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2 Conducting Life Cycle Assessments Life Cycle Assessments are conducted according to the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. LCAs consist of four steps, as shown in Figure 2: 1. Goal and Scope Definition 2. Inventory Analysis 3. Impact Assessment 4. Interpretation These four steps are described in detail in the following sections. Figure 2: Steps of a Life Cycle Assessment According to ISO 14044 2.1 Goal and Scope Definition According to the ISO 14040 standard the first phase of an LCA is the definition of the goal and scope. In this step all general decisions for setting up the LCA system are made. The goal and scope should be defined clearly and consistently with the intended application. An LCA is an iterative process and this allows redefining the goal and scope later in the study based on the interpretation of the results. 2.1.1 Goal In the goal definition, the following points need to be determined: 10
2.1.2 Scope The intended application of an LCA study - An LCA can be used for many different applications such as marketing, product development, product improvement, strategic planning, etc. The purpose of an LCA study – The purpose of an LCA can also vary greatly and will dictate the scope of the study. If the study is intended to be published, the scope will be more comprehensive and include a greater data collection effort and a formalized review process. If the LCA will be used internally, no critical review is necessary; the scope will be dictated by the company‟s objective and their access to data. The intended audience of an LCA report – The audience can be the shareholders, executives, engineers, consumers, etc. Depending on the client‟s objectives. Usage for comparative analysis – If the LCA results are intended to be used for comparative reasons must be determined. If they are going to be published a critical review is obligatory. During the scope definition the product or process system under study is characterized, all assumptions are detailed and the methodology used to set up the product system is defined. The following factors require definition before the LCA is done – a detailed description of each factor is provided in the following sections. Function of the product Functional unit Reference flow Description of the system System boundaries Allocation procedures Impact categories and the impact assessment method Data requirements Data assumptions Limitations Data quality requirements Peer review Reporting type The most important issues are described in detail in the sections below. For further information please refer to the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. 2.1.2.1 Function of the System To describe a product the product‟s function has to be defined. To do that the demands on the product have to be defined. In the case where different products are to be compared, the different functionalities of each of the products should be documented exactly. Sometimes products have a large variety of functions which makes it quite difficult to compare them with regard to the full range of functionalities. When, for example, the environmental impacts of mobile phones are to be compared, it should be clearly defined 11
Page 1 and 2: GaBi Education Handbook for Life Cy
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents 1 Introduction to
Page 5 and 6: Table of Figures Figure 1: Overview
Page 7 and 8: Purpose of this Handbook The purpos
Page 9: The following is just a brief list
Page 13 and 14: Figure 3: Process Flow Diagram A sy
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5: Allocation Example Figure
Page 17 and 18: Figure 6: Data Collection and Calcu
Page 19 and 20: Conducting Life Cycle Assessments o
Page 21 and 22: 2.3.2 Selection of Impact Categorie
Page 23 and 24: Conducting Life Cycle Assessments o
Page 25 and 26: Conducting Life Cycle Assessments p
Page 27 and 28: 3 Procedure Procedure This chapter
Page 29 and 30: 3.2 Activating a database Procedure
Page 31 and 32: Procedure In most cases there are s
Page 33 and 34: Procedure GaBi now searches for all
Page 35 and 36: Procedure Well, because this proces
Page 37 and 38: Procedure You will notice the searc
Page 39 and 40: Procedure The reference quantity of
Page 41 and 42: Procedure Waste flows are, not surp
Page 43 and 44: 3.19 Adding processes Procedure You
Page 45 and 46: 3.23 Linking processes Procedure Le
Page 47 and 48: Procedure Let´s assume that the us
Page 49 and 50: Procedure Since each plan requires
Page 51 and 52: Procedure 91. Click on the „Balan
Page 53 and 54: 96. Select the „separate IO table
Page 55 and 56: 3.32 View option: Quantity view Pro
Page 57 and 58: Procedure By right clicking on a co
Page 59 and 60: 4 Literature Literature GABI 2003 G
Page 61 and 62:
Appendix A Appendix A 3 Global Warm
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Appendix A Appendix A 6 Photochemic
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