D 2.1.1 Note on literature review concerning market ... - Biorefinery

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Biopol - Deliverable <strong>2.1.1</strong> as on the field of application development. Some preparation work for this project has already been done in two previous projects: KAM (The Ecocyclic Pulp Mill) and FRAM (The Future Resource Adapted Pulp Mill) (STFI 2005). RENEW– sustainable energy systems for transport “Renew” is a pan European project which consists of six subprojects. One of the subprojects has the objective to cover the technical and commercial impact of locating a plant producing DME/ methanol from black liquor 2 at the pulp mill of Södra Cell located in Sweden (Mörrum). Thereby three crucial scientific activities are planned: (1) creation of plant data to get a basis for the simulation of a commercial/demo plant concept, (2) creation of laboratory data from pulp cooking tests, (3) creation of engine test results when run with DME, which has the same quality as in real DME producing plant. All these results will deliver input data for the preliminary engineering design of an integrated demo plant at the pulp mill in Mörrum (Energy Laboratory 2007). Pilot project concerning “use for material purpose” With the increasing importance of the white biotechnology the demand for carbohydrates rises. The aim of a cooperative project, which is financed by the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, is to supply this rising demand by hardwood. Therefore the Gesellschaft für Chemische Technologie (DECHEMA), the German Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products, Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie ICT, Degussa GmbH, Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Solvent Innovation GmbH and other partners try to develop procedures for the efficient separation of wood components with established and new processes. The project is financially supported for the next three years with 1.9 million € (Agra-Europe 2007). Industrial Example: Dömsjö Fabriker Domsjö is a biorefinery located in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. It extracts and refines an increasing number of components from the raw material wood. They also produce ethanol for manufacturing fuel and carbon dioxide to be used industrially. The main product is special cellulose which is produced according to nearly fourty different specifications. At the moment, further investments are being planned in advanced wood chemistry and increased production to create security when facing the increasing costs on wood and energy (Dömsjö 2007). The desk research concerning forest biorefinery has shown that there exists a diversity of projects dealing with different questions related to this field. Some examples are shown within this literature overview. One can also find a variety of presentations from different congresses/conferences where scientists and industrial actors show different examples of new (technological) ideas and strategies or describe (potential) R&D activities or pilot-phase-activities in the field of pulp/forest biorefineries. However concrete data or studies related to the production or commercialisation of these concepts can hardly be found. Therefore, the authors conclude that most of the activities related to forest-biorefinery concepts are still in an early stage of development. 3.4 Starch and sugar industry 3.4.1 Starch industry Native and modified starches, products of the saccharification of starch as well as by-products of the production (e.g. wheat gluten) are used in almost every branch of the food and feed industry and the chemical, technical and pharmaceutical industry. Framework conditions Important framework conditions for the starch industry are formed by the EU market organisation of corn and sugar (isoglucose). The production of potato starch is limited through a quota system, 2 Black liquor is a recycled by-product, which is formed during the pulping of wood in the papermaking industry. Market introduction and development of biorefinery concepts and related products 26
Biopol - Deliverable <strong>2.1.1</strong> whereby the quotas are allotted to the starch manufacturing plants. The quota is 1,949 million tons of potato starch in the EU25. Support is only paid for those quantities of potatoes, which are covered by a cultivation contract between a starch manufacturer and a potato producer (FNR 2007, European Commission n. d.). After the mid-term-review of the Common Agricultural Policy 2003 the support for potato producers and for corn producer was decoupled (40 % for potatoes and 100 % for corn). Industrial actors In the year 2005 24 companies and 68 plants existed in the European starch sector. The number of companies decreased over the last decade as well as the number of plants. In the mentioned year approximately 20,000 people were employed in the starch industry (Fachverband der Stärkeindustrie 2006). The industry invests approximately 150 million euros in R&D per year (EuropaBio, ESAB n. d.). At the moment experts do not expect that new suppliers of starch and starch derivates will occur on the market. Especially big plants need acreages of a corresponding size close-by, so it is not very possible that new potato starch plants will be built in the next years. A further trend on the supply side is the parallel development of ethanol production capacities. Important on the supply side is additionally that maize can be grown cheaper outside the EU. In contrast cultivating wheat is internationally competitive within the EU. The most important starch producer within the EU is Cargill with a market share of 34 %. Currently the smaller producers of starch are more specialised than the bigger ones. Moreover wheat and maize starch producers act mainly globally while potato starch producers are above all characterised by direct relationships with farmers. Furthermore it is interesting that every actor in the market distributes his products on his own (FNR 2007). Market volume, production and costs The starch industry realised a turnover of 6,500 million € in 2001 (Fachverband der Stärkeindustrie 2006). According to EUROSTAT the manufacturing of grain mill products, starches and starch products achieved a valued added of 6,026 million € in the EU25 in the year 2003 (EUROSTAT 2006). In the EU starch is produced from maize, wheat and potatoes (Fachverband der Stärkeindustrie 2006). The technology which is used to produce the starch differs depending on the used raw material. But all processes have in common, that they use the principle of “wet milling”. Herby the starch is elutriated from the epithelium of the hackled raw material. So it is possible to obtain starch with large purity. Figure 16 gives an overview of the raw material use in the European starch industry. Figure 16: Raw material use in the European starch industry Quantity [Million t] 25 20 15 10 5 0 1998 2001 2005 Potatoes Maize W heat Source: Fachverband der Stärkeindustrie 2006 Market introduction and development of biorefinery concepts and related products 27
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