The Syntax of Givenness Ivona KucerovÃ¡

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immediately precede the main verb. Any other instance of G-movement is not possible. 20 (42) a. What happened to the book? b. Tu knihu || dala Marie Petrovi. ←− Past the book.Acc gave Marie.Nom Petr.Dat ‘Marie gave the book to Petr.’ (43) a. What is happening to the book? b. Tu knihu || dává Marie Petrovi. ←− Present the book.Acc gives Marie.Nom Petr.Dat ‘Marie gives the book to Petr.’ (44) a. What will happen to the book? b. Marie bude tu knihu dávat Marie.Nom will the book.Acc give.Inf ‘Marie will give the book to Peter.’ c. #Tu knihu bude Marie dávat the book.Acc will Marie.Nom give.Inf Petrovi. ←− Future Petr.Dat Petrovi. Petr.Dat ‘Marie will give the book to Peter.’ (OK as ‘As to the book (in contrast to the violin), Marie will give it to Peter.) Interestingly, we find differing morphology even within one tense – the past tense. While there is no overt auxiliary for 3rd person, 1st and 2nd person are formed by a finite auxiliary and a past participle. If G-movement depends on head movement we predict non-local G- movement of a given object to be possible with a 3rd person subject but not with a 1st or a 2nd person subject. This prediction is indeed correct, as can be seen in (66) and (67). (45) 3sg.: Non-local G-movement possible: a. What happened to the boat that got demeged in the last storm? b. Lod’ opravil jeden technik. boat.Acc repaired one technician.Nom ‘A technician repaired the boat.’ (46) 1pl.: Only local G-movement: a. What happened to the boat that got demaged in the last storm? b. Jeden technik a já jsme lod’ opravili . one technician.Nom and I Aux.1pl boat.Acc repaired ‘A technician and I repaired the boat.’ Tying G-movement to head movement makes an additional prediction. If there is no head that can move, only very local G-movement should be possible. A case to consider is a small clause. As we can see in (47), this prediction is indeed correct. As with infinitives, in a small clause, a given element can undergo only very local G-movement. No further 20 These examples are vastly simplified. To keep the pairs minimal I use an iterative form in the present tense. The reason is that the corresponding word does not have a periphrastic future. Another important point is that (44-c) is a plausible structure but the object would have to be interpreted as a topic (As to the book, Marie will give the book to Peter.). 28
movement is possible. (47) a. Why does Peter look so happy? b. Marie je na Petra pyšná Marie.Nom is of Petr proud ‘Marie is found of Peter.’ c. #Na Petra je Marie pyšná. of Petr is Marie proud . Another interesting pattern arises from interactions of G-movement and the EPP requirement of T. Simplifying considerably, in Czech T attracts whatever is the structurally closest element (for more details see Kučerová (2005)). Thus, if there is a subject in Spec,vP, T attracts the subject. On the other hand, if there is no subject (Czech is a pro-drop language), T may attract the verbal head occupying v. See the examples in (48) and (49), illustrating the point. (48) a. Marie koupila husu. Marie.Nom bought goose.Acc ‘Marie bought a goose.’ b. [ TP Marie T [ vP t Marie bought goose ] ] (49) a. Koupila husu. bought goose.Acc ‘She bought a goose.’ b. [ TP bought T [ vP t bought goose ] ] We can now make an interesting prediction. If a given element moves to the left edge of vP, then it can be attracted by T even if T is realized as an auxiliary. Thus, we expect to find a word order that superficially looks like a violation of the head movement constraint on G-movement. This is correct, as can be seen in (51). Notice that there is nothing wrong with moving a given element over an auxiliary. The given element just cannot undergo G-movement. Other instances of movement are not a problem. (50) Scenario: And what about all the money you inherited? (51) Všechny peníze jsem poslala osamělým dětem. ←− Past all money Aux.1sg sent lonely children.Dat ‘I sent all (the) money to lonely children.’ (52) Past tense: a. VP level: the given object moves over V: 29
Page 1 and 2: The Syntax of Givenness by Ivona Ku
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgments Two things were dif
Page 5 and 6: A.4 A note on base generation . . .
Page 7 and 8: (2) a. SVO: Chlapec našel lízátk
Page 9 and 10: accent on the auxiliary did in (4-a
Page 11 and 12: Pitch (Hz) 500 400 300 200 100 0 ch
Page 13 and 14: (6) Petr řídil včera rychle auto
Page 15 and 16: phrases are required to undergo G-m
Page 17 and 18: . A entails (α,U) where (α,U) is
Page 19 and 20: (23) What can be understood as new?
Page 21 and 22: (28) Derivation of [Subject]-G verb
Page 23 and 24: functionalist tradition there has b
Page 25 and 26: c. ?P v-V vP Subject vP v-V VP V Ob
Page 27: (40) What happened to the antique c
Page 31 and 32: TP Aux vP money vP gave VP t money
Page 33 and 34: TP Aux TP T vP t Aux VP money VP gi
Page 35 and 36: c. #Jeho viděla Marie na nádraž
Page 37 and 38: (63) a. #Diskuse proběhla bez věd
Page 39 and 40: (70) a. #Žáky a učitelku to pře
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 2 G-movement In chapter 1,
Page 43 and 44: asic word order cases we expect wor
Page 45 and 46: (9) a. What happened? b. #[Vlak př
Page 47 and 48: . ?P DO vP subject vP v VP V VP IO
Page 49 and 50: . vP subject vP v VP V ?P DO VP IO
Page 51 and 52: . Marie [ vP včera dala [ V P rych
Page 53 and 54: vP Marie vP yesterday vP gave VP qu
Page 55 and 56: list reading. No such requirement e
Page 57 and 58: poskytovat jídlo. provide food.Acc
Page 59 and 60: a. X X X Z X X α b. X α X X X Z X
Page 61 and 62: existing Agree relation in case it
Page 63 and 64: 2.4 Summary In this chapter, I have
Page 65 and 66: 3.1 Deriving the verb partition In
Page 67 and 68: We will see in the next section how
Page 69 and 70: e. vP subject vP DO vP v VP v V DO
Page 71 and 72: If more than one given element may
Page 73 and 74: c. TP VP book give to-Peter t book
Page 75 and 76: (20) a. Marie otevřela zase dveře
Page 77 and 78: cause she was interrupted by her mo
Page 79 and 80:
. TP T-v-V vP Marie vP again vP t v
Page 81 and 82:
move again, (38-b). When the given
Page 83 and 84:
Since the subject is new, the deriv
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stituent containing several given e
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4.1 Where we stand In the previous
Page 89 and 90:
differently. As we have seen in (2)
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on the semantic component, more pre
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4.2 Marking givenness by an operato
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a. What happens with all the money
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‘Martin was loved again.’ The c
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Furthermore, I assume that if there
Page 101 and 102:
lexical head. In a way, we want the
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(54) a. VP Petr VP V t Petr b. vP P
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c. TP VP book give to-Peter t book
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In the same way that there can be t
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(70) st terminating point object e,
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c. G-operator and local G-movement:
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Mary managed chair G to-burn d. G-o
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well. Recall that there are two rel
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There is simply no way the G-operat
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(97) a. And what will he read and t
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In this case, the given part is ‘
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To sum up, we now have in place a f
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Generic indefinites behave slightly
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. #Porsche má kamarád mojí ženy
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The position of the sentential stre
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is whether English givenness is rea
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Appendix A G-movement is A-movement
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. Svoji kočku má ráda Marie. her
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with movement of a pronoun over a c
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Petr’s friends.Acc saw Marie.Nom
Page 141 and 142:
A.5 Summary To conclude, we have se
Page 143 and 144:
Biskup, Petr. In preparation. The p
Page 145 and 146:
Dotlačil, Jakub. 2004. The syntax
Page 147 and 148:
Junghanns, Uwe. 1999. Generative Be
Page 149 and 150:
Neeleman, Ad, and Tanya Reinhart. 1
Page 151 and 152:
Selkirk, Elizabeth O. 1995. Sentenc
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Zikánová, Šárka. 2006. Slovosle
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The Syntax of Givenness Ivona KucerovÃ¡

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