Nationalism on the Margins - Brendan Karch

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Minority School Enrollment in German Upper Silesia 252 Figure 2: The German Empire, 1871-1918 415 Figure 3: Silesia, 1740-1918 416 Figure 4: Interwar Partitioned Upper Silesia 417 Figure 5: Poland After World War II 418 x
<strong>Nationalism</strong> on the Margins 1 Introduction When the 2002 Polish census asked its citizens to declare their nationality, the results revealed a demographic oddity among Poland’s minorities. Through its own twentieth- century state formation and through the enormous suffering imposed upon it by murderous occupiers, Poland had been transformed from a stateless, partitioned nation in 1900 into a multiethnic state by 1920 and then into a practically homogeneous ethnic nation-state after World War II. By 2002, some 96 percent of Polish citizens declared themselves simultaneously members of the Polish nation. The largest among modern Poland’s small minority groups, however, did not represent any of interwar Poland’s four largest minorities: Most of the country’s Ukrainians, Jews, Belarusians, and Germans had been murdered or expelled either by wartime occupiers or by Poland itself. 1 Poland’s largest national minority in 2002 – clustered in a small region in southern Poland around Katowice – instead declared that they belonged to a nation which had arguably never existed: Upper Silesia. 2 1 For a work which considers the expulsion of Germans and the resettlement of Poles into western territories as part of the same historical process, see Philipp Ther, Deutsche und polnische Vertriebene: Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in der SBZ, DDR, und in Polen, 1945 - 1956 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998). Among the Ukrainians who remained in Poland’s redrawn borders after 1945, nearly 200,000 were expelled in 1947 away from their eastern Polish homelands to scattered settlements in Central and Western Poland. See Marek Jasiak, “Overcoming Ukrainian Resistance: The Deportations of Ukrainians within Poland in 1947” in Philipp Ther and Ana Siljak, eds., Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948 (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 173-194. 2 The nationality is officially referred to as “śląski,” or Silesian, in the census. In Polish “śląski” has historically referred to Polish speakers in Upper Silesia, rather than Lower Silesia, which remained predominantly German until 1945 and was subsequently resettled with Poles from central and eastern Poland. Results of 2002 census in Małgorzata Kałaska et al., Ludność: Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna 2002, Narodowy spis powszechny 2002 (Warszawa: GUS, 2003), 220-221.
Page 1 and 2: Nationalism on the
Page 3 and 4: Professor David Blackbourn Brendan
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Acknowledgements vi Abbrev
Page 7 and 8: Opole deserve special thanks. Danie
Page 9: NOTE ON TRANSLATIONS This dissertat
Page 13 and 14: them to past lives under German rul
Page 15 and 16: defined Upper Silesia’s history t
Page 17 and 18: available to local citizens in the
Page 19 and 20: nineteenth century. At the same tim
Page 21 and 22: esisted assimilation into German or
Page 23 and 24: These activists’ shared vision of
Page 25 and 26: that historians must work from the
Page 27 and 28: Even the Nazis, despite brutal raci
Page 29 and 30: Silesians allowed for the endurance
Page 31 and 32: the victims of modernity, the ignor
Page 33 and 34: Upper Silesia’s place in Prussian
Page 35 and 36: this literature has brought the con
Page 37 and 38: antagonism generated by national ac
Page 39 and 40: their projects. To take just one ex
Page 41 and 42: not acted forcefully enough to conv
Page 43 and 44: fundamentally asymmetrical, with Ge
Page 45 and 46: Oppeln/Opole on the Margins The Pre
Page 47 and 48: confessional community was hard-wir
Page 49 and 50: German culture, few self-identified
Page 51 and 52: ended. These same early modern rule
Page 53 and 54: demographics. 12 In the early ninet
Page 55 and 56: downward cultural slope from West t
Page 57 and 58: understanding, any Polish speaker c
Page 59 and 60: When national difference was eviden
Page 61 and 62:
geography of the German national qu
Page 63 and 64:
speakers in the Oppeln/Opole parish
Page 65 and 66:
served as chief school inspector in
Page 67 and 68:
a few thousand managed to attract 1
Page 69 and 70:
European-wide attack on the domains
Page 71 and 72:
Protestants. He warned of Liberal m
Page 73 and 74:
Großdeutschland dimmed in the 1860
Page 75 and 76:
olstered by fears of a European-wid
Page 77 and 78:
harbored no ill will towards the Po
Page 79 and 80:
Christian-Conservative Electoral As
Page 81 and 82:
Katolik [The Catholic], who has bee
Page 83 and 84:
Jonathan Sperber has estimated that
Page 85 and 86:
through a common opposition to anti
Page 87 and 88:
officials to boycott several electi
Page 89 and 90:
eighteenth century, these enterpris
Page 91 and 92:
factories which grew up around Oppe
Page 93 and 94:
particularly hard hit. 128 Yet it w
Page 95 and 96:
succeeded in smaller increases. 135
Page 97 and 98:
policies in the schools without any
Page 99 and 100:
of the Kulturkampf, but now they we
Page 101 and 102:
fellow migrants from Posen/Poznań.
Page 103 and 104:
prayer books. Regular cables from p
Page 105 and 106:
esisted. Given his continued frustr
Page 107 and 108:
stores. “If we only supported our
Page 109 and 110:
Koraszewski’s Polish-Catholic mov
Page 111 and 112:
leaning Catholics, including the Ch
Page 113 and 114:
nationalism, the accelerating polit
Page 115 and 116:
involved the Prussian state directl
Page 117 and 118:
policy in hardline anti-Polish dire
Page 119 and 120:
Industrialization and economic chan
Page 121 and 122:
spending, from 3.4 million marks in
Page 123 and 124:
were large and loud enough to make
Page 125 and 126:
with the Center Party. 61 Yet he al
Page 127 and 128:
necessitate a runoff. 66 The result
Page 129 and 130:
Koraszewski’s failure to national
Page 131 and 132:
Catholic rights” rather than his
Page 133 and 134:
cement factories in Oppeln/Opole wo
Page 135 and 136:
activity. 94 Polish nationalist inv
Page 137 and 138:
Just as with Poles, the rise of a p
Page 139 and 140:
certainly remained well-defined for
Page 141 and 142:
the ground. Abramski, then in charg
Page 143 and 144:
the Center as a “German party”
Page 145 and 146:
nationalized election, turned it at
Page 147 and 148:
Napieralski and the compromise posi
Page 149 and 150:
to the Polish social milieu was les
Page 151 and 152:
purely nationalist cause. 137 The Z
Page 153 and 154:
etween the papers were thus more st
Page 155 and 156:
1875 in a neighboring county, remem
Page 157 and 158:
nationalist awakening. French effor
Page 159 and 160:
ethnographically Polish lands.” 1
Page 161 and 162:
fields to compensate for a lack of
Page 163 and 164:
understanding that eschewed nationa
Page 165 and 166:
Breakdown Upper Silesians in the Pl
Page 167 and 168:
historical lenses on the plebiscite
Page 169 and 170:
hoped to convert social radicalism
Page 171 and 172:
nationalist activists were using th
Page 173 and 174:
quickly organized over 500 People
Page 175 and 176:
seem to have had fluid conceptions
Page 177 and 178:
ackground in East Prussia and wore
Page 179 and 180:
espectively, but Chmielowitz/Chmiel
Page 181 and 182:
group identity. In the area around
Page 183 and 184:
conflict with Berlin, issues which
Page 185 and 186:
annexation of Upper Silesia by Pola
Page 187 and 188:
Not coincidentally, these provinces
Page 189 and 190:
only if Upper Silesia were to be pa
Page 191 and 192:
powers about to occupy the region i
Page 193 and 194:
on Prussian census data on language
Page 195 and 196:
the shooting had seen widespread wo
Page 197 and 198:
threatened to retaliate with pistol
Page 199 and 200:
singing German soldiers’ and folk
Page 201 and 202:
popular rumor was to define these e
Page 203 and 204:
activists attempted to attract unde
Page 205 and 206:
the pluralistic nature of German po
Page 207 and 208:
criticism of the morals, tactics, a
Page 209 and 210:
with appeals to the benefits of a r
Page 211 and 212:
Economic arguments, while the most
Page 213 and 214:
appealing to the local. Upper Siles
Page 215 and 216:
The new outlook of the KVP in Upper
Page 217 and 218:
the local level, leadership fell to
Page 219 and 220:
nationalist that most priests, even
Page 221 and 222:
amounted to non-democratic incursio
Page 223 and 224:
overwhelmingly German vote is undis
Page 225 and 226:
powerful marker of the self-defense
Page 227 and 228:
Fearing the possibility of a partit
Page 229 and 230:
fighters; most of the rest were civ
Page 231 and 232:
partition, and 23 percent in the Ge
Page 233 and 234:
Between Apathy and Integration Uppe
Page 235 and 236:
Catholic-dominated Upper Silesia, c
Page 237 and 238:
opinions in order to ensure conform
Page 239 and 240:
did not immediately disappear; in s
Page 241 and 242:
doubtless the result of political m
Page 243 and 244:
integration or assimilation. 14 In
Page 245 and 246:
PERFORMING NATIONALISM: YOUTH RECRE
Page 247 and 248:
handed nature of government, as wel
Page 249 and 250:
were more interested in the dancing
Page 251 and 252:
attack, the Polish government threa
Page 253 and 254:
of this group threw stink bombs int
Page 255 and 256:
German. 35 Additionally, around ten
Page 257 and 258:
The ten men, meanwhile, appealed th
Page 259 and 260:
THE LIMITS OF NATIONALIZATION: SCHO
Page 261 and 262:
1925, “The parents have been subj
Page 263 and 264:
simply unawakened. At other times,
Page 265 and 266:
nationality provided a legal basis
Page 267 and 268:
only asked the children to come to
Page 269 and 270:
mistreatment of the Polish-speaking
Page 271 and 272:
up the threat for maximum effect, b
Page 273 and 274:
Silesia] is not allowed to sing its
Page 275 and 276:
Polish national minority endured di
Page 277 and 278:
the crowd, “Then you scream: “W
Page 279 and 280:
neighborhoods on the edge of the ci
Page 281 and 282:
Thus Polish activists simultaneousl
Page 283 and 284:
Nowiny editor Antoni Pawletta, a gr
Page 285 and 286:
The broad electoral attack strategy
Page 287 and 288:
nationalism, these activists insist
Page 289 and 290:
of local patriotism in the forging
Page 291 and 292:
egion’s political and economic la
Page 293 and 294:
War I. The plebiscite again served
Page 295 and 296:
Katholische Volkspareti [Catholic P
Page 297 and 298:
landscape of the city changed, as n
Page 299 and 300:
percent. 20 Few dispute that the sm
Page 301 and 302:
unemployment rates were stubbornly
Page 303 and 304:
The consolidation of Upper Silesia
Page 305 and 306:
the symbolic relationship between r
Page 307 and 308:
[Union of Upper Silesians Loyal to
Page 309 and 310:
through the absence of culture and
Page 311 and 312:
Silesia was at times depicted as ex
Page 313 and 314:
was a legal duty of the current gov
Page 315 and 316:
spirit, German culture, Prussian th
Page 317 and 318:
Oppelner Zeitung to express his dis
Page 319 and 320:
for the content of plebiscite memor
Page 321 and 322:
different power of attraction for G
Page 323 and 324:
significant control to German natio
Page 325 and 326:
defend the fatherland. He embodies
Page 327 and 328:
Nazi Party in particular was able t
Page 329 and 330:
the rural county still fell below t
Page 331 and 332:
sensitive to the culture of its Pol
Page 333 and 334:
The ‘Racial State’ on the Margi
Page 335 and 336:
For all the Nazi hopes of forging a
Page 337 and 338:
culmination of the use of the term
Page 339 and 340:
parents to have a strong oral comma
Page 341 and 342:
against Polish nationalist ambition
Page 343 and 344:
etween the languages. The differenc
Page 345 and 346:
not directly aimed at Polish speake
Page 347 and 348:
village of Alt Schalkowitz/Stare Si
Page 349 and 350:
had withdrawn in October 1933, and
Page 351 and 352:
view of the attitude of the populac
Page 353 and 354:
accused Mainka of insulting Hitler,
Page 355 and 356:
local Catholics. Polish newspapers
Page 357 and 358:
from Nazi persecution. According to
Page 359 and 360:
implemented in parts of Prussia a m
Page 361 and 362:
declaring themselves part of the Po
Page 363 and 364:
unemployment benefits, protected wa
Page 365 and 366:
milieu buffered from Nazi persecuti
Page 367 and 368:
estimated that it included as some
Page 369 and 370:
make no sense in either language. 6
Page 371 and 372:
established that very many of them
Page 373 and 374:
and racial mixing” in the ninth t
Page 375 and 376:
of Poland, local officials saw a su
Page 377 and 378:
order to cast their nets of protect
Page 379 and 380:
egional Nazi administrators. The la
Page 381 and 382:
the Gestapo, intensified in the sum
Page 383 and 384:
disposition” embraced the Polish
Page 385 and 386:
pressure from Polish nationalist pr
Page 387 and 388:
of Polish. Refusing to replace the
Page 389 and 390:
his family remained at home in Uppe
Page 391 and 392:
ange of suffering of regular Polish
Page 393 and 394:
expulsion. 119 Many of them certain
Page 395 and 396:
While Seifarth openly admitted that
Page 397 and 398:
They shared their concerns with off
Page 399 and 400:
at “German” taverns or guesthou
Page 401 and 402:
eligious services for Polish worker
Page 403 and 404:
area “does not belong to the old
Page 405 and 406:
ignored the demands of Nazi racial
Page 407 and 408:
generations had politicized concept
Page 409 and 410:
were now on enemy territory, pillag
Page 411 and 412:
interwar failures, understood regio
Page 413 and 414:
typical declarations made by locals
Page 415 and 416:
his fellow villagers and family mem
Page 417 and 418:
of them verified as Poles) unwillin
Page 419 and 420:
e found in social ills rather than
Page 421 and 422:
The creation of territorial nation-
Page 423 and 424:
World War I, even as it remade elec
Page 425 and 426:
Figure 2: The German Empire, 1871-1
Page 427 and 428:
Figure 4: Interwar Partitioned Uppe
Page 429 and 430:
Archival Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY Archi
Page 431 and 432:
Bericht über die Gemindeangelegenh
Page 433 and 434:
Czapliński, Marek, Hans-Joachim Ha
Page 435 and 436:
Gröschel, Bernhard. Die Presse Obe
Page 437 and 438:
Köhrer, Erich, ed. Oberschlesien:
Page 439 and 440:
Mendelsohn, Ezra. The Jews of East
Page 441 and 442:
Serrier, Thomas. Provinz Posen, Ost
Page 443 and 444:
Urban, Wincenty. Zarys dziejów die
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Nationalism on the Margins - Brendan Karch

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