arhitekonski atlas crne gore - Ada Bojana
arhitekonski atlas crne gore - Ada Bojana
arhitekonski atlas crne gore - Ada Bojana
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Republika Crna Gora<br />
Ministarstvo za ekonomski razvoj<br />
commissioned by:<br />
Njemač ka tehnič ka saradnja | German Technical Cooperation<br />
preporuke za građenje<br />
recommendations for construction<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong><br />
architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro<br />
Oktobar | 2006 | October
Teritoriija Crne Gore (preuzeto sa Google Earth) | Territory of Montenegro (Google Earth)
SADRŽAJ<br />
uvod<br />
1. Regionalizacija teritorije Crne Gore u kontekstu teme publikacije<br />
2. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja<br />
2.1. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja po regijama<br />
2.2. Tipologija tradicionalnih ruralnih naselja po regijama<br />
2.2.1. Ruralna naselja u primorju i karstnoj oblasti<br />
2.2.2. Ruralna naselja u oblasti visokih planina<br />
3. Tipologija tradicionalne varoške i seoske kuće i elementi<br />
arhitekture<br />
3.1. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru južne regije<br />
3.1.1. Tipologija varoške kuće<br />
3.1.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture u primorju<br />
3.1.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u primorju<br />
3.2. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru središnje regije<br />
3.2.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u karstnoj oblasti<br />
3.2.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture<br />
3.2.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u karstnoj oblasti i priobalju Skadarskog<br />
jezera<br />
3.3. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru sjeverne regije<br />
3.3.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u oblasti visokih planina<br />
3.3.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture<br />
3.3.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u oblasti visokih planina<br />
4. Savremene realizacije i preporuke za građenje na nivou regija<br />
4.1. Karakteristike savremene prakse i potencijali studije<br />
4.2. Pristupi u savremenoj interpretaciji tradicionalne arhitekture<br />
4.3. Pozitivni primjeri odnosa prema kontekstu kao preporuke za građenje<br />
na nivou regija<br />
4.4. Preporuke za građenje - elementi za urbanističko-tehničke uslove<br />
CONTENTS<br />
introduction<br />
1. Regionalization of the territory of Montenegro within the context<br />
of the topic of publication<br />
2. Typology of the traditional settlements<br />
2.1. Typology of the traditional settlements by regions<br />
2.2. Typology of the traditional rural settlements by regions<br />
2.2.1. Rural settlements at the Coast and Karst areas<br />
2.2.2. Rural settlements in the area of high mountains<br />
3. Typology of the traditional houses in urban settlements and in<br />
villages and elements of architecture<br />
3.1. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Southern region<br />
3.1.1. Typology of the house in urban settlements<br />
3.1.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture at the Coast<br />
3.1.3. Typology of the rural house at the Coast<br />
3.2. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Central region<br />
3.2.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in Karst area<br />
3.2.2. Elements of the urban settlements architecture<br />
3.2.3. Typology of the rural house in Karst area and Skadar Lake coast<br />
3.3. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Northern region<br />
3.3.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in the area of high mountains<br />
3.3.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture<br />
3.3.3. Typology of the rural house in the area of high mountains<br />
3.3.4. Elements of rural architecture<br />
4. Contemporary realizations and recommendations for construction<br />
at the level of regions<br />
4.1. Characteristics of contemporary practice and potentials of the study<br />
4.2. Approaches in contemporary interpretation of traditional architecture<br />
4.3. Positive examples of relation with context as recommendations for<br />
constructing at the level of regions<br />
4.4. Recommendations for construction – elements for urban-technical<br />
conditions
strana | 4 | page<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
uvod<br />
Publikacija „Arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> Crne Gore“ je analiza<br />
karakterističnih tipologija i elemenata arhitekture koja je u najvećoj<br />
mjeri posvećena oblikovnim aspektima i materijalizaciji elemenata<br />
arhitekture, kao i preporukama za gradjenje. Ovaj <strong>atlas</strong> pruža<br />
investitorima informacije o arhitekturi i tradicionalnoj arhitekturi u<br />
Crnoj Gori i daje primjere uspješnih i neuspješnih rješenja<br />
arhitektonskih elemenata kao i preporuke za gradnju u tipološki<br />
karakterističnim oblastima u Crnoj Gori.<br />
S obzirom da je ideja o formulisanju stručnih smjernica zasnovana<br />
na elementima arhitekture kao regionalnim tipološkim<br />
karakteristikama, ove smjernice ne pretenduju na sugerisanje bilo<br />
kakvih tipskih ili unificiranih projektnih rješenja, kao administrativnih<br />
instrumenata koji ograničavaju kreativnost u arhitekturi.<br />
Prilikom projektovanja novih objekata kao i rekonstrukcije<br />
postojećih, uočeno je i dugogodišnje zapostavljanje poštovanja<br />
tipologije i elemenata autentične arhitekture, nekontrolisane<br />
izgradnje i nepoštovanje zakonskih propisa. Posljedica<br />
neosmišljene novogradnje i loše sanacije tradicionalne arhitekture<br />
su devastacija i erozija predjela i kulturne baštine.<br />
Aktuelni tretman graditeljskog nasljedja i pejzaža u cjelini, prirodnog<br />
i kulturnog, podržava reafirmaciju lokalnihh identiteta i posebnosti.<br />
Savremene potrebe i nove tehnologije nalažu transponovanje<br />
lokalnih graditeljskih obrazaca, kao zasnovani princip u odnosu<br />
prema tradiciji, što znači reinterpretaciju, a ne imitaciju, uz očuvanje<br />
ambijentalnih kvaliteta.<br />
Stare kuće, primjeri tradicionalnog građenja, pojedinačni ili u<br />
grupama, tvore likovno i istorijski vrijedan ambijent. Novi vlasnici<br />
stare objekte kupuju uglavnom zbog njihove lokacije. Objektima se<br />
zadaju nove funkcije, a onda se počinje sa njihovim<br />
prilagođavanjem. Objekti se nadograđuju, dograđuju, proširuju.<br />
introduction<br />
strana | 5 | page<br />
The Publication “Architectonic Atlas of Montenegro” is an analysis<br />
of characteristic typologies and elements of architecture dedicated<br />
mainly to shape aspects and materialization of architectural elements,<br />
as well as to recommendations for construction. This Atlas<br />
provides to investors information on architecture and traditional<br />
architecture in Montenegro and gives examples of successful and<br />
unsuccessful solutions of architectural elements, as well as recommendations<br />
for constructions in typologically characteristic areas of<br />
Montenegro.<br />
Considering the fact that the idea of formulation of professional<br />
guidelines is based on elements of architecture as regional typological<br />
characteristics, these guidelines are not aspiring to suggest<br />
any typical or unified project solutions, as administrative instruments<br />
limiting creativity in architecture.<br />
When designing new projects, as well as when reconstructing the<br />
existing ones, long-standing neglecting of legal regulation is noticed.<br />
The result of badly though-out new construction and bad<br />
reconstruction of traditional architecture is devastation and erosion<br />
of areas and cultural heritage.<br />
Actual treatment of construction heritage and landscape in total,<br />
both natural and cultural, supports reaffirmation of local identities<br />
and particularities. Modern needs and new technologies impose<br />
application of local construction patterns as based principle in relation<br />
to tradition, which implies reinterpretation not imitation, with<br />
preservation of ambient qualities.<br />
Old houses, examples of traditional construction, individual or in<br />
groups, create pictorially and historically valuable ambient. New<br />
owners buy old objects mainly because of their location. New functions<br />
are given to objects, and then their adjustments are started.<br />
The objects are being overbuilt, extended. Instead of selecting the<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Umjesto da funkciju biraju u skladu sa ograničenjima objekta<br />
događa se obrnuti postupak koji vodi od zadate funkcije i<br />
kapaciteta prema rekonstrukciji i obnovi, što rezultira agresivnim<br />
intervencijama na objektima i u prostoru.<br />
U vremenu kada atraktivan, raznolik i specifičan prostor Crne<br />
Gore, kako Primorje, tako i djelovi planinske oblasti postaju<br />
veoma privlačni investitorima, evidentna je potreba da se svim<br />
učesnicima u aktivnostima vezanim za intervencije u prostoru<br />
ponude informacije i smjernice koje treba da doprinesu<br />
kvalitetnijem odnosu prema prostoru.<br />
Thomas Waldraff<br />
Direktor GTZ za Crnu Goru<br />
strana | 6 | page<br />
function in accordance with the limitations of the objects, the contrary<br />
procedure happens which leads from given function and capacities<br />
towards reconstruction and renewal, which results in aggressive<br />
interventions on objects and in space.<br />
In this time when an attractive, various and specific space of Montenegro,<br />
the Coast as well as parts of mountain area, are becoming<br />
very attractive to investors, the necessity to provide information and<br />
guidelines to all participants in the activities related to interventions<br />
in space which should contribute to a more qualitative space relation<br />
is evident.<br />
Thomas Waldraff<br />
Head of GTZ Coordination Office<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Za realizaciju ove publikacije GTZ se zahvaljuje:<br />
• Autorima publikacije Profesoru Dr Dušanu Vuksanoviću, dipl.<br />
ing. arh., Docentu Mr Svetislavu Popoviću, dipl. ing. arh. sa<br />
saradnicima i Univerzitetu Crne Gore;<br />
• Uredniku publikacije Sanji Lješković Mitrović, dipl. ing. pejz.<br />
arh., GTZ projekt inžinjeru za prostorno i urbanističko<br />
planiranje;<br />
• Lektorima publikacije Tijani Durković i Slavici Stojković;<br />
• Za naslovnu stranu, dizajn i kompjutersku obradu Dejanu<br />
Mitroviću;<br />
Za doprinos u izradi ove publikacije GTZ se posebno zahvaljuje:<br />
• Dosadašnjem Ministarstvu zaštite životne sredine i<br />
uređenja prostora, Ministar Boro Vučinić, pomoćnik ministra<br />
za oblast urbanizam i građevinarstvo Maja Velimirović<br />
Petrović, dipl. ing. arh.;<br />
• Sadašnjem Ministarstvu za ekonomski razvoj Republike Crne<br />
Gore, Ministar Branimir Gvozdenović;<br />
kao i svima sa kojima smo saradjivali tokom posljednje dvije godine<br />
a koji su nam ukazali na posebnosti, probleme i otkrili ljepotu<br />
prostora Crne Gore.<br />
For the realization of this publication GTZ is grateful to:<br />
strana | 7 | page<br />
• Authors of the Publication professors Phd Dušan Vuksanović<br />
dipl. ing. architect, Doc mr Svetislav Popović dipl. ing. architect<br />
with their associates and University of Montenegro;<br />
• Editor of the Publication Sanja Lješković Mitrović dipl. ing.<br />
landscape architect, GTZ Project engineer for spatial and<br />
urban planning;<br />
• Lectors of the Publication Tijana Durković and Slavica<br />
Stojković;<br />
• Cover page, design and computer graphic Dejan Mitrović;<br />
For the contribution to elaboration of this publication GTZ is especially<br />
grateful to:<br />
• Previous Ministry for Environment and Spatial Planning,<br />
Minister Boro Vučinić, Deputy Minister for urbanism and<br />
construction dipl. ing. Maja Velimirović Petrović, architect.<br />
• Current Ministry for Economic Development of the Republic<br />
of Montenegro, Minister Branimir Gvozdenović;<br />
as well as to everybody with whom we cooperated during last two<br />
years, and who pointed out the distinctness, problems and discovered<br />
beauties of Montenegro.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Primorje (Južni region) | Coast (Southern region)<br />
Karstna oblast (Centralni region) | Karst area with Zeta-Bjelopavlici plain (Central region)<br />
Oblast visokih planina i riječnih dolina (Sjeverni region) | Area of high mountains and river valleys (Northern region)<br />
strana | 8 | page<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
1.<br />
Regionalizacija teritorije Crne Gore u kontekstu teme publikacije<br />
Tri oblasti u okviru teritorije Crne Gore koje su prepoznatljive po<br />
prirodnim, kao i određenim kulturološkim odlikama; Osnov (glavni<br />
aspekt, kriterijum) zoniranja: geomorfološke karakteristike oblasti.<br />
Oblasti prepoznatljive po prirodnim i kulturološkim karakteristikama:<br />
I Primorje (Južni region)<br />
II Karstna oblast sa Zetsko-Bjelopavlićkom ravnicom (Centralni<br />
region)<br />
III Oblast visokih planina i riječnih dolina (Sjeverni region)<br />
strana | 9 | page<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction<br />
1.<br />
Regionalization of the territory of Montenegro within the context of<br />
the topic of publication<br />
Three areas within the territory of Montenegro which are particular<br />
due to the natural, as well as certain cultural characteristics; Base<br />
(main aspect, criteria) of zoning: geomorphologic characteristics of<br />
the areas;<br />
Areas particular due to the natural and cultural characteristics:<br />
I Coast (Southern region)<br />
II Karst area with Zeta-Bjelopavlici plain (Central region)<br />
III Area of high mountains and river valleys (Northern region)
2.<br />
Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja<br />
2.1. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja po regijama<br />
1878. g. proglašenjem Crne Gore nezavisnom državom njena<br />
teritorija bila je udvostručena novim plodnom zemljama i gradovima<br />
Podgoricom, Nikšićem, Kolašinom, Barom, Ulcinjem i Žabljakom.<br />
Za privredni razvoj zemje značajnu ulogu je dobilo Jadransko<br />
strana | 10 | page<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction<br />
2.<br />
Typology of the traditional settlements<br />
2.1. Typology of the traditional settlements by regions<br />
In 1878, with proclamation of Montenegro as an independent state,<br />
its territory was doubled with new arable land and towns Podgorica,<br />
Niksic, Kolasin, Bar, Ulcinj and Zabljak. Adriatic Sea, with two<br />
towns, got an important role in economic development of the state.<br />
Ulcinj, bakrorez iz doba mletačke vladavine (državni arhiv u Zadru) | Ulcinj, copper engraving from Venice rule period (state archive in Zadar)
primorje, sa dva grada. Gradski život sveden, do 1878. g. na<br />
Cetinje i Danilovgrad, počeo se razvijati u širem obimu poslije<br />
prisajedinjenja novih gradova. Mijenja se odnos prema starim<br />
varošima, pored njih osnivaju se, po pravilnim planovima novi<br />
gradovi, koji će nositi isto ime, ali koji će se po novoj urbanističkoj<br />
strukturi i načinu izgradnje bitno razlikovati od starih varoši. Kao<br />
planske cjeline imaju posebnu vrijednost gradovi Podgorica,<br />
Danilovgrad i Nikšić. Plan Podgorice, posmatran samo u okviru<br />
pravougaonika, veličine 530 sa 480 metara (oko 25,92 ha), jedan<br />
Stari Nikšićki grad, autor Artur Evans | Old Niksic town, author Arthur Evans<br />
strana | 11 | page<br />
Urban life, which had come down to Cetinje and Danilovgrad till<br />
1878, started to develop in wider scope after annexation of the<br />
new towns. Relation with old settlements has been changed and<br />
beside them, new towns have been established in line with correct<br />
plans, which have the same name but with significant differences<br />
compared to the old urban settlements especially regarding new<br />
urban structure and type of construction. Towns Podgorica,<br />
Danilovgrad and Niksic. The plan of Podgorica, observed only in<br />
the scope of rectangle, size 530 x 480meters (around 25.92ha) is<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
je od najpoznijih ili najpozniji odjek renesansnih idealnih gradova.<br />
U oblasti visokih planina po karakteru stanovanja i djelatnostima<br />
naselja mogu se podijeliti na sela i katune. Aglomeracije koje su<br />
prerasle karakter sela su Varoši. Prva stalna naselja formiraju se<br />
Cetinje 1873.<br />
u dolini rijeka Tare, Morače, Lima, Ćehotine itd., gdje su postojeli<br />
najbolji uslovi za život (Berane, Kolašin, Pljevlja itd.).<br />
Povremena naselja - katuni nastali zbog traženja ispaše za stoku<br />
formiraju se na jezerskoj površi. (Plav, Žabljak itd.).<br />
Urbana matrica ovih naseljaje linearna sa strogo izraženim<br />
one of the latest or the latest echo of renaissance ideal towns.<br />
strana | 12 | page<br />
In the area of high mountains settlements could be divided on<br />
villages and summer-pasture camps, regarding the character of<br />
habitation and activities. Agglomerations which have surpassed<br />
the character of villages are urban settlements. First permanent<br />
Stari grad Kotor (Projekat “Južni Jadran”) | Old town Kotor (Proj. “South Jadran”)<br />
settlements are being formed in the valleys of rivers Tara, Moraca,<br />
Lim, Cehotina etc., where the best conditions for living existed<br />
(Berane, Kolasin, Pljevlja, etc).<br />
Periodical settlements-summer pasture camps established because<br />
of the search for pasture for cattle are formed at the surfaces<br />
around lakes. (Plav, Zabljak etc.).<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
centrom.<br />
Podgorica , danas | today<br />
Primorska naselja predstavljaju specifične odlike. Sličnosti i<br />
zajedničke osobenosti većih gradova kao Kotor, Budva, Bar i<br />
Ulcinj postoje.<br />
Gusto izgrađene aglomeracije Starih gradova te pojedini razvijeni<br />
ansambli Podgrađa, Pristana, crkvenih kompleksa u priobalnom<br />
pojasu i zaleđu prilagođavaju se konfiguraciji terena. Što se tiče<br />
manjih gradskih cjelina, može se pretpostaviti da imaju dosta<br />
zajedničkih karakteristika. Uglavnom su postavljeni na padinama,<br />
nikad u dnu doline, kao i pri stijenju na osunčanom mjestu<br />
zaštićenom od prirodnih nepogoda.<br />
Cetinje je, u urbanom smislu, pravilnog geometrijskog oblika, kao<br />
nadogradnja na već izgrađene i formirane dvije ulice Katunska<br />
longitudinalnu i Dvorsku transvezalu koje su se ukrštale pod<br />
pravim uglom formirajući strukturu grada u obliku slova „T“.<br />
strana | 13 | page<br />
Urban matrix of these settlements is linear with strictly marked<br />
center.<br />
Coastal settlements present specific characteristics. There are<br />
similarities and joint particularities of larger towns like Kotor,<br />
Budva, Bar and Ulcinj.<br />
Densely constructed agglomerations of the Old Towns as well as<br />
certain developed ensembles of Podgradje, Pristan, church complexes<br />
in the coastal strip and hinterland are adapted to the configuration<br />
of the terrain. Regarding the smaller town settlements, it<br />
could be supposed that they have a lot of joint characteristics.<br />
Mostly, they are established on slopes, and never at bottom of<br />
valley, as well as beside the rocks on sunny spot protected from<br />
natural disasters.<br />
Cetinje has in urban sense regular geometric shape, as additional<br />
building on two already constructed and formed streets-Katunska<br />
longitudinal and Dvorska transversal, which were crossing under<br />
right angle forming the structure of the town in the shape of the<br />
letter “T”.<br />
Podgorica, Stara varoš iz 1983. g.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Urbana matrica oformljena u srednjem vijeku, mreža ulica koje su<br />
izlomljene i različitih širina nepravilna je i vrlo razuđena sa<br />
trgovima nepravilnog oblika.<br />
Nikšić, danas | today<br />
Nova Varoš, zasnovana na ortogonalnoj šemi u rasteru pravilno<br />
postavljenih širokih ulica u pravcu sjever-jug, istok-zapad, sa<br />
velikim pravougaonim trgom i blokovima dim. 121 x 91 m,<br />
dominantni modul fronta 4 x 30 m i 3 x 30 m sa dijagonalom 5 x<br />
30 m. Prvi poznati regulacioni plan grada izrađen je, odmah nakon<br />
pripajanja Podgorice knjaževini Crnoj Gori 1879. g., od strane ing.<br />
Vormana. Već 1886. g. u trenutku koji potpuno odražava novu<br />
epohu u životu Knjaževine i želju za društvenim, privrednim i<br />
tehničkim progresom, po tom planu, na čistim neangažovanim<br />
terenima desne obale Ribnice, započeta je izgradnja Nove Varoši.<br />
Poštujući osnovne programske i organizacione premise<br />
Kolašin 1930.<br />
strana | 14 | page<br />
Urban matrix formed in medieval century, network of the broken<br />
lined streets with different width, is irregular and much dissected<br />
with straggling plazas.<br />
Nova Varos (New Urban Settlement), formed on orthographic<br />
scheme within the raster of regular set up of wide streets in direction<br />
north-south, east-west, with large rectangular plaza and<br />
blocks with dimensions 121 x 91m, dominant module of the front 4<br />
x 30 m and 3 x 30 m with diagonal of 5 x 30 m. First known regulatory<br />
plan of the town was elaborated by engineer Vorman, immediately<br />
after annexation of Podgorica to the Princedom of Montenegro<br />
in 1789. Already in 1886, in the moment which totally<br />
reflects new epoch in the life of the Princedom and its desire for<br />
social, economic and technical progress, the construction of Nova<br />
Varos has been started on clean free terrains on the right side of<br />
river Moraca, in line with that plan. Respecting the main program<br />
and organizational premise of neoclassic urban planning from the<br />
end of last century, this plan had established development on<br />
widely set up orthographic raster of straight wide streets connected<br />
with town access roads, with large foursquare plaza<br />
placed on main connection of the new part and Stara Varos (Old<br />
Urban Settlement).<br />
Thought-out concept of forming a town with solid urban structure<br />
by applying the model on renaissance-baroque scheme of towns.<br />
Distinct center with radial streets.<br />
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neoklasičnog urbanističkog planiranja s kraja prošlog vijeka, ovaj<br />
plan je razvoj zasnovao na široko postavljenom ortogonalnom<br />
rasteru, pravih širokih ulica koje se ulivaju u prilazne gradske<br />
puteve, sa velikim četvorougaonim trgom naslonjenim na glavnu<br />
vezu novog dijela i Stare Varoši.<br />
Osmišljen koncept formiranja grada čvrste urbane strukture<br />
primjenom modela na renesansnoj-baroknoj šemi gradova.<br />
Naglašen centar sa radijalnim ulicama.<br />
Konfiguracija terena uticala je da gradski centar njegova struktura<br />
i ulična mreža dobiju oblik pravougaonika, orjentisanog zapadistok.<br />
Brca, primorje | coast<br />
2.2. Tipologija tradicionalnih ruralnih naselja po regijama<br />
2.2.1. Ruralna naselja u primorju i karstnoj oblasti<br />
Osnovnu karakteristiku ruralnih naselja primorja i krasa<br />
predstavlja zbijeni tip sela - grupacije kuća situirane na malom<br />
međusobnom rastojanju ili fizički povezane u stambene sklopove.<br />
Iz uslova terena u nagibu (padina), kao uobičajenih, razvili su se<br />
određeni tipovi stambenog sklopa, uspostavljajući na taj način<br />
podtipove u okviru osnovnog tipa: nizovi kuća formirani paralelno<br />
sa izohipsama i nizovi kuća formirani upravno na izohipse.<br />
Naselja formirana paralelno sa izohipsama<br />
Struktura starog naselja Pržno | Old settlement Przno<br />
strana | 15 | page<br />
Under the influence of the terrain’s configuration the center of the<br />
town, its structure and street network have the shape of rectangle,<br />
west-east oriented.<br />
2.2. Typology of the traditional rural settlements by regions<br />
2.2.1. Rural settlements at the Coast and Karst areas<br />
Main characteristic of rural settlements at the coast and in Karst<br />
areas is dense type of village-groups of houses situated on small<br />
distance or physically connected in housing constructions. Due to<br />
the conditions caused by sloped terrain (slope) as common, certain<br />
types of housing construction have been developed, establishing<br />
in such manner subtypes within the frame of the basic<br />
type: lines of houses formed in parallel with contour lines and lines<br />
of the houses formed vertically on contour lines.<br />
Settlements formed in parallel with contour lines<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
a) Vrba; b) Tudorovići; c) Brca (primorje)<br />
Dakovići, Bajice<br />
Preovlađujući položaj kuće paralelno sa izohipsama značio je<br />
istovremeno da su prilaz kući i njeno lice okrenuti niz padinu: ka<br />
poljoprivrednim površinama (i ka moru - u primorju), čime je<br />
uslovljeno da i formiranje sklopa bude u vidu niza po izohipsi:<br />
dodavanjem novih jedinica u podužnom pravcu. Ovakvi nizovi<br />
kuća formirani su pod zajedničkim sljemenom dvovodnog ili<br />
jednovodnog krova, uz strogo poštovanje spontano usvojene<br />
(prave ili blago vijugave) regulacione linije, proistekle iz lokalnog<br />
reljefa, pri čemu je prostorno definisana i seoska ulica.<br />
Bajice, Karstna oblast | Karst region<br />
Naselja formirana paralelno sa izohipsama, Karstna oblast<br />
Settlements formed in parallel with contour lines, Karst region<br />
strana | 16 | page<br />
Prevailing position of a house in parallel with contour lines meant<br />
that the access to the house and its front are at the same time<br />
turned down the slope: towards agricultural surfaces and towards<br />
sea (at the coast), what led to the fact that forming of the construction<br />
is done as a line on contour lines: with adding of new<br />
units in longitudinal direction. Such lines of houses are formed<br />
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Naselja formirana upravno na izohipse | Settlem. formed vertically on contour lines<br />
Naselja formirana upravno<br />
na izohipse<br />
Kod položaja kuće<br />
upravno na izohipse, koji<br />
možemo dovesti u vezu sa<br />
odnosom prema terenu<br />
kod grčkog megarona,<br />
zabatni zid je prema<br />
padini, a niz je formiran<br />
dograđivanjem jedinica uz<br />
zabatne zidove, što<br />
uslovljava da segmenti<br />
niza, zbog nagiba terena,<br />
budu stepenasto smaknuti<br />
po visini. Kaskadirana<br />
fizič ka struktura<br />
G. Lastva, primorje | coast<br />
stambenog niza praćena je<br />
odgovarajuć om<br />
kaskadiranošću ulice čiji<br />
karakteristični izraz predstavljaju ulice - stepeništa („kale“).<br />
Grozdasti tip naseljskog sklopa<br />
Poseban i atipičan oblik sklopa predstavljaju grozdaste grupacije<br />
naselja u Krtolima (prevlaka između Tivatskog polja i poluostrva<br />
Luštice). Naselja su formirana grupisanjem „domova“ - ograđenih<br />
porodičnih ekonomija, orijentisanih prema unutrašnjem dvorištu.<br />
Gornjni Stoliv, primorje | coast<br />
strana | 17 | page<br />
under joint shelter of single slope or double slope roof, with strict<br />
respect of the spontaneously adopted (straight or moderately<br />
Godinje, Karstna oblast | Karst region<br />
curved) regulative line, resulted from local relief, and where the<br />
village street is spatially defined.<br />
Settlements formed vertically on contour lines<br />
At the position of the house vertically on contour lines, which we<br />
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Koncepcija samodovoljnosti i stvaranja uslova za što uspješniju<br />
Oblast visokih plnina, Rožaje | Region of high mountains Plav<br />
odbranu uslovili su specifičnosti prostorne<br />
matrice krtoljskih sela koju, umjesto<br />
longitudinalno formiranih nizova, čine izrazito<br />
zbijene grozdaste grupacije.<br />
2.2.2. Ruralna naselja u oblasti visokih<br />
planina<br />
Osnovnu karakteristiku ruralnih naselja u<br />
oblasti visokih planina i kanjona predstavlja<br />
razbijeni tip sela - kuće sa pratećim<br />
objektima (seoska domaćinstva) situirane na<br />
većim međusobnim rastojanjima, što znači<br />
da se ne može govoriti o nekim posebnim<br />
pravilima grupisanja kuća. Prostorne<br />
matrice, zasnovane na određenim<br />
strana | 18 | page<br />
can compare with terrain at Greek megaron, gable wall is turned<br />
towards the slope, and the line is formed with overbuilding of units<br />
beside the gable walls, what creates precondition that the segments<br />
of the line, because of the terrain inclination, are gradually<br />
staggered according to the height. Cascade (stepped- hillside)<br />
physical structure of dwelling line is followed by appropriate cascade<br />
(stepped-hillside) streets characterized by streets-stairs<br />
(„kale“).<br />
Cluster structure of the settlement construction<br />
Special and atypical shape of the construction<br />
presents cluster structured groups of the<br />
settlements in Krtole (isthmus between Tivatsko<br />
field and peninsula Lustice). The<br />
settlements are formed by grouping<br />
„homes“-fenced family economies, oriented<br />
towards inside garden. The conception of<br />
self-sufficiency and creation of conditions for<br />
as successful as possible defense led to the<br />
specific character of the spatial matrix of<br />
„krtoljskih“ villages, which comprises of extremely<br />
dense cluster grouping instead of<br />
longitudinally formed lines.<br />
2.2.2. Rural settlements in the area of<br />
high mountains<br />
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Gusinje
principima, nisu uspostavljene ni u slučaju poluurbanih naselja<br />
kao što je Rožaje. Princip slobodno stojeće odijeljenosti, nastao u<br />
istorijskim okolnostima, rezultirao je prostornim rasporedima kuća,<br />
kod kojih nije došlo do formiranja sklopa i grupacije u uobičajenom<br />
smislu.<br />
3.<br />
Tipologija tradicionalne varoške i seoske kuće i elementi<br />
arhitekture<br />
3.1. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru južne regije<br />
3.1.1. Tipologija varoške kuće<br />
Unutrašnja funkcija formirana je prema potrebama tradicionalnog<br />
stanovanja. Prizemna etaža korišćena je kao ostava, magaza,<br />
konobe, zanatske radnje itd., a na gornjim etažama smjenjuju se<br />
prostorije za dnevni boravak - salone, spavanje i pripremu hrane.<br />
Pristup gornjim etažama se odvija preko dvorišta vanjskim<br />
stepenicama koje se završavaju bogatim terasama. Drugi tip<br />
varoške kuće posjeduje toplu vezu između etaža formiranjem<br />
unutrašnjih stepenica koje se nalaše pored magaze.<br />
U većini promorskih gradova preovladava koncept Barokne kuće<br />
sa radionicom u prizemljui stambenim prvim i drugim spratom.<br />
Pompeznost koju barok posjeduje ublažena je uticajem tradicije<br />
prisutne u čvrstim, jednostavnim volumenima, primjeni materijala i<br />
umjerenosti u pogledu ukrasa.<br />
3.1.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture u primorju<br />
Kuće imaju jednostavni oblik nepravilne<br />
pravougaone osnove sa naglašenom linijom<br />
mirnog sklada, ali zato svojim slobodnijim i<br />
živopisnim krovnim rješenjima<br />
strana | 19 | page<br />
Main characteristic of rural settlements in the area of high mountains<br />
and canyons present fractured type of the village-houses<br />
with neighborhood facilities (rural households) situated on larger<br />
distance, what means that we can not talk about some special<br />
rules for house grouping. Spatial matrixes, based on certain principles,<br />
are not established even in the case of semi-urban settlements<br />
like Rozaje. The principle of free standing separation, created<br />
in historical circumstances, resulted in spatial disposition of<br />
the houses where forming of the construction and grouping did not<br />
occur in habitual sense.<br />
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3.<br />
Typology of traditional house in urban settlements and in village<br />
and elements of architecture<br />
3.1. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of<br />
Southern region<br />
3.1.1. Typology of the house in urban settlements<br />
Inner function is formed in line with the needs of traditional habitation.<br />
Ground floor storey was used as pantry, store, cellar, craftsman<br />
store etc., and at the upper storey there are premises like<br />
living rooms-salons, sleeping rooms and kitchens. The access to<br />
the upper storey is realized with outside stairs which end with<br />
large terraces. Second type of the house in urban settlements has<br />
warm connection between the floors by forming the inside stairs<br />
placed beside the store.<br />
Arhitektura zgrada je dosta jednostavna,<br />
tradicionalna sa zidovima od tesanog kamena<br />
golog ili malterisanog i krovoma pokrivenim<br />
kamenim pločama ili tiglom prema dosta<br />
tradicionalnim nacrtima. Nagib krovne ravni<br />
kreće se od 15 - 22°. Kao završetak pojavljuje se Tipologija Bokeške palate: a) sobe; b) magazine; c) hol | Topology of Boka’s palace: a) rooms; b) store; c) hall
vijenac formiran od kamenih ploča.<br />
Malo je vanjskih ukrasnih elemenata (zbog karakteristike<br />
upotrijebljenog materijala) kao što su balkoni, krovovi itd. Često se<br />
vide vanjske stepenište koje vodi do prvog sprata i ono je<br />
napravljeno od tradicionalnih elemenata, kao što je kamen u<br />
pločama. Baš te strukturalne karakteristike, određuju visoku<br />
pejsažnu, ambijentalnu i formalnu vrijednost ovih urbanizovanih<br />
aglomeracija.<br />
Perast<br />
Kotor<br />
strana | 20 | page<br />
In most of the coastal towns the concept of Baroque house is<br />
prevailing with workshop at the ground floor, residential first and<br />
second floor. Grandiloquent of Baroque is mitigated by the influence<br />
of the tradition present in solid, simple volumes, use of the<br />
material and moderation regarding the ornaments.<br />
3.1.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture at the Coast<br />
Houses have simple shape with irregular rectangular base with<br />
emphasized line of calm harmony, but with more free and picturesque<br />
roof solutions.<br />
Architecture of the buildings is pretty simple, traditional with walls<br />
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Budva
Oblikovni elementi su kamene konzole oko<br />
otvora, zvekir na vratima, dimnjaci, prozor sa<br />
tipičnim „škurama“. Prozori u prizemnom dijelu<br />
objekta su u odnosu širine i visine 1.5/1 do 2/1<br />
što je rezultat dugogodišnjeg uticaja Venecije i<br />
njene arhitekture.<br />
3.1.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u primorju<br />
Zajedničke tipološke odlike kuće u primorju<br />
Opšti tip kuće u okviru Crnogorskog primorja je<br />
spratna kuća (prizemlje, sprat i potkrovlje) sa<br />
kamenim zidovima i kosim dvovodnim krovom,<br />
pokrivenim ćeramidom. Kuća se često javlja kao dio stambenog<br />
niza, gdje segmenti niza zadržavaju istu građevinsku liniju i<br />
osnovne elemente graditeljskog jezika. Prizemlje ima funkciju<br />
podrumske etaže (konoba). Sprat ima stambenu funkciju (sobe), a<br />
u potkrovlju je kuhinja, jer se dimnjak nije koristio. Razvojni<br />
varijetet je izmiještanje kuhinje u dvorište kao dograđenog<br />
objekta. Ulaz u kuću je preko terase, bilo da se radi o ograđenoj<br />
terasi u nivou prizemlja, ili terasi „na volat“ u nivou prvog sprata sa<br />
spoljnjim stepeništem.<br />
Kuća Kotorskog zaliva<br />
Prepoznatljivu tipološku posebnost kuća Kotorskog zaliva<br />
predstavljaju krovne badže „viđelice“. Obično mali dvovodni<br />
krovovi nad „viđelicama“ ponekad prerastaju u poseban poprečno<br />
postavljen krov, čije sljeme nadvišava glavno sljeme kuće. Kao<br />
funkcionalna posebnost izdvaja se korišćenje prostora ispod<br />
svoda na kojem leži terasa kao cisterne za prikupljanje i čuvanje<br />
kišnice („bistijerna“).<br />
Karakteristični niz spratnih kuća sa teracama ispred<br />
strana | 21 | page<br />
made of dressed stone, plastered or not, and roofs covered with<br />
roughly dressed stone slabs or roofing tile in line with pretty traditional<br />
schemes. The roof slope is 15-22°. As an end, a cornice<br />
formed of roughly dressed stone slabs occurs.<br />
There is a small number of outside decorative elements (because<br />
of the characteristics of used materials) like balconies, roofs etc.<br />
The outside stairs which lead to the first floor are often noticeable<br />
and made of traditional elements, like roughly dressed stone<br />
slabs. Those very structural characteristics, determine high landscape,<br />
ambience and formal value of those urbanized agglomerations.<br />
Shaped elements are stone consoles around the clear openings,<br />
knocker at the door, chimney shafts, and windows with typical<br />
„skure“ (wooden shutters). The windows in the ground floor part of<br />
the facility are in width and height proportion 1.5/1 up to 2/1 what<br />
is a result of the long-lasting influence of Venice and its architecture.<br />
3.1.3. Typology of the rural house at the<br />
Coast<br />
Joint typological characteristics of the house at<br />
the Coast<br />
General type of the house in the frame of Montenegrin<br />
coast is storey house (ground floor, first<br />
floor and attic) with stone walls and oblique double<br />
slope roof, covered by hogs-back tile<br />
“ceramida”. The house often appears as a part<br />
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Perast<br />
Kotor stari grad | Old town<br />
Budva stari grad | Old town<br />
strana | 22 | page<br />
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Kuće Kotorskog zaliva, Gornji Stoliv | Houses of Kotor’s bay<br />
strana | 23 | page<br />
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Ulcinj<br />
Perast
Paštrovska kuća<br />
Tipična organizacija naselja na obali, naselje Orahovac<br />
Typical organization of settlements on the coast<br />
Glavni element prepoznatljivosti arhitekture paštrovske kuće je<br />
jednovodni krov. Uzroci nastajanja i održavanja ovakve forme<br />
krova povezani su sa spregnutim funkcionalnim razlozima i<br />
lokalnom morfologijom terena. Jednovodni krov, koji je približno<br />
strana | 24 | page<br />
of the residential line, where the segments of the line keep the<br />
same construction line and basic elements of constructing language.<br />
The ground floor has the function of cellar storey (cellar).<br />
The first floor has residential function (rooms), and at the attic<br />
there is a kitchen, because the chimney was not used. Development<br />
variety is transfer of the kitchen in the garden as an overbuilt<br />
facility. The entrance is through the terrace- fenced terrace in the<br />
level of ground floor or terrace ''na volat'' in the level of the first<br />
floor with outside stairs.<br />
House in Kotor bay<br />
Particular typological distinctiveness of the houses in Kotor bay<br />
present roof dormers „vidjelice“. Usually, small double slope roofs<br />
above „vidjelice“ sometimes become a special transversally<br />
placed roof, which ridge is higher than the main ridge of the<br />
house. As a functional distinctiveness the use of the space under<br />
the archon on which the terrace is placed is distinguished, as a<br />
tank for collecting and keeping the rainwater („bistijerna“).<br />
Pastrovska house<br />
Paštrovska kuća, tipologija | Pastovska house, typology<br />
Main element of distinctiveness of architecture of the Pastrovska<br />
house is single slope roof. The causes for forming and keeping<br />
such form of the roof are connected with allied functional reasons<br />
and local terrain morphology. Single slope roof, which is approximately<br />
parallel to the slope inclination, is characteristic for the<br />
houses placed along the contour lines, what creates an obstacle<br />
for damaging the back wall of the house by rainwater flow. Double<br />
slope roofs are connected with house site location vertically on<br />
contour lines. In line with construction response on the conditions<br />
of local relief, elongated double slope roofs appear-at lined<br />
houses with joint ridge and double slope roofs with saw-tooth<br />
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Paštrovska kuća, Tudorovići | Pastrovska house<br />
Karakteristični detalji | Characteristic details<br />
Tudorovići<br />
strana | 25 | page<br />
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paralelan nagibu padine, karakteriše kuće postavljene duž<br />
izohipsi, čime je spriječeno ugrožavanje zadnjeg zida kuće<br />
slivanjem kišnice. Dvovodni krovovi vezani su za lociranje kuće<br />
upravno na izohipse. U skladu sa graditeljskim odgovorom na<br />
uslove lokalnog reljefa, javljaju se izduženi dvovodni krovovi - kod<br />
kuća u nizu sa zajedničkim sljemenom i dvovodni krovovi sa<br />
testerastom siluetom - kod kuća u nizu spojenih po dužim<br />
stranama osnove.<br />
Kuća u Krtolima (Luštica)<br />
U oblikovnom konceptu specifične jedinice grozdastog sklopa -<br />
krtoljskog „doma“ - ogleda se uticaj rimskog atrijumskog tipa kuće<br />
(ideja ograđenog dvorišta kao cjeline sa kućom). Po toj<br />
orijentisanosti života prema dvorištu, kao prema okolini<br />
zatvorenom središtu, kao i po načinu grupisanja, krtoljski domovi<br />
se razlikuju od uobičajene orijentisanosti seoskih kuća na primorju<br />
prema zajedničkoj terasi ili seoskoj ulici, kao elementima<br />
otvorenog prostora linearne prostorne matrice.<br />
3.1.4. Elementi seoske arhitekture u primorju i krasu<br />
Za primorje i kras kamen je osnovni građevinski materijal i<br />
element regionalne prepoznatljivosti u graditeljskom smislu.<br />
Koristi se u svim zidanim elementima arhitekture: u zidovima,<br />
svodovima, stepeništima, podovima, ogradama i podzidama.<br />
Kvalitet i estetski dometi konstrukcija od kamena u zavisnosti su<br />
od upotrijebljenog materijala i zanatske tehnike.<br />
Zidovi<br />
Zidovi su od pritesanog ili tesanog kamena, zidanog u kreču ili<br />
krečnom malteru. Zidani su sa dva lica u debljini 50 do 80 cm i sa<br />
približno poravnatim horizontalnim spojnicama. Za strukturu<br />
kamenih zidova je karakteristično da su im i spoljnja i unutrašnja<br />
strana (oba lica) izrađene od biranog i pažljivo složenog kamena,<br />
dok im je jezgro ispunjeno lomljenim i sitnijim kamenom<br />
„trpancem“.<br />
Otvori<br />
Prozori su malih dimenzija, na šta su presudno uticale tehničke<br />
mogućnosti izvođenja otvora u zidovima od kamena. Za<br />
premošćavanje otvora u zidu, u najvećoj mjeri, korišćen je zidani<br />
luk sa unutrašnje strane masivnog zida. Položaj prozora na spratu<br />
strana | 26 | page<br />
(shed roof) silhouette – at lined houses connected with longer<br />
sides of the base.<br />
House in Krtole (Luštica)<br />
In shaped concept of specific unit of cluster construction „krtoljski<br />
home“ the influence of Roman atrium type of the house is reflected<br />
(the idea of fenced garden as a whole with house). With<br />
that orientation of habitation towards the garden as a closed center<br />
towards the surrounding, as well as with the way of grouping,<br />
krtoljski homes are different from usual orientation of rural houses<br />
at the Coast towards joint terrace or village street, as the elements<br />
of open space of linear spatial matrix.<br />
3.1.4. Elements of rural architecture at the Coast and in the<br />
Karts<br />
For the Coast and the Karst, basic construction material and element<br />
of regional particularity in constructing sense is a stone. It is<br />
used in all masonry elements of architecture: in walls, arches,<br />
stairs, floors, fences and underpinnings. The quality and esthetic<br />
achievement of stone constructions depend on the used material<br />
and techniques.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction<br />
Walls<br />
The walls are made of roughly dressed or dressed stone, constructed<br />
in lime or lime mortar. They are constructed with two<br />
faces with thickness from 50 to 80cm and with roughly leveled<br />
horizontal connections. For the structure of the stone walls it is<br />
characteristic that both outer and inner side (both faces) are made<br />
of selected and carefully piled up stone, while their center is filled<br />
with broken and smaller stone „riprap“.<br />
Openings<br />
The windows have smaller dimensions, under the influence of<br />
technical possibilities for making the openings in the stone walls.<br />
For over-bridging the opening in the wall constructed arch was<br />
mostly used from the inner side of the massive wall. The position<br />
of the windows at the first floor is such that the roofing cornice is<br />
placed directly on window beams hood. All openings are framed<br />
with stone squares, where the window beams are made of one<br />
part while the door beams are solved with two or three stone<br />
squares. Beside the vitrified window casement, the windows are
Crmnica<br />
Krtoljski dom, tipologija | Krtole’s house, typology<br />
Kuća u Krtolima | House in Krtole<br />
Kuća u Krtolima, Bjelila | House in Krtole, Bjelila<br />
strana | 27 | page<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Elementi arhitekture u primorju i krasu | Elements of architecture in coast and karst<br />
strana | 28 | page<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Krovovi Kotora | Kotor roofs Krovovi Kotora | Kotor roofs<br />
je takav da se krovni vijenac naslanja direktno na nadprozornik.<br />
Svi otvori su uokvireni kamenim kvadrima, pri čemu su<br />
doprozornici iz jednog dijela, dok su dovratnici riješeni sa dva ili tri<br />
kamena kvadra. Pored zastakljenih krila, prozori su opremljeni i<br />
punim drvenim kapcima „škurama“, radi zaštite od sunca, kao i od<br />
vjetra, a nekada su bili i jedini elementi za zatvaranje prozora.<br />
Karakteristične detalje predstavljaju kamene konzole, poznate u<br />
mediteranskoj arhitekturi. Gornje konzole „uši“ (auriculi), u visini<br />
nadprozornika sa kružnim rupama, služe kao nosači motke o koju<br />
se kači platneni zastor. Donje konzole „zupci“ (dentes), u nivou<br />
kamenog podprozornika, namijenjene su oslanjanju daske na<br />
kojoj se suši voće.<br />
strana | 29 | page<br />
equipped with full wooden shutters „skure“ for of the protection<br />
from the sun as well as from the wind, and once they used to be<br />
the only element for closing the windows. Characteristic detail<br />
present stone consoles well-known in Mediterranean architecture.<br />
Top consoles „ears“ (auriculi) in the height of window beam with<br />
circle holes serve as the holders of the pole on which cloth curtain<br />
is hitched. Bottom consoles „toothed“ (dentes), in the level of<br />
stone podprozornika serve for placing the board for fruit drying.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction<br />
Roofs<br />
Dominant roofing is half-round ridge tile - (“hogs-back tile“). Stone<br />
blocks made of slate appear in a very limited scope: in certain
Krovovi<br />
Dominantni krovni pokrivač je koritasti crijep<br />
- ćeramida („tigla kanalica“). Kamene ploče<br />
od škriljca javljaju se u vrlo ograničenom<br />
obimu: kod izvjesnog broja crkava i mlinova.<br />
Nagib krovne ravni kreće se od 22 - 30°.<br />
Slivanje kišnice niz zabatne zidove<br />
spriječeno je postavljanjem završnih redova<br />
kanalice sa uvalom prema <strong>gore</strong>. S obzirom<br />
da oluka nema, kanalice na vijencu su<br />
prepuštene 15 - 20 cm, uključujući i prepust<br />
vijenca formiranog od kamenih ploča,<br />
prepuštenih 10 - 15 cm.<br />
Terasa - elementi arhitekture<br />
Elemente arhitekture u okviru terase čine:<br />
pod popločan kamenom, zidana ograda od<br />
kamena sa profilacijom u vidu klupe<br />
(„pižun“), i pergola sa vinovom lozom<br />
(„odrina“) sa drvenom konstrukcijom. Terasa<br />
se javlja na dva načina: u nivou prizemlja, i u<br />
nivou prvog sprata.<br />
Kada je u nivou prizemlja, terasa je oblik dvorišta preko kojeg se<br />
ostvaruje ulaz u kuću (preko konobe) i pristup pratećim objektima<br />
(„kužini“, bistijerni, staji). Kod kuća u nizu, terase čine jedinstvenu<br />
površinu, a kamena klupa se javlja samo prema padini.<br />
Kada je terasa u nivou prvog sprata, preko nje se direktno ulazi u<br />
stambeni prostor - sobe na prvom spratu. Kod kuća u nizu u<br />
Paštrovićima komunikacija je omogućena i između samih terasa,<br />
s obzirom da se širine terasa najčešće poklapaju sa širinom kuće.<br />
U ovom slučaju javlja se markantni element zidanog svoda „volat“,<br />
kao noseća konstrukcija terase, kroz koji se ulazi u konobu.<br />
U Crmnici i Katunskoj nahiji terasa je uvijek u nivou stana, dok su<br />
njeni arhitektonski elementi uslovljeni položajem kuće u odnosu<br />
na padinu. U slučaju kuće paralelne sa izohipsama, terasa je tipa<br />
„tarace na voltama“, dok je kod kuće upravne na izohipse, zbog<br />
uslovljenosti pozicije ulaza u kuću, terasa u nivou terena, sa<br />
odgovarajućim podziđivanjem.<br />
Starovaroška kapija u Podgorici | Gate in old town<br />
strana | 30 | page<br />
number of churches and mills. The inclination<br />
of the roof slope is from 22 - 30°. Rainwater<br />
flow along the gable walls is prevented with<br />
placing the last rows of hogs-back tile with<br />
channel facing sky. Since there is no gutter, the<br />
hogs-back tiles on the cornice are from 15-<br />
20cm, including the nosing of the cornice constructed<br />
of stone blocks, toed 10-15cm.<br />
Terrace – elements of architecture<br />
The elements of architecture in the frame of<br />
terrace are: tiled floor, constructed fence made<br />
of stone with ornament in the shape of bench<br />
(“pizun“) and pergola with grapevine (“odrina“)<br />
with timber construction. The terrace appears<br />
in two ways: in the level of the ground floor and<br />
in the level of the first floor.<br />
When the terrace is in the level of ground floor<br />
it is a kind of garden through which the entrance<br />
in the house is realized (through the<br />
cellar) as well as the access to the neighboring<br />
facilities (kitchen, rainwater tank, stable). At<br />
lined houses, terraces make a unique surface and stone bench<br />
appears only towards the slope.<br />
When the terrace is in the level of the first floor it presents a direct<br />
access to the residential space-rooms at the first floor. At the lined<br />
houses in Pastrovici the communication is possible even between<br />
the very terraces, since the width of the terraces is usually the<br />
same as the width of the house. In this case, a noticeable element<br />
of constructed arch “volat” appears as the bearing structure of the<br />
terrace, through which the entrance into the cellar is realized.<br />
In Crmnica and Katunska nahija the terrace is always in the level<br />
of the apartment, while its architectural elements depend from the<br />
position of the house regarding the slope. In the case where the<br />
house is parallel with contour lines, the type of the terrace is<br />
„terrace on volta“, while at the house vertically positioned on contour<br />
lines, because of the position of the entrance, the terrace is in<br />
the level of terrain, with appropriate underpinning.<br />
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strana | 31 | page<br />
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Kotor
3.2. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru središnje regije<br />
3.2.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u karstnoj oblasti<br />
Kuće su prizemne i spratne, pokrivene dvovodnim krovom,<br />
gabarita u širini fronta 11, 12.5, 16.5, 18 m i dubine 10, 12 i 15 m,<br />
grade se u nizu, rijetko samostalno dim 12 sa 12 metara. Ulaz kod<br />
spratnih objekata, sa prizemlja na sprat je iz dvorišta ili<br />
jednokrakim stepenicama iz hodnika koji spaja ulicu i dvorište.<br />
Kuće imaju svijetlu visinu prizemlja i sprata 3.20 - 3.50 m, sa<br />
naglašenim ulazom sa ulice koji hodnik povezuje sa dvorištem.<br />
Prizemlja objekata su u ravni u odnosu na trotoar ili 15 cm<br />
izdignutog praga u odnosu na ulicu gdje nema trotoara. Gradska<br />
kuća XX vijeka imala je prozore koji su bili veličine 1/6 od površine<br />
prostorije min. širine 1.00 m i visine 1.80 m, vrata širine 1.25 m i<br />
visine 2.20 m. Prizemne kuće su se isključivo koristile za<br />
stanovanje, dok kod spratnih kuća prizemlje je određeno za<br />
radnje, knjižare, mesare itd, kao i pazar od „sitnica“.<br />
Analizirajući tipologiju horizontalnog plana kuće sa aspekta<br />
organizacije prostora kroz vrijeme, ista se može svesti na<br />
prvobitni arhaični tip, tip „pozemljuše“ ili „plotnjače“. Ovaj tip je<br />
karakterističan do sedamdesetih godina XIX vijeka. Njegov oblik<br />
je pravougaoni i obično je visine „do početka krova s vrha<br />
čovjeka“. Od 1870. do 1941. g. prisutni su tipovi prizemnih i<br />
spratnih kuća od kamena. Karakteristika funkcionalne organizacije<br />
može se rangirati u pet kategorija. Naglašen je odnos<br />
komunikacija prema nivoima kuće, kao i raspored radnih<br />
aktivnosti u objektu. Kod prizemnih objekata u većini slučajeva<br />
prostor je namijenjen za stanovanje, ili „butige“ organizovane u<br />
prostorima koji gledaju na ulicu i imaju direktni izlazak na nju, a<br />
komunikacija sa prostorom za stanovanje odvija se preko toplih<br />
veza „hodnikom“ koji povezuje ulicu sa dvorištem. Prizemne<br />
partije kod spratnih kuća isključivo su namjenjene za ekonomiju<br />
domaćinstva ili „butige“, dok je sprat predviđen za stanovanje.<br />
3.2.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture<br />
Do ranih sedamdesetih godina XIX vijeka graditeljstvo se<br />
zasnivalo na principu nacionalne tradicionalne gradnje. Kuće su<br />
bile prizemne, gdje je zastupljeno više suvomeđih nego klačenih<br />
kuća, kasnije su suvomeđe zidane krečnim malterom. Pokrivane<br />
su rjeđe ćeramidom, a više slamom ili daskama. Imaju jedna vrata<br />
sa vrlo uskim i malim prozorima kao puškarnice. Ove kuće nemaju<br />
odžaka već dim izlazi kroz krov. Kuće se stapaju sa okolnim<br />
strana | 32 | page<br />
3.2. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of<br />
Central region<br />
3.2.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in Karst area<br />
The houses are low-rise and storey, covered by double slope roof,<br />
size in the front width 11, 12.5, 16.5, 18 m and depth 10, 12 and<br />
15 m, they are constructed as a line, rarely independently, dimensions<br />
12X12m. The entrance at storey facilities, from the ground<br />
floor to the first floor is from the garden or with one-leg stairs from<br />
the corridor which connects the street and the garden. The<br />
houses have bright height of the ground floor and first floor 3.20 -<br />
3.50 m, with emphasized entrance from the street connected over<br />
the corridor with garden. The ground floors of the facilities are in<br />
plane with the pavement or with 15cm elevated doorstep comparing<br />
to the street where there is no pavement. Town house of XX<br />
century had windows with size 1/6 of the surface of the room with<br />
minimal width 1.00m and height 1.80m, door with width 1.25m and<br />
height 2.20m. The low-rise houses were only used for habitation,<br />
while at the storey houses the ground floor was determined for<br />
stores, bookstores, butcher’s etc., as well as for shops with small<br />
things for selling.<br />
Analyzing the typology of the horizontal plan of the house from the<br />
aspect of the space organization through the time, the same could<br />
be brought down on the primary archaic type, type „pozemljusa“<br />
or „plotnjaca“. This type is characteristic for the period till 70s in<br />
XIX century. The shape is rectangular and the height is usually „to<br />
the beginning of the roof from the height of man“. From 1870 till<br />
1941 there are types of low-rise and storey houses made of stone.<br />
The characteristic of functional organization could be ranked in<br />
five categories. The relation towards communications according to<br />
the levels of the house, as well as the distribution of the working<br />
activities in the facility. At low-rise facilities the space in most of<br />
the cases serves for living, or for „boutiques“ with direct entrance<br />
from the street and turned directly to the street, and communication<br />
with rooms for living is realized over the warm connections<br />
with „hall“ which connects the street with garden. Ground floor<br />
rooms at storey houses primarily serve for economy of the household<br />
or „boutiques“, while the first floor serves for living.<br />
3.2.2. Elements of the urban settlements architecture<br />
Until early 70’s in XIX century the construction was based on the<br />
principle of national traditional constructing. The houses were low-<br />
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Izgled gradske kuće između dva rata u Danilovgradu<br />
View of the house between two world wars in Danilovgrad<br />
Tipologija varoške kuće | Topology of urban settlements house<br />
Izgled dvojne gradske kuće u Danilovgradu | View of double city house<br />
strana | 33 | page<br />
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kamenim ambijentom planina i brda.<br />
Graditelji su većinom Novljani kao i<br />
Dalmatinci koji su svoj istančani ukus i<br />
odgovornost građenja prenosili na<br />
domać e majstore. Najviše<br />
građevinskog materijala se uvozilo iz<br />
Austrougarske, Italije, Turske i<br />
Engleske. Objekti su bili slični,<br />
ujednačene spratnosti, razlika se<br />
pojavljivala u visini samo zbog<br />
konfiguracije terena. Jedino javne<br />
zgrade isticale su se položajem,<br />
visinom i arhitekturom. Veća pažnja<br />
poklanja se ulazu, obradi oko prozora,<br />
kao i balkonskim detaljima. Obzirom<br />
na vrijeme nastanka, strukturu funkcije<br />
i mogućnost uklapanja u cjelinu<br />
gradskog organizma u jezgru se<br />
posebno izdvaja urbani milje mješovite<br />
stambeno poslovne strukture, formiran<br />
rubnom izgradnjom blokova autentične<br />
fizionomije i arhitektonskog izraza<br />
(krovovi, vijenci, balkoni, plastika vrata<br />
i prozora i sl.). Neovisno od razvoja<br />
tipologije Varoške kuće krovovi su bili<br />
uvijek dvovodni, osim trovodnih na uglovima. Nagib krovne ravni<br />
kretao se od manje 25° - 30° i manje 30°- 35°. Prozori, naročito<br />
prema ulici bili su dvokrilni, kasnije trokrilni, izdijeljeni rasterno na<br />
manje kvadratne prozorčiće (min. 100/180). Vrata na varoškim<br />
kućama prizemljušama su 110 cm i visine 160 - 170 cm.<br />
Izgrađena primitivno od neobrađenih drvenih dasaka složenih u<br />
horizontalnom slogu sa poprečnim ukrutama. Razvojem i<br />
modernizacijom stambene kuće dimenzije vrata se povećavaju<br />
često sa nadsvijetlom pravougaonog ili lučnog oblika visine (55 -<br />
65 cm) i po širini i visini (110 - 130 cm odnosno 220 cm visine).<br />
Ulazna vrata su naglašena kamenim okvirima, lijepom drvenom<br />
rezbarijom, lučnim ili pravougaonim završetkom.<br />
3.2.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u karstnoj oblasti i priobalju<br />
Skadarskog jezera<br />
Sličnost prirodnih odlika primorja i karstne oblasti našla je svoj<br />
odraz i u tipološki veoma sličnim kućama. Stepen sličnosti je u<br />
direktnoj zavisnosti od intenziteta kulturnih uticaja koji su u<br />
Detalj ograde | Fence detail<br />
strana | 34 | page<br />
rise, and there were more “suvomedje” houses<br />
(houses made without mortar) then houses<br />
made with lime mortar “klacene”, and later the<br />
first ones were constructed with lime mortar.<br />
They are rarely covered with hogs-back tile<br />
and usually covered with straw or timber<br />
boards. They have one door with very narrow<br />
and small windows like loop-holes. Those<br />
houses do not have chimney and the smoke<br />
goes out through the roof. The houses are<br />
assimilated with surrounding rocky ambience of<br />
the mountains and hills. Constructors are<br />
mostly from Herceg Novi as well as Dalmatians<br />
who handed down their refined taste and responsibility<br />
of constructing to domestic artisans.<br />
Most of the construction material was<br />
imported from Austro-Hungary, Italy, Turkey<br />
and England. The facilities were similar, with<br />
leveled storey, the difference in height appeared<br />
only because of the terrain configuration.<br />
Only public buildings were noticeable<br />
because of their position, height and architecture.<br />
More attention is paid to the entrance,<br />
work around the windows and balcony details.<br />
Regarding the time of forming, structure of the<br />
function and possibility of adapting to the whole of town organism<br />
in the core urban milieu of residential-business structure is specifically<br />
separated, formed by edged construction of the block with<br />
authentic physiognomy and architectonic expression (roofs, cornices,<br />
balconies, door and window’s plastic, etc.). Independently<br />
from the development of typology of urban settlement house the<br />
roofs were always double slope roofs, except the triple slope roofs<br />
at the angles. Roof slope was less than 25° - 30° and less than<br />
30°- 35°. Windows, especially those facing the street were with<br />
double window panes, later triple window panes, divided in raster<br />
on smaller square windows (min 100/180). The door on the provincial<br />
town’s houses “prizemljuse” are with 110cm width and<br />
height 160-170cm, built from untreated wooden boards arranged<br />
horizontally with transversal stiffener plates. With development<br />
and modernization of residential house dimensions of the door are<br />
increased often with hopper window of rectangular or arch shape<br />
with height (55 - 65 cm) and in width and height (110 - 130 cm i.e.<br />
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Cetinje<br />
Starovaroška kuća u Nikšiću | Old house in Niksic<br />
Plavi dvorac, Cetinje | Blue castle<br />
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Francusko poslanstvo | French mission<br />
Detalji Danilovrad, balkoni | Balcony details<br />
strana | 36 | page<br />
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Cetinje
Cetinje, Njegoševa ulica | Njegoseva street in Cetinje<br />
Cetinje, Zetski dom<br />
Nikšić, Dvorac Kralja Nikole | Castle of King Nikola<br />
strana | 37 | page<br />
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prošlosti dolazili sa primorja. Potvrdu ove teze nalazimo u činjenici<br />
da je na području krasa narodna kuća svoj najviši domet dostigla<br />
u Crmnici - na kontinentalnoj strani planinskog vijenca uz more<br />
(Sutorman, Sozina, Paštrovska gora). Kao tipična, može se<br />
izdvojiti spratna kuća, izduženog oblika sa dvovodnim krovom.<br />
Pojam „spratna kuća“, kao i u brojnim slučajevima na drugim<br />
lokalitetima, vezan je za postojanje prizemne poluetaže, formirane<br />
podziđivanjem padine, iz kojeg je nastao i naziv „kuća na konobu“<br />
i „kuća na izbi“. Kuće sa zidovima od kamena javljaju se i van<br />
područja primorja i krasa - u djelovima oblasti visokih planina -<br />
kao podtip sa mješovitim karakteristikama, što je uobičajeno za<br />
granične zone dviju oblasti. Pojava ovog tipološkog varijeteta<br />
rezultat je nedostatka kvalitetne drvene građe, kao i uvijek<br />
prisutnih kulturnih uticaja iz susjedstva. Kuće obalnog područja<br />
Skadarskog jezera kao tipološke posebnosti. Kuće prijezerskih<br />
naselja Skadarskog jezera, zbog svojih sadržaja, mogu se nazvati<br />
ribarskim kućama. Formirale su se transformacijom - stalnim<br />
nastanjivanjem obalnih sezonskih objekata, nekada namijenjenih<br />
isključivo čuvanju i obradi ribe, kao i sušenju žita. Na primjere<br />
ovakve transformacije nailazimo na različitim lokalitetima, kod<br />
kojih su se odigrali gotovo identični primjeri pretvaranja obalnih<br />
ekonomskih objekata u stalna naselja: u Paštrovićima (Pržno,<br />
Rafailovići) i u Krtolima (Bjelila, Kakrc). Autentična ribarska kuća<br />
bila je jednodjelna prizemljuša, malih dimenzija, sa dvovodnim<br />
krovom. U skladu sa karakteristikama kamene prizemljuše,<br />
umjesto prozora, postojali su samo mali nezastakljeni otvori<br />
(veličine kamenog bloka).<br />
Obavezni dio „unutrašnje ugrađene opreme“ bilo je kameno korito<br />
„kopanja“ za soljenje ribe. Tipološki varijetet predstavlja kuća u<br />
Rijeci Crnojevića, u kojoj se prepliću karakteristike krasa i<br />
Mediterana sa orijentalnim karakteristikama, kao rezultat<br />
Kuća u Karstnoj oblasti, tipologija | House in karst region, typology<br />
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220 cm height). The entrance doors are emphasized with stone<br />
frames, lovely carved pieces of wood, arc or rectangular end.<br />
3.2.3. Typology of the rural house in Karst area and Skadar<br />
Lake coast<br />
Similarity of natural characteristics of the Coast and Karst area<br />
found its reflection also in typologically very similar houses. The<br />
degree of the similarity depends directly from intensity of cultural<br />
influences which used to come from the coast in the past. The<br />
confirmation of this thesis can be found in the fact that in the area<br />
of karst popular house achieved its highest limit in Crmnica at the<br />
continental side of mountain chain along the sea (Sutorman, Sozina,<br />
Pastrovska gora). A storey house of elongated shape with<br />
double slope roof could be distinguished as typical. The term<br />
„storey house“, like in many cases at other locations, is connected<br />
with existence of the ground floor semi-storey, formed by underpinning<br />
the slope, what caused the name for such houses “house<br />
on the cellar” and “house on the shack“. Houses with walls made<br />
of stone appear also out of the coastal area and the area of karst<br />
– in some parts of the areas of high mountains-as a subtype with<br />
mixed characteristics, what is usual for boundary zones of two<br />
areas. The appearance of this typological variety is a result of the<br />
lack of qualitative timber, as well as always present cultural influences<br />
from neighbors. The houses of the coastal area of Skadar<br />
Lake as typological particularities. The houses of the settlements<br />
near the Skadar Lake, because of their contents, could be called<br />
fishing houses. They were formed by transformation-permanent<br />
positioning of coastal seasonal facilities which serve primarily for<br />
conservation and treatment of the fish, as well as corn drying. The<br />
examples of such transformation could be seen on different locations,<br />
on which almost identical examples of transformation of<br />
coastal economic facilities into permanent settlements were real-<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Seoske kuće u priobalju Skadarskog jezera<br />
Village houses in the coast of Skadar lake<br />
Rijeka Crnojevića<br />
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arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
miješanja odgovarajućih kulturnih uticaja. Orijentalni uticaji<br />
najuočljiviji su kod terase, čiji su svi elementi od drveta i koja po<br />
konceptu odgovara čardaku. Na tipološke odlike kuće u Rijeci<br />
Crnojevića uticao je i promjenjljivi sezonski vodni režim jezera.<br />
Kao rezultat prilagođavanja ovakvim uslovima okruženja, kuće u<br />
Rijeci Crnojevića, locirane na samoj obali, imaju i neke odlike<br />
sojenica. Jedan od elemenata sličnosti sa sojenicama su stubovi<br />
(masivni, kameni) u djelimično slobodnim prizemljima koja bivaju<br />
plavljena u vrijeme visokog vodostaja. Najočigledniji primjer odlika<br />
lokalne arhitekture je kuća uz stari kameni most (Danilov most).<br />
Prednji dio kuće sa „volatom“ je u vodi, tako da poluetaža, koja<br />
uobičajeno pripada konobi, ovdje predstavlja natkriveno<br />
pristanište u okviru same kuće sa direktnim pristupom za „čun“ sa<br />
jezera.<br />
3.3. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru sjeverne regije<br />
3.3.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u oblasti visokih planina<br />
Karakteristika ovih kuća je što su naslonjene jedna na drugu u<br />
nizu sa obije strane ulice. Kuće su pravougaone osnove ili<br />
kvadratne sa prizemljem i spratom, poređane u nizu u sklopu<br />
većih ili manjih stambenih blokova uklapajući se u uličnu mrežu.<br />
Fasade su raščlanjene nizom simetrično raspoređenih vrata i<br />
prozora. U prizemlju su se nalazile zanatlijske radnje, trgovine i<br />
kafane, a na spratu prostorije za spavanje. Svaka kuća imala je<br />
dvorište i baštu. Kuće sa dvorišne strane imale su kao po pravilu<br />
strana | 40 | page<br />
ized: in Paštrovići (Pržno, Rafailovići) and in Krtole (Bjelila, Kakrc).<br />
Authentic fishing house was one-part “prizemljusa”, with small<br />
dimensions, with double slope roof. In line with the characteristics<br />
of the stone “prizemljuse”, instead of the windows, there were only<br />
small non-vitrified openings (size of stone block). Necessary part<br />
of the “inside built-in equipment” was stone trough „kopanja” for<br />
fish salting. Typological variety presents a house in Rijeka Crnojevica,<br />
in which the characteristics of the karst and Mediterranean<br />
are mixed with oriental characteristics, as a result of mixture of<br />
relevant cultural influences. Oriental influences are most noticeable<br />
at terraces, where all elements are made of timber and which<br />
looks like enclosed porch regarding the concept. Typological characteristics<br />
of the house in Rijeka Crnojevica were influenced by<br />
unstable seasonal water regime of the lake. As a result of adaptation<br />
to such conditions of environment, the houses in Rijeke Crnojevica,<br />
located at the very coast, have some characteristics of pile<br />
dwellings. One of the elements of that similarity are pillars<br />
(massive, stone) in partly free ground floors which are flooded in<br />
the periods of high watermark. The most obvious example of the<br />
characteristics of local architecture is the house beside the old<br />
stone bridge (Danilov most). Frontal part of the house with „volat“<br />
is in the water, so the semi-storey which usually belongs to the<br />
cellar, here presents sheltered dock in the scope of the very<br />
house with direct access for the boat „cun“ from the lake.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction<br />
Dodoši
doksat-balkon i stepenište koji su činili cjelinu sa osnovnim<br />
gabaritom kuće. Kuće imaju dva ulaza od ulice za poslovni<br />
prostor, sa unutrašnje strane stepenicama za sprat i od dvorišta<br />
preko doksata. Prostor za stanovanje isto je organizovan kao i<br />
kod kuća u karstnoj oblasti.<br />
3.3.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture<br />
Prizemlje kuća zidani su od lomljenog kamena a sprat je obično<br />
pravljen od čakme. Neke kuće su kompletno i prizemlje i sprat<br />
pravljene od čakme. Krovni pokrivač je šindra i pokrivač od lima,<br />
krov je obično na kvadratnoj osnovi četvorovodan, a na<br />
pravougaonoj osnovi na dvije vode. Prozori i vrata su<br />
pravougaoni, oivičeni lijepo klesanim kamenom kao i ivice fasada<br />
su također obrađeni ugaonicima. Vrata pored pravougaonog<br />
Andrijevica balkon stare kuće | Balcony of old house<br />
završetka imaju i polukružno završavanje kao nadsvijetlo dim. su<br />
(120/240 + 50 cm). Ponekad su prozori i vrata oivičeni profilisanim<br />
slojem maltera. Krovni prozori u potkrovlju su pravougaoni sa<br />
zabatnim završetkom.<br />
3.3.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u oblasti visokih planina<br />
„Zaštitni znak“ ruralne stambene arhitekture šumovitih planinskih<br />
oblasti predstavlja dvodjelna dinarska brvnara izdužene<br />
pravougaone osnove „kuća na ćelicu“ ili „kuća na magazi“,<br />
postavljena upravno na nagib terena i prepoznatljiva po<br />
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3.3. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of<br />
Northern region<br />
3.3.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in the area of<br />
high mountains<br />
Characteristic of those houses is the fact that they are placed one<br />
on each other as a line on both sides of the street. The houses<br />
have rectangular or square base with ground floor and first floor,<br />
lined within a group of residential blocks adapting into street network.<br />
Frontages are separated with lines of symmetrically distributed<br />
doors and windows. At the ground floor there were craftsman<br />
stores, shops and pubs, and at the first floor sleeping rooms. Each<br />
house had garden and yard. The houses from the yard side had<br />
as by the rule “doksat”-balcony and stairs which were making a<br />
whole with basic size of the house. Houses have two entrances<br />
from the street for business premises, from inner part with stairs to<br />
the first floor and from the yard to the “doksat”. The space for<br />
living is organized in the same way like in the houses in Karst<br />
area.<br />
3.3.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture<br />
The ground floors of the houses were built of broken stone and<br />
the floor was usually built of “cakma”. Some houses were com-<br />
Kolašin, fasada tipične gradske ulice | Typical façade of city house<br />
pletely, both ground floor and first floor, made of “cakma”. Roof<br />
was constructed of shingle and metal plates. The roof is usually<br />
based on square hipped roofs, and at the rectangular base it is a<br />
double slope roof. The windows and door are rectangular, edged<br />
with nicely dressed stone and the edges of facades are also<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Berane<br />
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podrumskoj poluetaži<br />
„izbi“ ili „magazi“,<br />
nastaloj podziđivanjem<br />
prednjeg dijela kuće.<br />
Tradicionalna<br />
arhitektura ovih<br />
predjela prepoznatljiva<br />
je po drvetu, kao<br />
osnovnom materijalu<br />
zidova i krovnog<br />
pokrivača. U cilju<br />
izbjegavanja<br />
neposrednog dodira<br />
drveta sa tlom koristi se<br />
kamen, od kojeg su<br />
izrađeni zidovi magaze<br />
i kameni sokli, na koje<br />
se polažu grede<br />
„temeljnjač e“.<br />
Najmarkantniji tipološki<br />
element brvnare je<br />
visoki četvorovodni<br />
krov, koji se svojim<br />
oblikom približava<br />
obliku piramide.<br />
„Piramida“ krova<br />
zajedno sa relativno<br />
niskim „kubusom“<br />
prizemlja formira<br />
veoma skladnu, dobro<br />
proporcionisanu cjelinu.<br />
Oblikovni efekti brvnare<br />
još su snažniji kada se<br />
Durmitorska kuća | Durmitor house<br />
posmatra grupacija stambenog i pomoćnih objekata u okviru<br />
jednog domaćinstva. Ponavljanje, ili blago variranje motiva visokih<br />
tamnih krovova dovodi do gradacije efekta. Mogućnosti<br />
prostornog razvoja - dograđivanja brvnare ograničene su<br />
tradicionalnim četvorovodnim krovom. Dok je dvovodni ili<br />
jednovodni krov kamene kuće omogućavao tehnički jednostavnu<br />
realizaciju proširivanja kuće dograđivanjem, horizontalni gabarit<br />
brvnare unaprijed je bio omeđen površinom osnove krova (što je<br />
nametalo prostorni razvoj dijeljenjem unutrašnjeg prostora).<br />
Uobičajeni oblik katuna - ljetnjeg stočarskog stana je koliba sa<br />
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worked with corner stones. The door beside the<br />
rectangular end have semicircle end as a hopper<br />
window with dimensions (120/240 + 50cm.).<br />
Sometimes the doors and windows are edged<br />
with profiled layer of the mortar. Roof lights<br />
(windows) in the attic are rectangular with gable<br />
end.<br />
3.3.3. Typology of the rural house in the area<br />
of high mountains<br />
„Trade mark“' of the rural residential architecture<br />
of forest mountain areas presents a two-part<br />
Dinaric cottage with elongated rectangular base<br />
„house on the cellar“ or „house on the store“,<br />
placed vertically on the slope of the terrain and<br />
recognizable because of the storage semi-storey<br />
„izba“ or „store“, formed with underpinning the<br />
front side of the house. Traditional architecture of<br />
those areas is characterized by timber, as a main<br />
material for walls and roofing. In order to avoid<br />
direct contact of the timber with ground the<br />
stone is used, from which the walls of the store<br />
and stone plinths are constructed, on which the<br />
ground beams “temeljnace” are placed. The<br />
most noticeable typological element of the cottage<br />
is high hipped roof, which is similar in shape<br />
to the shape of pyramid. “The pyramid” of the<br />
roof together with relatively low „kubus“ (main<br />
volume) of the ground floor forms a very harmonized,<br />
well proportioned whole. Shaped effects of<br />
the cottage are even stronger when the grouping<br />
of residential and neighboring facilities within the<br />
frame of one household is considered. Repetition or moderate<br />
variation of the motives of high dark roofs leads to the gradation of<br />
the effect. The possibilities of spatial development-overbuilding of<br />
the cottage are limited with traditional hipped roof. While the single<br />
slope or double slope roof of the stone house made possible<br />
technical realization of expanding the house with overbuilding,<br />
horizontal size of the cottage was beforehand bordered with the<br />
surface of the roof base (what imposed spatial development<br />
through division of the inside space). Usual shape of the summer<br />
pasture camps-for the purpose of the summer house for stockmen,<br />
is a cottage with low walls made of stone (up to 1.5m), con-<br />
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Kosanica<br />
Piva
niskim zidovima od kamena (do 1.5 m), zidanih „u suvo“, i<br />
dvovodnim krovom od oblica, pokrivenim slamom ili cijepanom<br />
daskom. Neki arhaični oblici, sa odlikama neolitske kolibe,<br />
registrovani su u Pivi i na Prokletijama.<br />
Derivati dinarske brvnare kao tipološke posebnosti<br />
U varošicama Plav i Rožaje, naseljima poluurbanog karaktera,<br />
razvili su se tipološki derivati brvnare, nastali na ravnijem terenu i<br />
u posebnim kulturno-istorijskim prilikama: spratna brvnara i kula -<br />
dvospratnica sa odlikama utvrđenja. Karakteristično obilježje<br />
tipične kuće Plava predstavlja spoljnje stepenište, natkriveno<br />
produženom strehom, koje se javlja kao „dodatni element“ u<br />
arhitekturi brvnare. Spoljnje stepenište izraz je naprednije<br />
organizacije prostora, jer su na taj način razdvojeni ulazi u staju<br />
(prizemlje) i stan (sprat). Tipičnu rožajsku kuću karakteriše<br />
zadržavanje unutrašnjeg stepeništa. Kula predstavlja veoma<br />
markantan oblik utvrđenog stana, kod kojeg se prošireni oblik<br />
primarne brvnare našao u nivou drugog sprata - na vrhu<br />
dvoetažnog kamenog kubusa (prizemlje i prvi sprat). Veoma<br />
ilustrativan primjer, u kojem je kod stana na drugom spratu u<br />
cjelini primijenjena drvena konstrukcija, je Redžepagića kula u<br />
Plavu.<br />
3.3.4. Elementi seoske arhitekture<br />
Zidovi<br />
Rožaje<br />
Osnovna struktura zidova zavisila je od lokalnih resursa<br />
kvalitetnog drveta, ali je i u neposrednoj vezi sa funkcionalnom<br />
podjelom prostora tipične brvnare na prostoriju sa ognjištem<br />
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structed “u suvo“’ (without mortar) and double slope roof made of<br />
logs, covered with straw or cut timber. Some archaic types, with<br />
characteristics of Neolith cottage are registered in Piva and on<br />
Prokletije.<br />
Derivates of the Dinaric cottage as a typological particularity<br />
In urban settlements Plav and Rozaje, settlements with semiurban<br />
character, typological derivates of cottage were developed,<br />
on more flat terrain and within special cultural-historical circumstances.:<br />
storey cottage and tower- two storey house with characteristics<br />
of the fort. Characteristic element of the typical house in<br />
Plav presents outside stairs, sheltered with extended shelter,<br />
which appear as an additional element in architecture of the cottage.<br />
The outside stairs reflects more advanced organization of<br />
the space, because in that way the entrances of the stable<br />
(ground floor) and living premises (first floor) are separated. Typical<br />
house in Rozaje is characterized by a very noticeable shape of<br />
fortified apartment, at which the expanded shape of the primary<br />
cottage is found on the level of second floor-at the top of doublestorey<br />
stone “kubus” (ground floor and first floor). Very illustrative<br />
example, where at the apartment on the second floor whole construction<br />
is built of timber, is Tower Redzepagica in Plav.<br />
3.3.4. Elements of rural architecture<br />
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Walls<br />
Plav<br />
Basic structure of the walls depended of local resources of qualitative<br />
timber, but it is also directly connected to the functional<br />
division of the space of typical cottage on the room with fire-place
Plav, Kula Redžepagića<br />
Gornja Morača<br />
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Kolašin, Savardak<br />
Kula, staro graditeljstvo<br />
Bjelasica<br />
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„kuću“ i sobu. Isticanje dviju funkcija kroz različite materijale<br />
ogleda se u upotrebi kamena kod zidova „kuće“ i drveta - brvana i<br />
talpi kod zidova sobe, što je istovremeno u skladu sa principom<br />
čuvanja drvenih zidova od neposrednog kontakta sa tlom. Izraz<br />
ekonomičnije upotrebe drveta predstavljaju bondručne<br />
konstrukcije - drveni skelet sa različitim vrstama ispune. Varijante<br />
ispune su: „dizma“ - od punog drveta koju čine gredice unutar<br />
drvenog skeleta, „čatma“ - obostrano nakovane tanke oblice sa<br />
ilovačom ili šljunkom u međuprostoru, i „pleter“ - struktura od<br />
pruća upletena oko vertikalnih potki (uglavnom za pomoćne<br />
objekte). Sve tri varijante bondruka obostrano se malterišu<br />
krečnim malterom.<br />
Krov i krovni pokrivač<br />
Nagib dviju osnovnih krovnih ravni je oko 60° (dužina roga<br />
jednaka je 4/5 raspona), a u nižim dolinskim predjelima je oko 45°<br />
(visina krova jednaka je 1/2 raspona). Strmije su uže čeone strane<br />
krova sa nagibom od 80°, čime je smanjena slobodna dužina<br />
grebenog roga, a ostvareni su i povoljniji statički uticaji na spoju<br />
rogova i vjenčanice. U okviru sličnih krovnih pokrivača od drveta<br />
izdvaja se šindra, čija geometrija (daske klinastog presjeka<br />
pritesane na krajevima) omogućava izuzetnu otpornost na vjetar i<br />
kišu.<br />
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(hearth) ’house” and the sleeping room. Distinguishing of the two<br />
functions through different materials reflects in the use of stone in<br />
the walls of the „house“ and timber-logs and planks in the walls of<br />
the sleeping room, what is at the same time in line with the principle<br />
of protection of the timber walls from direct contact with<br />
ground. The expression of a more economic use of the timber<br />
present post and pan constructions –wooden skeleton with different<br />
types of fillings. Varieties of the filling are: „dizma“ webbed<br />
wood made of small girders inside the wooden skeleton, “catma”<br />
both-side forged thin round logs with argil or gravel in space, and<br />
„pleter“ – structure made of thin sticks around the vertical woofs<br />
mostly for utility facilities). All three varieties of the post and pan<br />
are plastered on both sides with lime mortar.<br />
Roof and roofing<br />
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Čardak i elementi arhitekture<br />
Čardaci, kao poluotvoreni prostori uz unutrašnje stepenište,<br />
uglavnom su karakteristični za kule. Prepoznatljivi su po drvenoj<br />
konstrukciji i po namjeni koja je prvenstveno vezana za ljetnje<br />
uslove. U zimskim uslovima, radi zaštite od hladnoće, koriste se<br />
drveni kapci koji se spuštaju sa gornje strane otvora ili zastakljeni<br />
ramovi koji se horizontalno smiču.<br />
4.<br />
Savremene realizacije i preporuke za građenje na nivou regija<br />
4.1. Karakteristike savremene prakse i potencijali studije<br />
Evidentne posljedice neodgovarajućih pristupa od strane<br />
investitora i projektanata praćenih pogrešnim projektantskim<br />
stavovima i odlukama kod realizacije novih objekata i kod<br />
intervencija na postojećim objektima.<br />
Imitacija nacionalnog u arhitekturi u vidu mnogobrojnih lukova,<br />
erkera, šarenih fasada dovodi do falsifikovanja profesionalnih<br />
ideja. Umjesto poštovanja urbanog konteksta primjećuje se težnja<br />
izdvajanja sopstvenog djela.<br />
Postupak u aktuelnoj praksi koji karakteriše tretman autentičnih<br />
seoskih kuća odvija se na način kako slijedi. Novi vlasnici kupuju<br />
stare kuće uglavnom zbog njihove lokacije. S obzirom da stare<br />
seoske kuće ne ispunjavaju savremene zahtjeve u pogledu<br />
komfora i opremljenosti instalacijama, pristupa se načelno<br />
opravdanoj rekonstrukciji. Problem nastaje u postupku intervencija<br />
koje po pravilu uključuju neizbježne promjene gabarita, ali se<br />
pritom potpuno zanemaruje lokalna arhitektura u svim njenim<br />
aspektima. Rezultat su zdanja koja ne komuniciraju i nisu u<br />
ravnoteži sa prostorom, već svojim agresivnim odnosom prema<br />
okolini uglavnom iskazuju pretenzije da se nametnu kao novi<br />
(kvazi)modeli arhitekture namijenjene turizmu.<br />
Veće uvažavanje karakteristika i vrijednosti raznolikog ambijenta u<br />
Crnoj Gori od strane aktuelnih i potencijalnih investitora, prije<br />
svega posebnosti lokalnih graditeljskih identiteta.<br />
strana | 49 | page<br />
The inclination of the two main roof slopes is around 60° (the<br />
length of the rafter amounts 4/5 of the span), and in lower valley<br />
areas it amounts around 45° (the height of the roof amounts 1/2 of<br />
the span). Narrower face-work sides of the roof are steeper with<br />
inclination of 80°, what decreases free length of ridge rafter, and<br />
more favorable static influences are realized at the connection of<br />
the rafters and wall plate. In the scope of similar roofing made of<br />
timber, shingle is distinguished, which geometry (boards of<br />
wedge-shaped section roughly dressed at ends) creates a very<br />
good wind and rain resistance.<br />
Enclosed porch “cardak” and elements of architecture<br />
Enclosed porches, as half-open spaces beside the inside stairs,<br />
are mostly characteristic for the towers. They are recognizable<br />
because of the timber construction and purpose which is primarily<br />
related to summer conditions. In winter conditions, in order to<br />
create protection from the cold weather, wooden shutters are<br />
used, which are dropped from the top of the openings, or vitrified<br />
frames which could be moved horizontally.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction<br />
4.<br />
Contemporary realizations and recommendations for construction<br />
at the level of regions<br />
4.1. Characteristics of contemporary practice and potentials<br />
of the study<br />
Evident consequence of inappropriate approaches by investors<br />
and architects followed by wrong architectural attitudes and decisions<br />
in realization of the new facilities and in interventions on the<br />
existing facilities.<br />
Imitation of the national in architecture reflected in numerous<br />
arches, bay windows, colorful facades, leads to the forgeries of<br />
professional ideas. Instead of respecting the urban context a pretension<br />
for distinction of the individual work is noticeable.<br />
The procedure in actual practice which characterizes the treatment<br />
of authentic rural houses is realized in following way. New<br />
owners buy old houses mostly because of their location. Since old<br />
rural houses do not satisfy contemporary demands regarding the
Hotel “Maestral”, Pržno<br />
Budva, “Slovenska plaža”<br />
strana | 50 | page<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Značaj problema i posljedica u direktnoj je proporciji sa:<br />
• fizičkim obimom i strukturnim karakteristikama<br />
graditeljskog zahvata,<br />
• značajem i vrijednošću same lokacije: istorijska gradska<br />
jezgra pod zaštitom, prostor nacionalnih parkova.<br />
Uz uvažavanje činjenice da se ključna faza odlučivanja o vrsti i<br />
sadržaju intervencija u prostoru odvija u sferi urbanističkog<br />
planiranja, tematski okvir ove studije sveden je na tipologije i<br />
elemente arhitekture koji karakterišu i po kojima su prepoznatljive<br />
određene oblasti u Crnoj Gori.<br />
Primjenjivost studije je selektivne prirode - najdirektnije je<br />
primjenjiva na nivou individualnih stambenih objekata.<br />
Uočeni problemi/konflikti u aktuelnoj praksi:<br />
• Neuvažavanje/odstupanje od karaktera lokalne<br />
arhitekture: ignorisanje/nepoznavanje lokalnih prirodnih<br />
uslova i lokalnog graditeljskog nasljeđa, uz primjenu<br />
arhitektonskog izraza bez jasne fizionomije, ili neskladno<br />
kombinovanje različitih tipologija i stilova.<br />
• Neuvažavanja/odstupanja u domenu elemenata lokalne<br />
arhitekture, uz nametanje i uspostavljanje novih<br />
funkcionalnih i estetskih standarda zasnovanih na<br />
aktuelnim tržišnim mehanizmima.<br />
• Nesklad i greške u primjeni građevinskih materijala:<br />
kombinovanje tradicionalnih i novih materijala, praćeno<br />
promašajima u oblikovnom i likovnom smislu, kao i<br />
tehničkim problemima tokom eksploatacije.<br />
• Koketiranje sa tradicijom, poteklo iz komercijalnih pobuda i<br />
neznanja, koje se iskazuje kroz površnu imitaciju<br />
tradicionalnih formi, elemenata i detalja.<br />
4.2. Pristupi u savremenoj interpretaciji tradicionalne<br />
arhitekture<br />
Osnovna ideja (State of the Art): reinterpretacija umjesto imitacije<br />
strana | 51 | page<br />
comfort and installation equipment, a justifiable reconstruction is<br />
started. The problem appears in the procedure of interventions<br />
which by the rule include inevitable changes of size, but during<br />
that, local architecture is totally neglected in all its aspects. As a<br />
result, there are buildings which do not communicate and are not<br />
in balance with space, but with their aggressive relation with environment<br />
they mostly show pretensions to impose as new (quasi)<br />
models of architecture intended for tourism.<br />
Higher respect for characteristics and values of diverse ambience<br />
in Montenegro by actual and potential investors, especially for the<br />
particularity of local construction identity.<br />
The importance of the problem and the consequence is in direct<br />
proportion with:<br />
• Physical size and structural characteristics of the construction<br />
work,<br />
• The importance and value of the very location: historical<br />
town cores under protection, the space of National parks.<br />
With respecting the fact that the key phase of decision making on<br />
the type and contents of interventions in the space is realized in<br />
the sphere of urban planning, thematic frame of this study is<br />
brought down on typologies and elements of architecture which<br />
are characteristic and which make certain areas in Montenegro<br />
recognizable.<br />
Applicability of the study has selective nature-the most direct application<br />
has at the level of individual housing facilities.<br />
Noticed problems/conflicts in actual practice:<br />
• Disrespecting/aberration from the character of local architecture:<br />
ignoring/lack of knowledge regarding local natural<br />
conditions and local construction heritage, with application<br />
of architectural expression without clear physiognomy or<br />
disharmonized combining of different typologies and<br />
styles.<br />
• Disrespecting/aberrations in domain of elements of local<br />
architecture, with intrusion and establishment of new functional<br />
and esthetic standards based on actual market<br />
mechanisms.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Formalistički tretman<br />
tradicije često proizvodi<br />
prazne replike autentičnih/<br />
originalnih vrijednosti.<br />
Uzrok tome je uvjerenje da<br />
su spolajšnji aspekti<br />
arhitekture od presudnog<br />
znač aja za njenu<br />
identifikaciju i integrisanje<br />
u određeni kontekst. Još<br />
uvijek u praksi to uvjerenje<br />
služi kao vrsta zajedničkog<br />
imenitelja oko kojeg različiti<br />
protagonisti u procesu<br />
građenja najlakše postižu<br />
konsenzus.<br />
Istraživanje principa,<br />
umjesto reprodukovanja<br />
formi, omoguć ava<br />
transponovanje tradicije<br />
primijenjene kao inspiracija<br />
moderne arhitekture.<br />
Prepoznata su tri pristupa/<br />
orijentacije u navedenom<br />
smislu:<br />
• Ikonički: Najšire<br />
prihvaćeni pristup<br />
gdje je akcenat na<br />
i k o n ič k i m<br />
aspektima<br />
tradicionalne<br />
arhitekture,<br />
Nova Durmitorska kuća (konkursna rješenja)<br />
New Durmitor house (arch. competition)<br />
izraženim u citatima formi, arhitektonskim elementima i<br />
građevinskim materijalima. Ovaj metod zahtijeva suštinsko<br />
povezivanje i duboko razumijevanje i formi i odnosa sa<br />
kontekstom da bi se izbjegao neuspjeh.<br />
• Tipološki: Tipološki obrasci tradicionalne arhitekture<br />
koriste se na dva načina: tipološki elementi su<br />
inkorporirani u abstraktne forme ili obrnuto. Tradicionalna<br />
tipologija je transformisana i postavljena nasuprot<br />
modernim formama.<br />
“Prohouse”, Podgorica<br />
strana | 52 | page<br />
• Disharmony and mistakes in application of construction<br />
materials: combining traditional and new materials, followed<br />
by failure in shaping and art sense, as well as with<br />
technical problems during exploitation.<br />
• Flirting with tradition, created from commercial needs and<br />
ignorance, expressed through superficial imitation of traditional<br />
forms, elements and details.<br />
4.2. Approaches in contemporary interpretation of traditional<br />
architecture<br />
Basic idea (State of the Art): reinterpretation instead of imitation<br />
Formalistic treatment of tradition often produces bare replicas of<br />
authentic/original values. The cause of that is a conviction that the<br />
outside aspects of architecture present crucial importance for its<br />
identification and integration in certain context. Still in the practice<br />
that conviction serves as a kind of common denominator around<br />
which different protagonists in the process of construction achieve<br />
consensus in the easiest way.<br />
Research of the principles, instead of reproduction of the forms,<br />
enables transposition of the tradition applied as the inspiration for<br />
the modern architecture. Three approaches/orientations are noticed<br />
in mentioned sense:<br />
• Iconic: The most accepted approach where the accent is<br />
put on iconic aspects of traditional architecture, expressed<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
• Esencijalni: Široko orijentisan pristup gdje su ekološki<br />
kriterijumi i pitanja regionalizma u središtu pažnje. Ovaj<br />
pristup se zasniva na shvatanju da regionalni identitet<br />
potiče od određenog ekološkog principa integracije<br />
građenog i prirodnog okruženja.<br />
Osnovna ideja i misija preporuka za građenje na nivou regija je<br />
insistiranje na uvažavanju konteksta. Ostvarivanje uspjelih<br />
graditeljskih odgovora na investitorske zahtjeve i očekivanja<br />
uključuju profesionalno znanje i istraživanje, iz kojih treba da<br />
proistekne stručni stav i projektantska rješenja u domenu jednog<br />
od navedenih pristupa.<br />
Arhitekturi crnogorskih gradova kao gradova uzbudljive<br />
morfologije treba omogućiti da se kroz svoj budući razvoj razvijaju<br />
kao urbane cjeline u kojoj prioritet ima obnova grada odnosno<br />
racionalnije i kvalitetnije korišćenje postojeće gradske strukture, a<br />
uz poštovanje i isticanje ambijentalnih vrijednosti.<br />
Principi rješavanja<br />
Hotel “Podgorica”<br />
• Uklapanje novih vrijednosti u postojeći ambijent, ali i<br />
postepen razvoj fizičkih struktura uz zadržavanje<br />
funkcionalnog i fizičkog karaktera;<br />
• Očuvanje urbane matrice , principi revitalizacije oslonjeni<br />
strana | 53 | page<br />
in cites of the forms, architectural elements and construction<br />
materials. This method demands core connecting and<br />
deep understanding of both forms and relations with context<br />
in order to avoid failure.<br />
• Typological: typological patterns of the traditional architecture<br />
are used in two ways: typological elements are incorporated<br />
in abstract forms and vice versa. Traditional typology<br />
transformed and established contrary to the modern<br />
forms.<br />
• Essential: Widely oriented approach where the ecological<br />
criteria and issues regarding regionalization are in the<br />
center of attention. This approach is based on the idea<br />
that the regional identity origins from a certain ecological<br />
principle of integration of constructed and natural environment.<br />
Basic idea and mission of recommendations for construction at<br />
the level of regions is insisting on respect of the context. Realization<br />
of successful construction answers on investors' requests and<br />
expectations include professional knowledge and research, which<br />
should result in an expert attitude, as well as design solutions in<br />
domain of one of the mentioned approaches.<br />
It should be enabled to the architecture of Montenegrin towns as<br />
Hotel “Podgorica”<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
na analizu kulturno materijalnih i ekoloških vrijednosti<br />
• Prisutna tipološka arhitektura, da novi objekat<br />
arhitektonske odlike i tipološke karakteristike obelježava<br />
ambijent grada;<br />
• Nova arhitektura slobodno iskazivanje kreacije uz<br />
poštujuće elementarne propise urbane regulacije;<br />
• Oblik zgrada mora da bude posmatran u odnosu na okolni<br />
prirodni i izgrađeni ambijent.<br />
Arhitektonsko projektovanje uglavnom se ograničilo na regulativu i<br />
zapostavilo kreativnu akciju, izgubilo se u teoretskom istraživanju,<br />
dok je razmatranje cjeline problema tako reći napušteno. Ako se<br />
ranije urbanizam strogo potčinjavao vlasti, sada mu zapovijeda<br />
novac. Ne tako davno morali smo da tačno sprovodimo pravila<br />
izgradnje. Ovim projektom ostvaren je maksimalni respekt<br />
naslijeđene vrijednosti prostora, a na bazi programa kompleksne<br />
građevinske sanacije, uvođenjem u zatečenu strukturu novih formi<br />
savremenih standarda stanovanja i neophodne opreme za druge<br />
namjene (trgovine, servisi, usluge i dr.). Preporuka arhitektima i<br />
graditeljima da poštuju i koriste nasljeđena iskustva prošlosti koja<br />
su vodila računa o visinskim gabaritima objekata, o uljepšavanju<br />
uličnih fasada korišćenju i primjeni iskustava drugih naroda a ne<br />
preslikavanje nego prilagođenih ovom prostoru.<br />
4.3. Pozitivni primjeri odnosa prema kontekstu kao preporuke<br />
za građenje na nivou regija<br />
Ilustracije pristupa u interpetaciji tradicije kroz primjere<br />
Realizacije sa prostora primorja (južna regija):<br />
• Obnovljena kuća iz Paštrovića - primjer ikoničkog pristupa;<br />
Kuća u paštrovskom selu u blizini Svetog Stefana<br />
predstavlja primjer veoma dosljedno sprovedene<br />
rekonstrukcije stare porodične kuće. Ostvarena arhitektura<br />
izražava tradicionalnu disciplinu i dosljednost graditeljskog<br />
postupka: jasno i oštro definisan osnovni volumen kuće,<br />
jednoobraznost volumena i nagiba krova, otvori sa istim<br />
mjerama i proporcijama, itd., kao potvrda prisustva<br />
određenih ''standarda'' gradnje.<br />
strana | 54 | page<br />
towns with colorful morphology that their future development is<br />
realized considering them as an urban whole, where the renewal<br />
of the town has the priority, i.e. more rational and qualitative use<br />
of the existing urban structure, with respect and emphasize of<br />
ambience values.<br />
The principles of solving<br />
• Inserting new values in existing ambience, but also gradual<br />
development of physical structures, keeping the functional<br />
and physical character;<br />
• Conservation of the urban matrix , principles of revitalization<br />
based on analysis of cultural, material and ecologic<br />
values<br />
• Present typological architecture where the new facility with<br />
architectonic and typological distinctiveness characterizes<br />
the ambience of the town;<br />
• New architecture-free expression of creation with respect<br />
of the basic urban regulations;<br />
• The shape of the buildings must be considered in relation<br />
to the surrounding natural and constructed environment.<br />
Architectural design is mostly limited on regulations and creative<br />
action is neglected, it is disoriented in theoretical research, while<br />
the examination of the whole problem is almost abandoned. Urbanism<br />
used to be under the bondage of authorities, now the<br />
money plays the main role. Not so long ago we were obliged to<br />
respect the rules for constructing exactly as they were. This project<br />
has maximum respect for the inherited values of the space,<br />
and on the basis of the program of complex construction repair, by<br />
introducing new forms of contemporary standards of habitation<br />
and necessary equipment for other purposes (shops, services,<br />
etc.) in the existing structure. It is a recommendation for the architects<br />
and constructors to respect and use inherited experiences<br />
from the past which were taking care regarding height of the facilities,<br />
decoration of the street facades, use and application of experiences<br />
of other nations, and not copying but adaptation to this<br />
space.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
PEC “Kamena kuća”<br />
PC “Stara varoš”, Rožaje<br />
Podgorica<br />
Obnova “Paštrovske” kuće<br />
strana | 55 | page<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Sveti Stefan<br />
Hotel “Bjanka”<br />
Sveti Stefan Bijelo Polje<br />
strana | 56 | page<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
• Turističko naselje „Slovenska plaža'“, Budva - primjer<br />
tipološkog pristupa;<br />
Turističko naselje “Slovenska plaža”, kao izraz novijeg<br />
trenda u turizmu 80-tih godina, očigledan je izraz sasvim<br />
drugačijeg koncepta u rješavanju smještaja turista, u<br />
odnosu na hotelske objekte/komplekse iz sedamdesetih<br />
godina (autor projekta: Janez Kobe, izgradnja: 1984. I<br />
faza, 1989. II faza, investitor: Budvanska rivijera, Budva).<br />
U ovom slučaju transponovan je model mediteranskog<br />
naselja, oformljenog oko komunikacione kičme - pješačke<br />
ulice, gdje su ulica, atrijumi i tremovi mediteranski<br />
elementi u generalnom smislu.<br />
Primjena prostornih kompozicija kubičnih volumena, sa<br />
prepoznatljivim odnosom zidnih i krovnih ravni,<br />
karakterističnih za primorje i kras, veoma je uočljiva u<br />
arhitekturi “Slovenske plaže”, gdje pročišćene forme i<br />
jednovodni krovovi predstavljaju tipične elemente lokalne<br />
(paštrovske) arhitekture.<br />
• Rekonstruisani hotel „Maestral“, Pržno, Miločer - primjer<br />
esencijalnog pristupa.<br />
U situaciji sveopštih aspiracija na prostor Primorja, izraženih u<br />
neodmjerenim i sa ambijentom neusaglašenim građevinskim<br />
zahvatima, vrijedan i prilično usamljen primjer znalački i<br />
odmjereno profilisanog investitorskog programa i graditeljskog<br />
postupka predstavlja rekonstrukcija i nadgradnja hotela “Maestral”<br />
u Pržnu kod Svetog Stefana (autor projekta izvornog rješenja:<br />
Edvard Ravnikar, izgradnja: 1970.-1971.; autori projekta<br />
rekonstrukcije: Miha Kerin, Majda Kregar, izgradnja: 2002.-2004.,<br />
investitor: HIT, Nova Gorica, Slovenija).<br />
Rekonstrukcija odražava skup principa održivog razvoja i<br />
profesionalne etike koji su demonstrirani u širokom spektru<br />
materijalizovanih stavova i rješenja. Ključno obilježje je mali obim<br />
fizičkih proširenja u vidu nadgradnji po jedne etaže na djelovima<br />
kompleksa, uz izuzetno uvažavanje izvornog arhitektonskog<br />
rješenja i njegovog autora.<br />
Rafinirano rješenje vizuelne prihvatljivosti povećanih masa<br />
objekata hotela “Maestral”, usljed nadgradnje po jednog sprata na<br />
lamelama, ostvareno je “povlačenjem fasada” nadgrađenih etaža<br />
za dubinu terasa u odnosu na osnovne fasadne ravni.<br />
strana | 57 | page<br />
4.3. Positive examples of relation with context as recommendations<br />
for constructing at the level of regions<br />
Illustrations of the approach in interpretation of tradition through<br />
examples<br />
Realizations in the space of Coast (Southern region):<br />
• Renewed house in Pastrovici the example of iconic approach;<br />
House in Pastrovsko village near Sveti Stefan presents an<br />
example of a very consistently executed reconstruction of<br />
old family house. Realized archetecture expresses<br />
traditional discipline and consistence of construction<br />
procedure : clearly and sharply defined basic volume of<br />
the house , uniformity of the volume and and slope of the<br />
roof, openings with same measures and proportions, etc.<br />
as a confirmation of the presence of certain construction<br />
»standards«.<br />
• Tourist settlement “Slovenska plaža”, Budva – the example<br />
of typological approach;<br />
Tourist settlement “Slovenska plaža”, as an expression of newer<br />
trend in tourism of 80s, is obvious expression of totally different<br />
concept in solving the issues of tourists' accommodation, comparing<br />
to the hotel facilities/complexes in 70s (author of the project:<br />
Janez Kobe, construction: 1984. I phase, 1989. II phase, investor:<br />
Budvanska rivijera, Budva). In this case a model of Mediterranean<br />
settlement is applied, formed around communication spinepedestrian<br />
streets, where the street, atriums and porches are<br />
Mediterranean elements in general sense.<br />
Application of spatial composition of cubic volumes, with recognizable<br />
proportion of wall and roof planes, characteristic for Coast<br />
and Carst, is very evident in architecture of “Slovenska plaza”,<br />
where clear forms and single slope roofs present typical elements<br />
of local (pastrovska) architecture.<br />
• Reconstruction of hotel “Maestral”, Pržno, Miločer – the<br />
example of essential approach<br />
In situation of comprehensive aspirations towards Coastal space,<br />
expressed in constructions which are inadequate and unbalanced<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Svojevremeno kritikovana dominantna boja zidova koju daje<br />
fasadna opeka, u “novom čitanju” arhitekture “Maestrala”<br />
povezuje se sa bojom prepoznatljivih krovova sa pokrivačem od<br />
ćeramide. Površine u natur betonu, korespondiraju sa površinama<br />
kamenih zidova i doprinose hromatskoj uravnoteženosti fasada.<br />
Značajan doprinos “prijateljskom odnosu” prema prirodnom<br />
ambijentu daju krovne bašte, kao djelovi “pete fasade”, koje<br />
smanjuju i usitnjavaju površine ravnih krovova. Posebnu i izuzetno<br />
značajnu komponentu u slici cjelokupnog ambijenta predstavljaju<br />
kultivisane zelene površine sa mediteranskim biljem koje okružuju<br />
objekte.<br />
Realizacije sa prostora središnje regije (karstna oblast i Zetsko-<br />
Bjelopavlićka ravnica)<br />
• Hotel ''Podgorica''<br />
• Poslovni objekat ''Prohouse''<br />
• Poslovno-edukativni centar ''Kamena kuća''<br />
Realizacije i projekti sa prostora visokih planina (sjeverna regija):<br />
• Poslovni centar ''Stara varoš'' Rožaje - primjer tipološkog<br />
pristupa;<br />
• Projekti sa konkursa za Novu Durmitorsku kuću - primjeri<br />
tipološkog/esencijalnog pristupa.<br />
4.4. Preporuke za građenje - elementi za urbanističkotehničke<br />
uslove<br />
Primjenjivost elemenata za urbanističko-tehničke uslove koji slijede u<br />
prvom redu se odnose na zone čija je urbanizacija u toku, što znači<br />
na lokacije na kojima nije bilo prethodne izgradnje, i stara seoska<br />
naselja, koja kao lokacije za turističko tržište, kao i tzv. ''drugi dom'',<br />
poprimaju atribute ekskluzivnosti. Činjenicom da opisane vrste<br />
intervencija predstavljaju najzastupljeniji tip investitorskih zahtjeva<br />
determinisan je okvir i sadržaj elemenata za urbanističko-tehničke<br />
uslove koji slijede. Drugi veoma značajan domen potencijalnih<br />
intervencija su istorijska jezgra primorskih gradova sa kategorisanim<br />
tretmanom zaštite. U toj sferi uslove i način izvođenja intervencija<br />
definišu institucije za zaštitu spomenika kulture, bilo da se radi o<br />
pojedinačnim objektima ili ambijentalnim cjelinama.<br />
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with the ambience, significant and quite lonely example of professionally<br />
and thoughtfully profiled investment program and construction<br />
procedure presents a construction and overbuilding of<br />
hotel “Maestral” in Przno, near Sveti Stefan (author of the project<br />
of original solution: Edvard Ravnikar, construction: 1970.-1971.;<br />
authors of the reconstruction project: Miha Kerin, Majda Kregar,<br />
construction: 2002.-2004., investor: HIT, Nova Gorica, Slovenija).<br />
Reconstruction reflects group of principles of sustainable development<br />
and professional ethics which are demonstrated in wide<br />
specter of materialized attitudes and solutions. Key characteristic<br />
is small scope of physical expansions like overbuilding one storey<br />
on parts of the complex, with exceptional respect of original architectural<br />
solution and its author.<br />
Refined solution of visual acceptability of increased size of hotel<br />
»Maestral« facilities because of overbuilding with one storey on<br />
semi-detached houses, is realized with »receding of the facades«<br />
of overbuilt storeys for the depth of terraces compared to basic<br />
facades' planes.<br />
Dominant color of walls resulting from use of front bricks, which<br />
used to be criticized, in the “new reading” of architecture of<br />
“Maestral” is in relation to the color of recognizable roofs with<br />
hogs-back tile. Surfaces in nature concrete, correspond with surfaces<br />
of atone walls and contribute to chromatic balance of facades.<br />
Roof gardens give significant contribution to “friendly relations”<br />
towards natural ambience, as parts of “fifth façade” which<br />
make the surfaces of flat roofs smaller and fragmentized. Special<br />
and extremely important component in the picture of whole ambience<br />
present cultivated green areas with Mediterranean plants<br />
surrounding facilities.<br />
Realizations in the space of Central region (Karst area and Zeta-<br />
Bjelopavlici plain)<br />
• Hotel ''Podgorica'';<br />
• Business facility in ''Prohouse'';<br />
• Business-educational centar “Kamena kuca”.<br />
Realizations and projects in the space of high mountains<br />
(Northern region) :<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
U okviru elemenata za urbanističko-tehničke uslove, koji u ovoj studiji<br />
imaju karakter principa, razmatrani su sljedeći slučajevi:<br />
• Obnova tradicionalne kuće;<br />
• Rekonstrukcija starog kućišta izgradnjom nove kuće;<br />
• Izgradnja nove kuće;<br />
Obrađeni su oni urbanistički i arhitektonski elementi koji su kao<br />
teme karakteristični u navedenim slučajevima i ne zavise od<br />
regionalnih posebnosti, zbog čega se mogu tretirati kao tipični u<br />
postupcima izgradnje i rekonstrukcije. Izvor informacija o<br />
regionalnim posebnostima vezanim za aspekte tipologije,<br />
elemenata arhitekture, materijala i arhitektonskih detalja<br />
predstavljaju poglavlja o tipologiji tradicionalnih naselja i kuće.<br />
Obnova tradicionalne kuće<br />
Vrste intervencija koje ulaze u pojam obnove stare kuće<br />
Obnova tradicionalnih kuća je glavna aktivnost slučaju obnove<br />
tradicionalnog ambijenta, a obnovljena kuća glavni arhitektonski<br />
motiv sela. Termin obnova se odnosi na:<br />
• obnovu i očuvanje parterne zone kuće (dvorište, zidovi,<br />
ograde, podzide);<br />
• konstruktivnu sanaciju kuće (temelji, zidovi, međuspratne<br />
konstrukcije);<br />
• sanitarno-tehničko opremanje kuće (izgradnja sanitarnih<br />
prostorija, uvođenje savremenih instalacija);<br />
• dogradnju aneksa (soba, kuhinja, pomoćne prostorije,<br />
sanitarne prostorije), kao i<br />
• nadgradnju kuće (podizanje spratne visine u potkrovlju, ili<br />
izgradnja sprata).<br />
Zadržavanje i unapređivanje arhitekture partera u dvorištu<br />
Očuvanje i obnova postojeće arhitekture partera (denivelacija terena,<br />
suvomeda, stepenica, popločanih i kaldrmisanih delova dvorišta,<br />
ograda, kapija i sl.) je obavezna tokom obnove kuće. Parter je<br />
značajan motiv tradicionalne arhitekture. Tokom obnove je moguće<br />
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• Business center “Stara varos” Rozaje-example of typological<br />
approach;<br />
• Projects from the public contest for New House of Durmitor-<br />
examples of typological/essential approach.a<br />
4.4. Recommendations for construction – elements for urbantechnical<br />
conditions<br />
Applicability of the elements for following urban-technical conditions<br />
in first line regard zones where urbanization is on-going , what<br />
means on locations where there was no previous construction, and<br />
old rural settlements, which as locations for tourist market, as well as<br />
so called “second home”, are becoming exclusive sites. With the fact<br />
that described types of interventions present the most present type of<br />
investment demands the frame and the contents of the elements for<br />
following urban-technical conditions are defined. Second very important<br />
domains of potential interventions are historical cores of coastal<br />
towns with categorized treatment of protection. In that sphere, the<br />
conditions and ways of realization of interventions are defined by<br />
institutions for the protection of monuments of culture, as separate<br />
facilities as well as ambience wholes.<br />
In the scope of elements for urban-technical conditions, which in this<br />
situation have the character of principle, following cases have been<br />
considered:<br />
• Renewal of the traditional house;<br />
• Reconstruction of the old house site with construction of a<br />
new house;<br />
• Construction of a new house;<br />
Those urban and architectural elements which are characteristic<br />
as topics in mentioned cases and do not depend on regional particularities<br />
are treated, since they could be treated as typical in the<br />
procedures of construction and reconstruction. The chapters<br />
about typology of traditional settlements and houses present a<br />
source of information on regional particularities related to the aspects<br />
of typology, elements of architecture, material and architectonic<br />
details.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Bijelo Polje<br />
Dom kulture, Kolašin<br />
Kafe bar, Kolašin<br />
Andrijevica<br />
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Budva<br />
Konoba, Kolašin<br />
Stambena zgrada, Kolašin<br />
Stambeni niz, Kolašin<br />
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arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Gospoština, Budva Stari grad, Budva<br />
Budva<br />
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arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction<br />
Bečići
Rijeka Crnojevića<br />
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da se izvrši i dopuna delova i zona partera, njegovo prilagodavanje<br />
savremenim potrebama<br />
Čuvanje gabarita kuće<br />
Zadržavanje postojećeg gabarita objekata je obavezno prilikom<br />
obnove kuća, ukoliko se ne predviđa nadgradnja ili dogradnja.<br />
Pod zadržavanjem postojećeg gabarita se podrazumijeva da se<br />
tokom obnove zadržava postojeći oblik kuće, postojeće dimenzije<br />
kuće (posebno se naglašava zadržavanje fasadnih visina, širina i<br />
drugih dimenzija, odnos punih zidnih površina i otvora i sl.) oblik i<br />
nagib krova.<br />
Nadgradnja novog sprata<br />
Nadgradnja novog sprata se preporučuje u okviru postojećeg<br />
horizontalnog gabarita kuće. Dograđeni sprat može da ima formu<br />
potkrovlja (plafon formira kosa krovna konstrukcija), ili može da ima<br />
ravan plafon iznad koga je tavanski prostor koji može da se koristi kao<br />
pomoćni prostor. Novi sprat ne smije da ugrožava susjede i treba da<br />
bude izveden u skladu sa tradicionalnim principima.<br />
Tretman tradicionalne forme krova<br />
Krov je jedan od elemenata koji prilikom obnove po pravilu mora<br />
da se rekonstruiše. Prilikom obnove krova treba težiti da se<br />
sačuva izvorna forma i nagib krovnih ravni. Izuzetno važan<br />
element je krovni pokrivač čiji izbor proističe iz lokalne tradicije.<br />
Dogradnja aneksa<br />
Pod aneksom se podrazumeva novi dodatni deo čija je visina za<br />
jednu etažu niža od visine kuće, a u osnovi zauzima najviše<br />
polovinu površine osnove kuće. Aneks može da bude trem iznad<br />
koga je terasa, terasa ispod koje su prostorije, prostorija sa kosim<br />
krovom koja može da bude ostava, stambeni prostor, apartmanski<br />
prostor, garaža, sanitarne prostorije i sl.<br />
Rekonstrukcija starog kućišta izgradnjom nove kuće<br />
Postoji značajan broj situacija u kojima su stare kuće činile grupe,<br />
nizove i grozdove, a da je unutar tih skupina po neka od zgrada, ili<br />
veći deo njih evidentno propao do mjere da su ostali samo temelji,<br />
ili neupotrebljivi zidovi. U takvim slučajevima je moguća izgradnja<br />
potpuno nove kuće ali uz poštovanje gabarita stare kuće.<br />
Renewal of traditional house<br />
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Types of interventions within the term renewal of the old<br />
house<br />
The renewal of traditional houses is main activity in the case of<br />
renewal of traditional ambience, and renewed house is main architectural<br />
element of the village. The term renewal regards:<br />
• Renewal and conservation of ground floor zone of the<br />
house (yard, walls, fences, underpinning);<br />
• Constructive repair of the house (foundation, walls, storey constructions);<br />
• Sanitary – technical equipping of the house (construction<br />
of sanitary premises, equipping with modern installations);<br />
• Overbuilding with the annexes (rooms, kitchens, utility<br />
premises, sanitary premises) as well as<br />
• Overbuilding the house (elevating the attic to become a<br />
storey, or storey construction).<br />
Keeping and improving the architecture of ground floors in<br />
the yard<br />
Conservation and renewal of the existing architecture of the ground<br />
floor (terrain leveling, constructions without mortar, stairs, paved and<br />
blocked pavement parts of the yard, fences, etc.) is obligatory during<br />
the renewal of the house. The ground floor is a significant motive of<br />
traditional architecture. During the renewal it is possible to execute<br />
additional constructions in the parts and zones of ground floor, in<br />
order to adapt it with contemporary needs.<br />
Conserving the size of house<br />
Conservation of the existing size of house is obligatory during the<br />
renewal of the house, unless the overbuilding is not anticipated.<br />
Conservation of the existing size means that the existing shape of<br />
the house is kept during the renewal, as well as the existing dimensions<br />
(keeping of the facade height, width and other dimensions,<br />
relation between massive wall surfaces and openings, etc.,<br />
is specially emphasized), and the shape and slope of the roof.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Preparcelacija postojećih parcela<br />
Preparcelacija postojećih parcela je moguća u zoni u kojoj se<br />
grade nove kuće u gabaritu starih kako bi se kroz preparcelaciju<br />
dobili povoljniji odnosi slobodnih površina, povoljniji pešački i<br />
kolski pristupi i sl. Preparcelacija može da se radi za onu grupu<br />
kuća čiji vlasnici se izjasne da su voljni da pristupe preparcelaciji.<br />
Poštovanje gabarita stare kuće<br />
U svim slučajevima rekonstrukcije starih kućišta potrebno je prilikom<br />
nove izgradnje da se poštuje stari gabarit. Razlog tome je što u<br />
izgrađenom seoskom tkivu arhitektonsko građe-vinsku cjelinu ne čini<br />
samo jedna kuća, ili pojedinačni objekat već ukupna grupacija sa<br />
svim svojim objektima, parterom, i sl.<br />
Otvaranje prozora i vrata nove kuće ka susjedu<br />
Prozori i vrata nove kuće ka susjedu mogu da se otvaraju na isti<br />
način kako je to bilo i u staroj kući, ukoliko ne remete privatnost<br />
susjeda. Moguće je izvršiti promjene položaja vrata i prozora, ali<br />
treba težiti da se istovremeno ugrožavanje privatnosti susjeda<br />
svede na minimum.<br />
Poštovanje građevinske stabilnosti susjednih kuća<br />
Građevinska stabilnost susjednih kuća, njihova upotrebljivost,<br />
ispravnost instalacija i sl. kao i javnih površina i drugih objekata u<br />
susjedstvu, ne smije da bude narušena izgradnjom nove kuće<br />
kojom će se rekonstruisati staro kućište. Da bi se to obezbijedilo<br />
neophodno je pri izgradnji nove kuće predvidjeti odgovarajuće<br />
zaštitne radove.<br />
Arhitektura nove kuće izgrađene rekonstrukcijom starog<br />
kućišta<br />
Pod ovim se podrazumijeva niz pristupa i postupaka, od doslovne<br />
imitacije tradicionalne kuće do različitih interpretacija narodne<br />
arhitekture. Prilikom projektovanja treba se pridržavati određenih<br />
stilskih odlika koje se mogu kombinovati sa savremenim<br />
rješenjima.<br />
Izgradnja nove kuće u tradicionalnom duhu<br />
Pod ovim se ne podra-zumijeva imitacija tradicionalne kuće, već se<br />
preporučuje reinterpretacija određenih tipoloških odlika u sprezi sa<br />
Overbuilding with new storey<br />
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Overbuilding with new storey is recommended in the frame of existing<br />
horizontal size of the house. That storey can have a form of attic (the<br />
ceiling forms oblique roof construction) or it can have flat ceiling above<br />
which there is attic space which could be used as utility space. New<br />
floor must not jeopardize neighbors and it should be constructed in<br />
line with traditional principles.<br />
Treatment of the traditional form of the roof<br />
The roof is one of the elements which by the rule must be reconstructed<br />
during the renewal. During the renewal of the roof it<br />
should be aimed at conservation of the origin form and the roof<br />
slopes. A very important element is roofing which selection comes<br />
from local traditions.<br />
Overbuilding the annex<br />
Annex implies new additional part which height is one storey lower<br />
of the house, and with the base utmost large as half of the base of<br />
house. Annex could be a porch under the terrace, terrace under<br />
which there are rooms, room with oblique roof which could be<br />
used as pantry, residential space, apartment space, garage, sanitary<br />
premises etc.<br />
Reconstruction of the old house site by construction of a<br />
new house<br />
There is a significant number of locations where the old houses<br />
made groups, lines and clusters, and inside those groups some of<br />
the facilities, or larger part of them is obviously ruined and where<br />
only foundations or useless walls exist. In such cases construction<br />
of a totally new house is possible but with respecting the size of<br />
the old house.<br />
Re-parcelization of the existing parcels of land<br />
Re-parcelization of the existing parcels of land is possible in the<br />
zone where new houses are constructed within the size of the old<br />
houses, in order to achieve more favorable relation between free<br />
spaces, more favorable pedestrian and cart-track access, etc. Reparcelization<br />
could be executed for the group of houses which<br />
owners state that they are ready to start re-parcelization.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
savremenim funkcionalnim, građevinskim, instalacionim,<br />
energetskim i pejзаžnim rješenjima.<br />
Pravila za polaganje kuće na parcelu<br />
Nova kuća može da bude postavljena na različite načine, ali<br />
svojom postavkom ne smije da ugrozi susjedne kuće, ili javne<br />
površine, javne objekte, infrastrukturu i sl. Da bi se ovo<br />
obezbijedilo potrebno je da se pri projektovanju i izgradnji nove<br />
kuće poštuju pravila koja se sreću u tradicionalnoj arhitekturi, koja<br />
su se kristalisala kroz vreme i kojima su dodata i neka nova.<br />
Arhitektura nove kuće u tradicionalnom duhu<br />
Spratna visina treba da je usklađena sa spratnim visinama<br />
objekata u okruženju. Broj etaža, posmatrajući sa najniže strane<br />
kuće je 3, a broj meduspratnih konstrukcija je 2. Zadnja etaža<br />
može da bude rađena kao i etaža ispod nje, znači sa ravnim<br />
plafonom pri čemu je iznad tog prostora tavanski prostor, ili može<br />
da bude rađena kao potkrovlje sa kosim plafonom. Otvori za<br />
prozore i vrata na drugoj i trećoj etaži treba da su po površini u<br />
skladu sa otvorima susjednih objekata.<br />
Komponovanje većeg broja osnovnih volumena i aneksa<br />
Komponovanje većeg broja osnovnih volumena (kubusa) i aneksa je<br />
podržano. Ovakvim kompono-vanjem je moguće dobiti nizove, grupe<br />
ili grozdove kuća. Ukupna površina može da bude vrlo velika i da<br />
zadovolji različite programe, a da se pritom ne ugroze tradicionalne<br />
stilske odlike.<br />
Neprihvatljivi arhitektonski postupci, rješenja i elementi<br />
Arhitektura koja generalno otstupa od izvornog karaktera<br />
Arhitektura koja generalno otstupa od izvornog karaktera je<br />
neprihvatljiva: upotreba arhitektonskih kompozicija, oblika,<br />
dimenzija, elemenata, boja i materijala koji otstupaju od stilskih<br />
odlika lokalne arhitekture bilo da pripadaju drugim stilovima, bilo<br />
da su plod neukosti, neznanja, neprofesionalizma i sl.<br />
Usjecanje terena za postavjanje čitave osnove kuće<br />
Usecanje terena za postavljanje čitave osnove kuće na ravnu<br />
površinu se ne preporučuje. Pod tim se podrazumijeva usjecanje<br />
terena za samu osnovu kuće, ili i za prolaz iza kuće. Umjesto toga<br />
Respecting the size of the old house<br />
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In all cases of reconstruction of the old house sites it is necessary to<br />
respect the old size during new construction. The reason for that is<br />
the fact that in developed rural area architectural construction whole<br />
is not comprised only of one house or separate facility, but of total<br />
grouping with all its facilities, ground floor, etc.<br />
Construction of windows and doors facing neighbor<br />
Windows and doors of a new house facing neighbor could be<br />
constructed in the same way like it used to be on the old house,<br />
unless that disturbs the privacy of the neighbor. It is possible to<br />
change the positions of the windows and doors, but that should be<br />
aimed to decrease the disturbance to minimum.<br />
Respecting the construction stability of neighboring houses<br />
Construction stability of neighboring houses, their utilization, functioning<br />
of installation, etc., as well as public surfaces and other facilities<br />
in neighborhood, must not be disturbed with construction of a<br />
new house, i.e. with reconstruction of an old house site. In order to<br />
secure that, it is necessary to anticipate appropriate protective<br />
works during the reconstruction.<br />
Architecture of a new house built with reconstruction of an<br />
old house site<br />
This implies several approaches and procedures, from the very<br />
imitation of traditional house to the different interpretations of folk<br />
architecture. During the elaboration of design, certain styles<br />
should be respected which could be combined with contemporary<br />
solutions.<br />
Construction of a new house in traditional spirit<br />
This does not imply imitation of traditional house, but what is recommended<br />
is reinterpretation of certain typological characteristics in line<br />
with contemporary functional, construction, energy and landscape<br />
solutions.<br />
Rules for placing a house on a parcel of land<br />
New house could be placed in different ways, but with its position<br />
it should not jeopardize neighboring houses, or public surfaces,<br />
public facilities, infrastructure, etc. In order to secure this, it is<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
osnova kuće treba da se kroz denivelaciju prilagodi padu terena.<br />
Pejzažna arhitektura<br />
Izostavljanje pejzažne arhitekture nije prihvatljivo. Pod ovim se<br />
podrazumijeva otsustvo prilagođavanja površine dvorišta prirodnoj<br />
morfologiji terena, kao i otsustvo podzida, ograda, stepenica,<br />
rampi i drugih elementa koji treba da budu građeni od kamena i<br />
ostalih prirodnih materijala. Koristiti autohtone vrste biljaka.<br />
Korišćenje predimenzionisanog gabarita<br />
Korišćenje predimenzionisanog gabarita kuće je isključeno. Pod<br />
ovim se podrazumijeva gabarit koji se formira korišćenjem<br />
spratnih visina koje nisu u skladu sa okolinom, kao i sa većim<br />
brojem etaža od tri, odnosno sa većim brojem međuspratnih<br />
konstrukcija od dvije, gledajući sa najniže strane kuće. Traži se<br />
visina od najviše tri etaže za najniže skladu sa otvorima okolnih<br />
kuća.<br />
strana | 67 | page<br />
necessary that during the design and construction of a new house<br />
rules found in traditional architecture are respected, as well as the<br />
rules which were crystallized during the time and to which a new<br />
rules were added.<br />
Architecture of a new house in traditional spirit<br />
The height of the storey should be harmonized with the height of<br />
the storey of neighboring facilities. There are 3 floors, watching<br />
from the lowest side of the house and 2 floor constructions. The<br />
highest storey could be constructed like the storey under it, with<br />
flat ceiling where the space above is attic, or it could be constructed<br />
as an attic with oblique ceiling. Openings for windows<br />
and doors on the second and third floor should be harmonized<br />
with surface of the openings on neighboring facilities.<br />
Composing the larger number of main volumes and annexes<br />
Composing of the larger number of main volumes (kubus) and annexes<br />
is supported. With such composing, it is possible to obtain<br />
lines, groups or clusters of the houses. Total surface could be very<br />
large and it could satisfy different programs, without disturbing traditional<br />
style characteristics.<br />
Unacceptable architectonic actions, solutions and elements<br />
Architecture which generally deviates from original character<br />
The architecture which generally deviates from original character<br />
is unacceptable: the use of architectural compositions, shapes,<br />
dimensions, elements, colors and materials which are not in line<br />
with style characteristics of the local architecture, i.e. belong to<br />
other styles, they are fruits of incompetence, ignorance, unprofessional<br />
work, etc.<br />
Cutting the terrain for placing the whole base of the house<br />
Cutting the terrain for placing the whole base of the house is not<br />
recommended. This implies cutting of the terrain for the very base<br />
of the house or for the corridor behind the house too. Instead, the<br />
base of the house should be adapted to the terrain inclination<br />
through leveling.<br />
Landscape architecture<br />
Neglecting of the landscape architecture is unacceptable. This<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
strana | 68 | page<br />
implies the lack of adapting of the yard surface to the natural<br />
terrain morphology, as well as the lack of underpinning, fences,<br />
stairs, ramps and other elements which should be constructed of<br />
stone and other natural materials. Autochthon types of the plants<br />
should be used.<br />
The use of over-dimensioned size<br />
The use of over-dimensioned size is out of question. This implies<br />
size formed by the use of storey heights which are not harmonized<br />
with surrounding, as well as with higher number of storey<br />
than three, i.e. higher number of floor constructions than two,<br />
watched from the lowest side of the house. The height should be<br />
utmost three floors and in line with the openings on neighboring<br />
houses.<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
Literatura<br />
Bobić M., Hibrid tradicije, ''Tradicionalna arhitektura Crne Gore - Iskustva,<br />
pouke, vidici'', Monografija, Građevinski fakultet Univerziteta Crne Gore,<br />
Podgorica, 2005.<br />
Božović G., Naselja i kuće Tivatskog zaliva, Centar za planiranje urbanog<br />
razvoja, Beograd, 1980.<br />
Gaković S., Paštrovska kuća, Istraživanje za potrebe prostornog plana<br />
opštine Budva, Beograd projekt - Centar za planiranje urbanog razvoja,<br />
Beograd, 1979.<br />
Kojić B., Seoska arhitektura i rurizam - teorija i elementi, Građevinska<br />
knjiga, Beograd, 1973.<br />
Krunić J., Rožaje - stara kuća i varoš, Rožajski zbornik, godina IV, broj 4,<br />
1985.<br />
Krunić J., Tip stare kuće i struktura naselja u oblasti Plavskog jezera,<br />
Beograd projekt - Centar za planiranje urbanog razvoja, Beograd, 1981.<br />
Milenković B., Uvod u arhitektonsku analizu II, Compendium, Građevinska<br />
knjiga, Beograd, 1991.<br />
Petrović Z., Selo i seoska kuća u Boki Kotorskoj, Univerzitet u Beogradu,<br />
Zbornik Arhitektonskog fakulteta, III knjiga, Beograd, 1957.<br />
Radović R., Osmehnuti šarm narodnih kuća, časopis ''Čovjek i prostor'',<br />
5/1988., Zagreb, 1988.<br />
Simonović Đ., Petrović Z., Seoska naselja, dvorišta i kuće u okolini Cetinja,<br />
Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SAN, knjiga II-III, Beograd, 1957.<br />
Vuksanović D., Tradicionalna arhitektura Crne Gore i bioklimatizam,<br />
Zadužbina Andrejević, Beograd, 1998.<br />
Vuksanović D., Bioclimatic Characteristics of Some Traditional Urban and<br />
Architectural Forms in Montenegro, PLEA '91 The Ninth International<br />
PLEA Conference "Architecture and Urban Space", Proceedings, Kluwer<br />
Academic Publishers, pp. 245-250, Seville, Spain, 1991.<br />
Vuksanović D., Vernacular Architecture: a Paradigm for Sustainable<br />
Buildings, Teaching in Architecture Conference TIA 2000 “Sustainable<br />
Buildings for the 21st Century”, Proceedings, 7.15, Oxford, UK, 2000.<br />
Vuksanović D., Ekološke odlike u graditeljstvu sela obalnog područja<br />
Skadarskog jezera kao razvojni potencijal, ''Selo u Crnoj Gori'', Zbornik<br />
radova, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, Univerzitet Crne Gore,<br />
Podgorica, 2002.<br />
Vuksanović D., Transposition of Traditional Building Patterns in Montenegro:<br />
Ecological aspects, “Montenegrin Eco-logic Lab”, 9th International<br />
Exhibition of Architecture: La Biennale di Venezia, 2004.<br />
Popović S. G., Geneza nastanka i uticajni faktori razvoja Danilovgrada,Bgd.2003.god.<br />
Radovic G. D., Stambena i javna arhitektura Cetinja od XV vijeka do<br />
II.svjetskog rata, Bgd.2003.god.<br />
Grupa autora,Tradicionalna arhitektura Crne Gore/iskustva, pouke, vidici/<br />
Pgd, 2005.god.monografija.<br />
Projekat „Juzni jadran“, Prostorno planski dokument, RZUP 1967.god.<br />
Izvori ilustracija<br />
strana | 70 | page<br />
Božović G., Naselja i kuće Tivatskog zaliva<br />
Gaković S., Paštrovska kuća<br />
Kojić B., Seoska arhitektura u Kotorskom zalivu<br />
Kojić B., Seoska arhitektura i rurizam - teorija i elementi<br />
Krunić J., Rožaje - stara kuća i varoš<br />
Krunić J., Tip stare kuće i strutura naselja u oblasti Plavskog jezera<br />
Petrović Z., Selo i seoska kuća u Boki Kotorskoj<br />
Simonović Đ., Petrović Z., Seoska naselja, dvorišta i kuće u okolini Cetinja<br />
Vuksanović D., Tradicionalna arhitektura Crne Gore i bioklimatizam<br />
Licni arhiv S.G.Popovica, D.Kujovic Muzej grada Kolasina, Crtezi<br />
Z.Petrovica,studenata I.god.Arhitektonskog fakulteta u Podgorici<br />
Fotografije<br />
Dušan Vuksanović, Svetislav G. Popović, Stevan Kordić, Nebojša Adžić,<br />
Sanja i Dejan Mitrović, studenti Arhitektonskog fakulteta u Podgorici,<br />
www.montenegrobeauty.cg.yu<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong><br />
architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro<br />
Radni tim<br />
Autori:<br />
Prof. dr Dušan Vuksanović, dipl. ing. arh.<br />
Doc. mr Svetislav G. Popović, dipl. ing. arh.<br />
Urednik:<br />
Sanja Lješković Mitrović, dipl. ing. pejz. arh.<br />
projekt inžinjer za prostorno i urbanističko planiranje<br />
GTZ Podgorica<br />
Lektori:<br />
Tijana Durković<br />
Slavica Stojković<br />
Naslovna strana, dizajn i kompjuterska obrada:<br />
Dejan Mitrović
Njemačka tehnička saradnja | German Technical Cooperation<br />
arhitektonski <strong>atlas</strong> <strong>crne</strong> <strong>gore</strong> | architectural <strong>atlas</strong> of montenegro<br />
Oktobar | 2006 | October<br />
Republika Crna Gora<br />
Ministarstvo za ekonomski razvoj