Appendix D: Human Health Risk Assessment - Garfield County ...

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Appendix D Screening Level Human Health Risk Assessment February 2011 Battlement Mesa, Colorado Health Impact Assessment Colorado School of Public Health Group B – Probable Human Carcinogen (B1 – limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans; B2- sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals with inadequate or lack of evidence in humans). Group C – Possible Human Carcinogen (limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals and inadequate or lack of evidence in humans) Group D – Not Classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (inadequate or no evidence) Group E – Evidence of non-carcinogenicity (no evidence of carcinogenicity in adequate studies). Weight of evidence classifications for COPCs are provided in Section 4-2. Cancer risks are expressed as a probability of suffering an adverse effect (cancer) during a lifetime. They estimate risks to individuals in a population and not to a particular individual. For carcinogens, inhalation toxicity measurements are generally expressed as a risk per unit concentration (e.g., an inhalation unit risk (IUR) in units of risk per µg/m 3 ). The IUR is based on an upper-bound excess lifetime cancer risk estimated to result from continuous exposure to an agent at a concentration of 1µg/m 3 in air. 4.1.2 Non-Cancer Toxicity Values Non-cancer hazards are expressed, semi-quantitatively, in terms of the HQ, defined as the ratio between an individual’s estimated exposure and the toxicity value. HQs are not an estimate of the likelihood that an effect will occur, but rather an indication of whether there is potential cause for concern for adverse health effects. Like cancer risks, HQs estimate risks to individuals in a population and not to a particular individual (i.e., personal risk). For non-carcinogens, inhalation toxicity measurements are generally expressed as a concentration in air (e.g., an RfC in units of µg/m 3 air). The RfC is an exposure that is believed to be without significant risk of adverse non-cancer health effects in a chronically exposed population, including sensitive individuals. For non-carcinogens, oral toxicity measurements are generally expressed as a reference dose (RfD). The RfD is an estimate of a daily chemical intake per unit body weight for the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Chronic RfDs and RfCs are developed to evaluate long-term exposures of 7 years to a lifetime (70 years), subchronic RfDs and RfCs are developed to evaluate exposures of 1 to 7 years, intermediate RfDs and RfCs are developed to evaluate exposures of >14 to 364 days, and acute RfDs and RfCs are developed to evaluate exposures of 1 to 14 days. Appendix D page 31
Appendix D Screening Level Human Health Risk Assessment February 2011 Battlement Mesa, Colorado Health Impact Assessment Colorado School of Public Health Chronic RfCs were used for the chronic all resident and resident near well pad scenarios. Subchronic RfCs were used for the subchronic adult resident near a well pad scenario. If a subchronic RfC was not available, the chronic toxicity value was used per EPA guidance (EPA 1989) Acute RfDs and RfCs were used for the acute child resident and adult resident near a well pad scenario. If an acute value was not available, the intermediate toxicity value was used per EPA guidance (EPA 1989). 4.2 Summary of Health Effects of COPCs This section and Table 4-4 summarizes the non-cancer health effects for the COPCs with toxicity values. 4.2.1 Acetaldehyde Sources of acetaldehyde in ambient air include fuel combustion, forest fires, industrial releases, and secondary formation from the oxidation of other organic compounds in the atmosphere. Motor vehicle emissions are one of the largest sources of acetaldehyde in the environment (Canadian Environmental Protection Act 2000). A potential source of acetaldehyde associated with natural gas development and production is emissions from trucks and diesel generators, as well as secondary formation from other organic compounds that are emitted as a result of natural gas development and production. EPA has classified acetaldehyde as probable human carcinogen (Class B2). There is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, but adequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. An increased incidence of nasal and laryngeal tumors has been observed in animals after inhalation exposure (EPA IRIS 2010, 1991 revision). Non-cancer effects of inhalation exposure to acetaldehyde include eye and upper respiratory tract irritation and upper respiratory tract tissue damage. Short term inhalation exposure of rats to high concentrations of acetaldehyde was observed to result in degradation of the olfactory epithelium (EPA IRIS 2010, 1991 revision). 4.2.2 Benzene Sources of benzene in ambient air include petroleum hydrocarbons, fuel combustion, forest fires, industrial releases, and cigarette smoke (ATSDR 2007). Potential sources of benzene associated with natural gas development and production are the natural gas resource itself, emissions from trucks and diesel generators, and fracking fluids containing diesel and other petroleum products (Antero has stated that it does not use diesel in fracking fluids). Benzene is classified as a "known" human carcinogen (Category A) for all routes of exposure based upon convincing human evidence as well as supporting evidence from animal studies. Exposure to benzene can cause acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and also may cause chronic nonlymphocytic and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (ATSDR, 2007, IRIS 2010). Appendix D page 32
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Page 87 and 88: 1 of 2 Table 2-1 Comparison of MRLs
Page 89 and 90: Table 2-2 Comparison of MRLs from 2
Page 91 and 92: Table 2-3 Comparison of MRLs for 20
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Table 2-4 Summary Statistics and Se
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Number of Samples Table 2-7 Summary
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Table 2-8 Ambient Air Summary Stati
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Table 2-8 Ambient Air Summary Stati
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Chemical Table 2-9 95% UCLs and Sel
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2010) 4 of 4 Table 2-9 95% UCLs and
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Chemical Table 2-10 95% UCLs and Se
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Chemical Table 2-11 95% UCLs and Se
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Statistic Table 2-12 Comparison of
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Table 3-1 Cancer and Non-Cancer Air
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Table 3-2 Cancer and Non-Cancer Air
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Table 3-3 EPCs and Surface Water In
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Table 4-1 Cancer and Non-Cancer Inh
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4 of 4 Table 4-1 Cancer and Non-Can
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Chemical Available Toxicity Values
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Table 5-1 Baseline Risk Characteriz
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Table 5-2 Comparison of EPCs to BTV
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1 of 2 Table 5-4 Chronic Risk Chara
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1 of 1 Table 5-5 Subchronic Risk Ch
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Table 5-7 Acute Risk Characterizati
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Table 6-1 Chemicals Identified from
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Benzene, Ethylbenzene, and d m&p-Xy
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Sources Potential Releases Exposure
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Excess Canc cer Risk per one Millio
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Appendix D: Human Health Risk Assessment - Garfield County ...

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