Technology Status of Hydrogen Road Vehicles

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Last Edited February 1997 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Hydrogen Production and Distribution to Urban Users ............................................................................. 1 2.1 Hydrogen Production and Bulk Transport ............................................................................................. 1 2.2 Urban Distribution ..................................................................................................................................... 2 3.0 On-Board Storage and Refilling ..................................................................................................................... 4 3.1 Compressed Gas ......................................................................................................................................... 4 3.2 Metal Hydrides ............................................................................................................................................ 5 3.3 Liquid Hydrogen .......................................................................................................................................... 6 4.0 Vehicle Power Units and Drives ...................................................................................................................... 7 4.1 Internal Combustion Engines ................................................................................................................... 8 4.2 Fuel Cells ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 4.3 Hybrid Power Systems ............................................................................................................................. 11 4.4 Ongoing Projects ...................................................................................................................................... 12 5.0 References ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 Appendices Appendix 1. Safety Questions of Hydrogen Storage and Use in Vehicles ...................................................... 25 Appendix 2. Performance of Hydrogen Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines for Road Vehicles ............. 31 Appendix 3. Fuel Cells for Hydrogen Vehicles .................................................................................................. 37 Appendix 4. Summaries of Papers on Hydrogen Vehicles .............................................................................. 41 List of Tables 1. Actual Hydrogen Vehicles in Demonstration (mid-1990s) ...................................................................... 15-16 2. Hydrogen Vehicles for Demonstration (late 1990s) .................................................................................. 17-18 3. Safety Related Properties of Hydrogen and Conventional Fuels ................................................................ 25 Page
1.0 Introduction This report was commissioned under the Hydrogen Implementing Agreement of the International Energy Agency (IEA), and examines the state of the art in the evolving field of hydrogen-fueled vehicles for road transport. The first phase surveys and analyzes developments since 1989, when a comprehensive review was last published (DeLuchi 1989). The report emphasizes the following: ! Problems, especially backfiring, with internal combustion engines (ICEs) ! Operational safety ! Hydrogen handling and on-board storage ! Ongoing demonstration projects. Hydrogen vehicles are receiving much attention, especially at the research and development level. However, there has been a steady move during the past 5 years toward integral demonstrations of operable vehicles intended for public roads. Because they emit few, or no greenhouse gases, hydrogen vehicles are beginning to be taken seriously as a promising solution to the problems of urban air quality. Most information sources for this report are published documents. Some were supplied by IEA and European Community officials, but most were accessed from the document retrieval systems in common scientific use. Several hundred documents were scanned for interest; about 150 were studied for relevance to this report. Most had some bearing on the way the report is presented, but only the 50 actually quoted or referred to in the text are listed in the References section. Much work of direct relevance is undoubtedly missing, either because it is too recent or too proprietary. In a fast-moving field of some industrial importance, the best results are kept under wraps until the time is ripe for exploitation. And some relevant published work may have been overlooked. The starting point for this study is the comprehensive work of DeLuchi (1989). It is rich with the input of 165 documents consulted, and should be read in conjunction with this report. In particular it makes a life-cycle cost comparison among the various technologies, and concluded that even 6 years ago the economics of some hydrogen vehicles was already competitive. Since the time the first draft of this report was prepared (mid-1996), the 11th World Hydrogen Energy Conference took place in Stuttgart, Germany. This biennial conference can be regarded as a valid updating of the state of the art; therefore, the 1996 results are included in this current version. Those of interest to hydrogen vehicles are discussed throughout this report, with the most detail included in Appendix 4. A summary of DeLuchi 1989 is also included. For convenience, this is also presented in Appendix 4. As a consequence of this updating, we also became aware of a valuable report, not yet available in the public literature, concerning a comprehensive safety investigation on hydrogen (EQHHPP Nov. 1993). Awaiting its publication, we can only include a brief summary in Appendix 1 on safety questions. 2.0 Hydrogen Production and Distribution to Urban Users 2.1 Hydrogen Production and Bulk Transport Hydrogen as a fuel (or more correctly as an energy vector) for any application is inseparable from its basic rationale: recourse to clean and renewable energy (clearen). The interdependence of hydrogen and clearen is so strong that one can hardly become widespread without the other. Clearens are all sun-derived on a short cycle, and include photovoltaics, wind, hydropower, and energy crops 1
Page 1: IEA Agreement on the Production and
Page 5 and 6: Memories of the Hindenburg disaster
Page 7 and 8: During the past 5 years, a carbon s
Page 9 and 10: Wetzel (1996) gives a comprehensive
Page 11 and 12: The 11th WHEC shows increasing inte
Page 13 and 14: ! There is higher efficiency at low
Page 15: Some overall observations may be ap
Page 20 and 21: Europe--Fuel Cells Table 2. Hydroge
Page 22 and 23: 11, Florence, 1992. Dufour, A.; B.G
Page 24 and 25: Lamy, C; J.-M. Leger, “Les piles
Page 26 and 27: Hydrogen Energy Progress XI, 1569-1
Page 28 and 29: Fischer and Eichert (1995) provide
Page 30 and 31: ! Take cryogenic precautions. ! Det
Page 32 and 33: A1.4 The Challenger Accident Certai
Page 34 and 35: The air on the inlet stroke is ofte
Page 36 and 37: of approach: ! A mechanical/hydraul
Page 38 and 39: y Furahama et al. (1991) for high-p
Page 40 and 41: difficulties must be overcome: ! Hi
Page 42 and 43: Turning finally to the electrical t
Page 44 and 45: The most abundant and accessible hy
Page 46 and 47: more air in the combustion chamber
Page 48 and 49: noticed.... 7. Environmental Impact
Page 50 and 51: 8. Liquid Hydrogen and Hydride Vehi
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8.4 The cost of liquefying hydrogen
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tensions and conflict related to im
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Proceedings of the 11th World Hydro
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Moore, R.B.; V. Raman, “Hydrogen
Page 60 and 61:
! Cryogenic GH 2 is still in the R&
Page 62 and 63:
Pizak, V. et al., “Investigations
Page 64 and 65:
Initial tests on a representative e
Page 66 and 67:
Cleghorn, S., et al., “PEM Fuel C
Page 68 and 69:
vehicles (as well as stationary) ap
Page 70 and 71:
To ease the introduction of a new t
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Technology Status of Hydrogen Road Vehicles

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