Appendix D: Human Health Risk Assessment - Garfield County ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Appendix D Screening Level Human Health Risk Assessment February 2011 Battlement Mesa, Colorado Health Impact Assessment Colorado School of Public Health and burning, coughing, breathing difficulties, and upset stomach. Long term exposures to high concentrations may case decreased lung function, dizziness, headache, liver problems, skin blotches, and anemia (ATSDR 2006). 4.2.7 Ethylbenzene Sources of ethylbenzene in ambient air include petroleum hydrocarbons, fuel combustion, forest fires, solvents, pesticides, printing ink, varnishes, coatings, paints, and cigarette smoke (ATSDR 2010). Potential sources of ethylbenzene associated with natural gas development and production are the natural gas resource itself, emissions from trucks and diesel generators, and fracking fluids containing diesel and other petroleum products (Antero has stated that it does not use diesel in fracking fluids). EPA has determined ethylbenzene is not classifiable as human carcinogen (Class D). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified ethylbenzene as possibly carcinogenic to humans, based on sufficient evidence in animal studies (IARC 2000). An increased incidence of lung adenomas in males and of liver adenomas in females was observed in an inhalation study on mice (IRAC 2000). Non-cancer health effects from exposure to ethylbenzene in air include eye and respiratory irritation, hearing loss, kidney damage and neurological effects. Short term exposure to high levels of ethylbenzene in ambient air can cause eye and throat irritation, vertigo, and dizziness. Animal studies indicate long-term exposure to low levels of ethylbenzene in ambient air may result in irreversible damage to the inner ear and hearing, as well as kidney damage. Rats ingesting large amounts of ethylbenzene had severe damage to the inner ear. Dermal exposure has caused eye damage and skin irritation in rabbits (ATSDR 2010b). 4.2.8 Formaldehyde Sources of formaldehyde in ambient air include fuel combustion, forest fires, many household products, and secondary formation from the oxidation of other organic compounds in the atmosphere (ATSDR 1999). A potential source of formaldehyde associated with natural gas development and production is emissions from trucks and diesel generators, as well as secondary formation from other organic compounds that are emitted as a result of natural gas development and production. EPA has determined formaldehyde is probable human carcinogen with limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence in animals (Class B1). Exposure to formaldehyde in ambient air may result in an increased risk for nasal and throat cancers (ATSDR 1999a). Non-cancer health effects from exposure to formaldehyde in air include eye and respiratory tract irritation, changes in pulmonary function, and neurological effects. (ATSDR 2010c). Appendix D page 35
Appendix D Screening Level Human Health Risk Assessment February 2011 Battlement Mesa, Colorado Health Impact Assessment Colorado School of Public Health 4.2.9 n-Hexane Sources of n-hexane in ambient air include petroleum hydrocarbons, industry and household solvents, and paints (EPA 2010). Potential sources of n-hexane associated with natural gas development and production are the natural gas resource itself and fracking fluids containing diesel and other petroleum products (Antero has stated that it does not use diesel in fracking fluids). EPA has determined n-hexane is not classifiable as human carcinogen (Class D) (ATSDR 1999b). Non-cancer health effects from exposure to n-hexane in ambient air include muscle weakness and peripheral neuropathy. Workers exposed to greater than 500,000 ppb of nhexane in ambient air for over 6 months have experienced numbness in their feet and hands followed by muscle weakness in their feet and lower legs. With continuing exposure, peripheral neuropathy can result in paralysis of the arms and legs developed (ATSDR 1999b). 4.2.10 2-Hexanone Sources of 2-Hexanone in ambient air include paint, printing ink thinner, solvents for oils, waxes, and resins, and cleaning agents (EPA (2009). A potential source associated with natural gas development and production is not clear. Fracking fluids and other chemicals cannot be ruled out as a source because of the unknown composition of the components used in these fluids. EPA has determined 2-hexanone is not classifiable as human carcinogen (Class D) (EPA IRIS 2010/2009). Non-cancer health effects from exposure to 2-hexanone in air include damage to the nervous system (EPA 2009). Workers exposed to 2-hexanone for almost a year experienced harmful effects to the nervous system. Symptoms included weakness, numbness, and tingling in the skin of the hands and feet (ATSDR 1992). 4.2.11 Methylcyclohexane Sources of methylcyclohexanae in ambient air include petroleum hydrocarbons and solvents (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov). Potential sources of methylcyclohexane associated with natural gas development and production are the natural gas resource itself and fracking fluids containing diesel and other petroleum products (Antero has stated that it does not use diesel in fracking fluids). EPA has not determined a cancer classification for methylcyclohexane. Evidence on human exposure to methylcyclohexane is lacking. Decreased body weight has been observed in animal studies on hamsters and male rats, as well as progressive Appendix D page 36
Page 1 and 2: Draft Battlement Mesa HIA, Revision
Page 3 and 4: Appendix D Screening Level Human He
Page 47: Appendix D Screening Level Human He
Page 87 and 88: 1 of 2 Table 2-1 Comparison of MRLs
Page 89 and 90: Table 2-2 Comparison of MRLs from 2
Page 91 and 92: Table 2-3 Comparison of MRLs for 20
Page 93 and 94: Chemical Number of samples Table 2-
Page 95 and 96: Table 2-4 Summary Statistics and Se
Page 97 and 98: Table 2-5 Summary Statistics and Se
Page 99 and 100:
Table 2-5 Summary Statistics and Se
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Number of Samples Table 2-7 Summary
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Table 2-8 Ambient Air Summary Stati
Page 111 and 112:
Table 2-8 Ambient Air Summary Stati
Page 113 and 114:
Chemical Table 2-9 95% UCLs and Sel
Page 115 and 116:
2010) 4 of 4 Table 2-9 95% UCLs and
Page 117 and 118:
Chemical Table 2-10 95% UCLs and Se
Page 119 and 120:
Chemical Table 2-11 95% UCLs and Se
Page 121 and 122:
Statistic Table 2-12 Comparison of
Page 123 and 124:
Table 3-1 Cancer and Non-Cancer Air
Page 125 and 126:
Table 3-2 Cancer and Non-Cancer Air
Page 127 and 128:
Table 3-3 EPCs and Surface Water In
Page 129 and 130:
Table 4-1 Cancer and Non-Cancer Inh
Page 131 and 132:
4 of 4 Table 4-1 Cancer and Non-Can
Page 133 and 134:
Chemical Available Toxicity Values
Page 135 and 136:
Table 5-1 Baseline Risk Characteriz
Page 137 and 138:
Table 5-2 Comparison of EPCs to BTV
Page 139 and 140:
1 of 2 Table 5-4 Chronic Risk Chara
Page 141 and 142:
1 of 1 Table 5-5 Subchronic Risk Ch
Page 143 and 144:
Table 5-7 Acute Risk Characterizati
Page 145 and 146:
Table 6-1 Chemicals Identified from
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Benzene, Ethylbenzene, and d m&p-Xy
Page 153:
Sources Potential Releases Exposure
Page 156:
Excess Canc cer Risk per one Millio
show all

Appendix D: Human Health Risk Assessment - Garfield County ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?