Cross-cultural transitions and wellness: Dealing with culture shock

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116 'begins with the encounter of another culture and evolves into the encounter with self' (p. 18). The key appears to be reduction of the debilitating effects of severe culture shock which can result in breakdown, withdrawal, or reluctance to interact in the new culture. This paper has put forward specific strategies for counsellors in this regard. References Adler, N.J. (1981). Re-entry: Managing cross-cultural transitions. Group and Organization Studies 6(3): 341-356. Adler, P.S. (1975). The transitional experience: An alternative view of culture shock. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 15(4): 13-23. Archer, C.M. (1986). Culture bump and beyond. In J.M. Valdes (ed.), Culture Bound: Bridging the Cultural Gap in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press. Argyle, M. (1988). Intercultural communications. In L.A. Samovar and R.E. Porter (eds.), Intercultural Communication: A Reader (5th Ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth. Bama, L.M. (1983). The stress factor in intercultural relations. In D. Landis and R.W. Brislin (eds.), Handbook of Intercultural Training, Volume 1I. New York: Pergamon. Bamlund, D.C. (1988). Communication in a global village. In L.A. Samovar and R.E. Porter (eds.), Intercultural Communication: A Reader (5th Ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth. Bennett, J. (1977). Transition shock: Putting culture shock in perspective. International and Intercultural Communication Annual 4: 45"52. Berry, J.W. (1975). Ecology, cultural adaptation, and psychological differentiation: Traditional patteming and acculturative stress. In R. Brislin, S. Bochner and W. Lonner (eds.), Cross- Cultural Perspective on Learning. Beverly Hills: Sage/Halsted. Berry, J.W. (1985). Acculturation and mental health among circumpolar peoples. In R. Fortaine (ed.), Circumpolar Health 84: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Circum- polar Health. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Berry, J.W. (1985). Psychological adaptation of foreign students. In R.J. Samuda and A. Wolfgang (eds.), International Counselling and Assessment: Global Perspectives. Lewiston: C.J. Hogrefe, Inc. Berry, J.W. and Annis, R.C. (1974). Acculturative stress: The role of ecology, culture, and differentiation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 5(4): 382-406. Bochner, S., Lin, A. and McLeod, B.M. (1980). Anticipated role conflict of returning overseas students. Journal of Social Psychology 110: 265-272. Brislin. R.W., Cushner, K., Cherrie, C. and Yong, M. (1986). Intercultural Interactions: A Practice Guide. Beverly Hills: Sage. Brislin, R.W. and Pedersen, P. (1976). Cross Cultural Orientation Programs. New York: Gardner Press, Inc. Brislin, R.W. and Van Buren, H. Can they go home again? (1974). International Educational and Cultural Exchange 9(4): 19-24. Byrnes, F.C. (1966). Role shock: An occupational hazard of American technical assistants abroad. The Annals 368: 95-108. Calhoun, T.W. (1977). Culture Shock and its Effects on American Teachers in Overseas Schools: An exploratory study. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts. (University Micro- films No. 77-21: 985). Church, A.T. (1982). Sojourner adjustment. Psychological Bulletin 91(3): 540-572.
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