The Syntax of Givenness Ivona KucerovÃ¡

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‘I will send all (the) money to lonely children.’ (55) Future tense: a. VP level: the given object moves over V: VP money VP give VP children t money b. v-auxiliary is merged and the object cannot G-move further: vP Aux VP money VP give VP children t money c. T is merged and probes for the closest element: TP T vP Aux VP money VP give VP children t money d. the auxiliary moves to T: 32
TP Aux TP T vP t Aux VP money VP give VP children t money Notice that the sentences we have considered in this section crucially differ from the sentences that originally motivated introducing G-movement into the system. The difference is that if head movement is blocked, α G may be asymmetrically c-commanded by new material. Recall the definition of G-movement from (11), repeated below as (56). Even though we can identify what element must be given, we cannot establish a perfect partition between given and new as we were able to do in the previous cases. (56) G-Movement [version 1] G-movement must take place a. iff α G is asymmetrically c-commanded by a non-G element, b. unless the movement is independently blocked. The definition of G-movement given in (11)/(56) takes care of these cases with the clause unless the movement is independently blocked. Thus, the pattern that arises can be described as do as much as you can. But does this mean that anything goes? I will address this question in the next section. I will show that if α G is required to G-move, α G must move at least once. In chapter 4, I will address the question why it is sometimes okay to move a given element only locally even if there is a higher new element, while in other cases, non-local movement is required. The distinction will follow from the way we will interpret givenness. For now, let’s stay with the soft constraint formulation which requires a given element to move across as many new elements as syntactically possible. In this section, we have seen that tying G-movement to head movement makes correct predictions since G-movement is able to move only as far as the relevant head can move. If movement of the head is independently blocked (for example, by the head being selected by another head), G-movement can only be very local. 33
Page 1 and 2: The Syntax of Givenness by Ivona Ku
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgments Two things were dif
Page 5 and 6: A.4 A note on base generation . . .
Page 7 and 8: (2) a. SVO: Chlapec našel lízátk
Page 9 and 10: accent on the auxiliary did in (4-a
Page 11 and 12: Pitch (Hz) 500 400 300 200 100 0 ch
Page 13 and 14: (6) Petr řídil včera rychle auto
Page 15 and 16: phrases are required to undergo G-m
Page 17 and 18: . A entails (α,U) where (α,U) is
Page 19 and 20: (23) What can be understood as new?
Page 21 and 22: (28) Derivation of [Subject]-G verb
Page 23 and 24: functionalist tradition there has b
Page 25 and 26: c. ?P v-V vP Subject vP v-V VP V Ob
Page 27 and 28: (40) What happened to the antique c
Page 29 and 30: movement is possible. (47) a. Why d
Page 31: TP Aux vP money vP gave VP t money
Page 35 and 36: c. #Jeho viděla Marie na nádraž
Page 37 and 38: (63) a. #Diskuse proběhla bez věd
Page 39 and 40: (70) a. #Žáky a učitelku to pře
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 2 G-movement In chapter 1,
Page 43 and 44: asic word order cases we expect wor
Page 45 and 46: (9) a. What happened? b. #[Vlak př
Page 47 and 48: . ?P DO vP subject vP v VP V VP IO
Page 49 and 50: . vP subject vP v VP V ?P DO VP IO
Page 51 and 52: . Marie [ vP včera dala [ V P rych
Page 53 and 54: vP Marie vP yesterday vP gave VP qu
Page 55 and 56: list reading. No such requirement e
Page 57 and 58: poskytovat jídlo. provide food.Acc
Page 59 and 60: a. X X X Z X X α b. X α X X X Z X
Page 61 and 62: existing Agree relation in case it
Page 63 and 64: 2.4 Summary In this chapter, I have
Page 65 and 66: 3.1 Deriving the verb partition In
Page 67 and 68: We will see in the next section how
Page 69 and 70: e. vP subject vP DO vP v VP v V DO
Page 71 and 72: If more than one given element may
Page 73 and 74: c. TP VP book give to-Peter t book
Page 75 and 76: (20) a. Marie otevřela zase dveře
Page 77 and 78: cause she was interrupted by her mo
Page 79 and 80: . TP T-v-V vP Marie vP again vP t v
Page 81 and 82: move again, (38-b). When the given
Page 83 and 84:
Since the subject is new, the deriv
Page 85 and 86:
stituent containing several given e
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4.1 Where we stand In the previous
Page 89 and 90:
differently. As we have seen in (2)
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on the semantic component, more pre
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4.2 Marking givenness by an operato
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a. What happens with all the money
Page 97 and 98:
‘Martin was loved again.’ The c
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Furthermore, I assume that if there
Page 101 and 102:
lexical head. In a way, we want the
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(54) a. VP Petr VP V t Petr b. vP P
Page 105 and 106:
c. TP VP book give to-Peter t book
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In the same way that there can be t
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(70) st terminating point object e,
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c. G-operator and local G-movement:
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Mary managed chair G to-burn d. G-o
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well. Recall that there are two rel
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There is simply no way the G-operat
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(97) a. And what will he read and t
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In this case, the given part is ‘
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To sum up, we now have in place a f
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Generic indefinites behave slightly
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. #Porsche má kamarád mojí ženy
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The position of the sentential stre
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is whether English givenness is rea
Page 133 and 134:
Appendix A G-movement is A-movement
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. Svoji kočku má ráda Marie. her
Page 137 and 138:
with movement of a pronoun over a c
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Petr’s friends.Acc saw Marie.Nom
Page 141 and 142:
A.5 Summary To conclude, we have se
Page 143 and 144:
Biskup, Petr. In preparation. The p
Page 145 and 146:
Dotlačil, Jakub. 2004. The syntax
Page 147 and 148:
Junghanns, Uwe. 1999. Generative Be
Page 149 and 150:
Neeleman, Ad, and Tanya Reinhart. 1
Page 151 and 152:
Selkirk, Elizabeth O. 1995. Sentenc
Page 153:
Zikánová, Šárka. 2006. Slovosle
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The Syntax of Givenness Ivona KucerovÃ¡

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