Orchard Groundcover Management - Amaya Atucha

Long-term effects of GMSs treatments on soil nutrient availability (kg/ha)
and pH.
Variable 1992 1993 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007
NO־³
PreHerb 11.4 47.7 a 19.5 13.1 b N/D N/D 2.6 b
PostHerb 11.2 24.6 ab 8.7 12.7 b 5.4 b
Sod 10.8 11.0 b 2.6 12.7 b 4.0 b
Mulch 11.2 11.1 b 4.8 15.7 a 23.9 a
P
PreHerb 1.2 3.2 a 2.8 a 7.1 b 2.1 b 2.2 1.0 b
PostHerb 1.4 2.8 ab 0.7 ab 6.0 b 2.1 b 2.4 1.6 b
Sod 1.0 1.5 b 0.3 b 3.7 b 3.2 b 1.9 1.2 b
Mulch 1.3 2.7 ab 1.1 ab 16.4 a 22.0 a 7.1 10.0 a
K
PreHerb 122.3 ab 169.5 ab 74.4 ab 375.2 410.2 ab 249.0 190.5
PostHerb 127.5 ab 191.3 ab 74.3 ab 317.3 328.5 b 207.8 214.5
Sod 106.5 b 148.5 b 56.1 b 306.1 420.5 ab 193.5 192.0
Mulch 158.3 a 200.3 a 93.9 a 388.3 595.4 a 264.0 299.3
Ca
PreHerb 4041.0 4733.3 2028.1 3124.8 b 3216.7 b 3620.3 b 3364.5 b
PostHerb 3192.8 4284.0 1509.0 2639.5 b 3191.3 b 3551.3 b 3060.8 b
Sod 3291.0 4107.0 1525.0 2284.8 b 3086.8 b 3276.8 b 3087.0 b
Mulch 4935.0 4700.3 1760.7 5730.7 a 12799.0 a 8248.5 a 9559.5 a
Mg
PreHerb 682.7 912.4 a 418.5 957.6 898.8 810.1 a 862.3
PostHerb 597.4 857.3 ab 367.6 767.2 792.9 772.3 a 805.8
Sod 629.0 799.8 ab 353.2 774.7 889.1 690.5 ab 805.1
Mulch 612.5 705.0 b 342.3 643.7 988.1 544.7 b 760.1
Mn
PreHerb 38.6 27.7 b 71.3 b 234.1 58.4 b 44.6 b 26.9 b
PostHerb 36.0 30.0 b 76.0 b 154.6 44.7 b 40.2 b 32.7 b
Sod 31.7 32.0 b 81.8 ab 121.7 54.6 b 35.1 b 29.5 b
Mulch 47.0 48.6 a 108.0 a 185.5 117.5 a 75.2 a 63.5 a
pH
PreHerb 6.9 7.1 7.1 5.9 6.9 bc 6.8 bc 7.1 ab
PostHerb 6.9 7.2 7.0 5.9 7.0 ab 7.0 ab 6.9 b
Sod 7.1 7.2 7.0 5.8 6.6 c 6.6 c 6.8 b
Mulch 6.7 7.4 7.0 6.4 7.4 a 7.2 a 7.5 a
Letters in columns represent mean separation using Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HDS) at P≤ 0.05