2 per year. In the United
25

While fossil fuel consumption is predicted to slow, its overall growth is still an issue
Source: UNEP
93
94 Various
type of energy.
Wind power
commercial world. In addition, wind power produces
the speed of the wind increases, the more the power
all connected to the electric power transmission
impact on the landscape, the construction costs are
95
of energy produced is similar to the cost for new coal
26

96 It is hopeful that we can expect
hopefully decline. 97
Energy Association report shows that wind power
98
to an estimate in the United States where wind cost
is estimated at USD $55.80 per MWh with coal and
natural gas at USD $53.10 per MWh and USD $52.50
99 While the United States
Wind power is successful in the United States
is estimated that the long-term technical potential
energy production or 40 times current electricity
demand.
Wind turbines in the United States
Hydropower
100
101 The cost of
102
and the United States with 251 TWh. 103 In addition,
major dam projects currently under construction.
construction costs. In most of the Western world,
Solar Energy
architecture. 104
of climate change in comparison to fossil fuels. The
International Energy Agency said that solar energy
to policy change. The energy from the sun could
105
106 This is
27

107 Furthermore,
of dollars securing fossil fuel supplies, pipelines
and shipping lanes. 108 The U.S. National Academy
of Sciences estimated that the cost of the health
109 And
annually. 110
escalate if the international community continues to
111
health and environment
Source: Green Solar Cafe
in 2009 at the G-20 summit where leaders pledged to
the Natural Resources Defense Council details that
112
and Indonesia all spend money to reduce the price
of gasoline at the pump. Other nations, such as
113
114 The price of gasoline and diesel
cent of Indonesians.
115
to tens of thousands Nigerians for four straight
116
28

Energy Agency (IEA) suggested that just eight percent
poorest 20 per cent of income groups. In addition, a
percent and 98 percent of fossil fuel consumption
generation is dependent on coal, oil, or gas, only
Source: Energy Digital
proportion of the poorest population. For example,
on the grid. 117
uses. 118
29

esources, such as oil in Nigeria, or in trade surpluses,
currencies. They do this, allegedly, for political reasons.
taxes added on, as in the case of the European Union,
the United States and Australia. These countries
119 Therefore, pulling away
multiple times. Despite nudges from 36 Congressmen
The National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) has
Past UN Actions
issues. 120 Below are a few of many programs and
or entities.
Clean Energy Policy
121
Furthermore, UNEP participates in the BioTop Project
research needs for Latin America. 122 The majority
Solar Loan Programme
in clean energy projects, such as through the use
purchase of electric systems and water heating.
across the country. 123
programme helped more than 100,000 people access
similar credit programmes. The Indian Solar Loan
30

Positioning solar panels in India with the assistance of the Indian
Solar Loan Programme
the majority of which are farmers, pay a much higher
are less fortunate as well. In this case, UNEP has also
124
The Solar Loan Programme in India has also grown
programs in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Indonesia,
Mexico, and Chile. In Tunisia, a program named
installation of solar water heaters and has helped
just three years. 125
millions of others across the world, this program has
Rural Energy Enterprise Development (REED)
especially in rural areas. More than 50 new clean
126 In
addition, the Seed Capital Assistance Facility, with the
in place called the SEF Alliance that helps examine
Clean Fleets for a Cleaner World
127 More
128
31

129 All
partnered with German car manufacturer, Daimler,
130 At
future road transportation. The dialogue at this
conference also focused on a joint commitment for
the opportunities to not only
forge new partnerships with
131
Building a Market for Sunshine
While the Mediterranean
sunny climates that are ideal
for the use of solar water
heaters, these technologies are
uncommon in the region. This
UNEP has supported partnerships that have
Source: UNEP
class families, a solar water heater can cost more than
multiple times their monthly income. The solution
was found with the creation of the Mediterranean
and Sea (IMELS). The purpose of MIF is to put in
Morocco, Egypt, Macedonia, and Montenegro as
these clean technologies. 132 For example, in Morocco,
awareness to phase out incandescent lighting so
133 In
Tunisia, the MIF has demonstrated
than 466,690 people and 133,340
from the sun. 134 This has not only
success of this project has led to
similar approaches in more than 11
other countries.
Proposed Solutions
32

campaign coupled with an outlined solution of
practical guidelines of how to reallocate funds that
other countries feel pressured to cooperate as well.
energies on their homeland. A solution, where UNEP
until a certain time period stated in the contract,
nation. This type of land lease for the production of
the participating countries.
countries will agree to tax cars that are considered
industry to jumpstart in many of these nations where
Questions a Resolution Must Answer
answer and a few that a resolution should answer in
1.
energy source?
2.
3.
Where will the funding come from?
4.
5.
6.
policy?
7.
policy?
8.
nations?
United States
The United States has thus tried many attempts to
33

of pollutants. 135
and more. Unfortunately, the United States has not
136
Germany and Japan
importing their energy needs, Germany and Japan
27 GW and a production of 69.2 TWh of electricity
thousand small hydropower plants with a total
capacity of 3,225 MW. 137 Japan also has exploited its
geothermal industry with 18 geothermal plants. 138 In
addition, Japan was the second largest producer of
percent higher than Japan. 139
2010 with the following targets:
140
141 This mainly came from wind
142
The rapid growth in many of these nations has led to
an expansion of power generation and consumption.
countries so there is much potential for the role of
non-OECD economies will account for 59 percent
dioxide, or 64 percent of total emissions. 143 China is
144
sugarcane production, to generate heat and mower.
145
34

Developing Nations
capacity in terms of space to hold these resources.
may not wish to do it on their own land or would
they are considering policy proposals.
Suggestions for Further Research
Recommendations include the Ten Technologies
Autonomy: The Economic, Social & Technological
Wilder.
35

concern in the future as we must consider each
option that is presented!
Position Papers
Position papers are a chance for you to outline your
the nation you are representing. Each nation has its
own primary concerns and interests within the topic,
its geography, economy, culture, history and political
situation for starters. Use the QARMAs to guide you
further in your research as well.
areas. Please email these to the committee email
Closing Remarks
community today.
of you to comprehend the genetics of plants and
animals, the fundamentals of agriculture and crop
topics will challenge not only your understanding
forward to hearing your ideas and the discussions you
the walls of the committee room. Therefore we are
pleased to announce that resolutions passed at the
Endnotes
1
36

gm.food
16 UNEP Emerging Challenges Chapter 9
23 FAO Newsroom Focus
26 Martineau, Belinda (2001). First Fruit: The Creation of the
28 UNEP Emerging Challenges Chapter 9
30 UNEP Emerging Challenges Chapter 9
31 UNEP Emerging Challenges Chapter 9
33 UNEP Emerging Challenges Chapter 9
htm.
default.asp
38 National Agricultural Statistics Board annual report, June
30, 2010.
for Industry: Regulation of Genetically Engineered Animals
ucm113903.pdf
41 FAO Newsroom Focus 2003
42 FAO Newsroom Focus 2003
43 FAO Newsroom Focus 2003
46 Spinney, Laura. Excerpts from an Oxfam Research Paper.
47 Spinney, Laura. Excerpts from an Oxfam Research Paper.
May 1998.
48 Thompson, professor of political economy at Northern
49 Spinney, Laura. Excerpts from an Oxfam Research Paper.
May 1998.
37

50 Spinney, Laura. Excerpts from an Oxfam Research Paper.
May 1998.
51 Spinney, Laura. Excerpts from an Oxfam Research Paper.
May 1998.
53 FAO Newsroom Focus 2003
58 ETC Group. Who Owns Nature? Corporate Power and the
59 ETC Group. Who Owns Nature? Corporate Power and the
63 Thompson, professor of political economy at Northern
64 Thompson, professor of political economy at Northern
65 Thompson, professor of political economy at Northern
72 UNEP Emerging Challenges Chapter 9
Inet
Inet
79 Thompson, professor of political economy at Northern
Inet
86 Thompson, professor of political economy at Northern
87 UNEP and International Water Management Institute. An
38

Opportunity, p. 280.
ES&T, 2011, 45 (9), pg. 4088-4095
Opportunity, p. 280.
U.S. Wind Industry
Administration. 2006. p. 66
99 BWEA report on onshore Wind Costs
104 International Energy Agency. 2011.
105 International Energy Agency. 2011.
fossilfuel4.pdf
and Economics, 2008
39

Climate Change Policy & Practice
(Discussion Paper 01-58 (Washington, D.C.: Resources
allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change,
to ensure that food production is not threatened and to
Telegraph (London).
use-jumps-in-germany-a-783314.html
40

Bibliography
Foreign Policy.
Convention on Biological Diversity
The University Recrod
10, 2007. Inet
Health and Environmental Impacts of
Glphosate
Energy.gov
The
Daily Telegraph (London).
ETC Group Publication.
FAO
Website. 2001.
FAO Newsroom Focus:
Fowler, Cary, and P. R. Mooney. The Threatened Gene: Food, Politics and the Loss of Genetic Diversity
Lutterworth, 1990. Print.
FAO Website.
. N.p., n.d.
Renewable Energy World.
light-53274
Climate Change Policy & Practice.
GM Approval
Database.
Japan Times
41

Environmental Science and Technology, 2011, 45 (9), pg. 4088-4095
Vasudha Foundation and & Samvad
.
Energy Marketsensus
Martineau, Belinda (2001). First Fruit: The Creation of the Flavr Savr Tomato and the Birth of Biotech Foods.
nd ed., 2006). p. 303.
Opportunity, p. 280.
Washington Post. The Washington
rd
st
Reuters.
Stanford University News. 2005.
Paper. May 1998.
(Discussion Paper 01-58
42

Security. 2011.
pdf
Page
th , 2001
Perspective.
43

PARTNERS
00