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measure 34 the vocal direction of appassionato (passionately) is written above “Amore mio…Amore mio…” (“My love…My love…”) accompanied by the ascending four-note chromatic motive from the opening, now rhythmically broaden to dotted quarter notes. In measure 36, the voice begins, “la letizia stende di foglia in foglia in una gioia sconfinata” (“Spreading happiness leaf upon leaf in boundless joy”), in the middle range EXAMPLE 6.6 measures 42-43 The vocal line ascends steadily by half steps, prior to an ecstatic leap of a fourth “e un immenso” (“and boundless”) to the first climax on high B-flat in measure 43 (example 6.6.) Immediately the performer must prepare for the second climatic phrase “giubilo invade il mondo” (“shouts of joy flood the earth”) that ends on a sustained high A natural that descends to G on the word “mondo” (world.) The lirica concludes as it began, in the key of E-flat major. The accompaniment incorporates the highest and lowest ranges of the piano to signify the numerous qualities of light described in the poem. The depths of the earth which are warmed by light are represented by an open octave pedal point on E-flat heard in the lowest range of the piano. The light that illuminates the surface of the world is represented by the tonic chord played in the middle-range of the piano. And finally, a shimmering trill played in the upper most range of the piano represents the brightest illumination of all that of heaven and a heart filled with love. 52
CONCLUSION As one of the most important composers of the Generazione dell’ottanta, Franco Alfano has been credited as the regenerator of Italian Vocal Chamber Music. The five songs presented in this treatise are evidence of the vocally expressive and impressionistic compositional quality of his liriche that for too long has been neglected in English language research. The author hopes that this treatise will generate greater interest in programming, as well as further research into the liriche of Alfano. i Alfano’s birth certificate lists his first name as Frank, the Americanized version of Franco. Alfano would legally Italianize the spelling of his first name in 1910. ii Tosti served as the singing-master to Queen Margherita of Italy before moving to London in 1880 to become the singing-master of the royal family; a position for which he was knighted for in 1908. He composed a vast number of songs to Italian, English and French texts, many of which were quite popular during the Victorian era. iii Famous advertising slogan: “When E.F. Hutton speaks, people listen” iv Elgar began his career as a violinist and dominated the British music scene for the first three decades of the 20 th century. v The English translation for the French term Les Apaches is the Hooligans. The group consists of French musicians, writers, poets and artists and was formed aroung 1900. The group caused some controversy when they rallied behind and supported Debussy following the premiere of his opera Pelléas et Mélisande. vi The veristic composers Cilea and Giordano were alumni of the Conservatorio di San Pietro a Majella. vii Cilea’s most successful opera Adriana Lecouvreur remains in the repertoire of many opera houses today. The famous aria “Io sono l’umile ancella” from Adriana Lecouvreur is a standard encore presentation for many operatic sopranos. Enrico Caruso is credited with helping to establish Cilea as a prominent Italian operatic composer of the Giovane Scuola (‘young school’) with his rendition of ‘È la solita storia’ (Federico’s “Lament”) from his opera L’arlesiana viii Giordano’s most famous operas are Andrea Chénier and Fedora. ix Leoncavallo worked as a librettist with Puccini for his opera Manon Lescaut. As a composer his only operatic success was the one act opera Pagliacci. x Martucci a composer of chamber music; 2 symphonies; songs and an oratorio began his career as a concert pianist. He taught at the Naples Conservatory from 1880-86, when he left to become director of the Bologna Conservatory from 1886-1902. While in Bologna he conducted the premiere of Wagner’s Tristan. His life came full circle when he left Bologna to become director of the Naples Conservatory, a post he held until 1909. xi The Mannheim School was a group of composers that served at the court of the Elector Palatine Carl Theodor at Mannheim, who contributed to the development of the pre-Classical symphony. They formed what was at the time the largest orchestra in Europe. xii The Italian title of the opera is La fonte di Enschir. When G. Ricordi & Co. refused to publish the score, the opera received is premiere in Breslau under the An den Quellen Enschir. The opera most have achieved some success in Germany because G. Ricordi & Co eventually published an Italian edition of the work. xiii Alfano was introduced to Luigu Illica by Dr. Samarelli, a friend and fellow Neapolitan. It was Illica who introduced Alfano to Giulio Ricordi. xiv Gian Carlo Menotti based his opera, The Consul, on an article published in the New York Times on 12 February 1947, entitled Immigrant: A Suicide. xv Mary Garden was responsible for introducing the music of Alfano to the American public when she convinced the Chicago Opera Company to premiere Resurrection on 31 December 1925. Magda Olivero, Olivia Stapp and Virginia Zeani have also performed the role of Katiusha. These ladies were all known for singing with vocal abandonment. Each possessed a voice of unique quality and was willing to sacrifice beauty of tone for the ultimate emotionally communicative vocalism. The aria has been commercially recorded by Garden, Olivero and Mirella Freni. xvi Verismo literally means realism. A literary movement that affected Italian opera composed at the end of the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century. The story lines usually portray rural and impoverished characters that 53
Page 1 and 2:
THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEG
Page 3 and 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Examples
Page 5 and 6:
5.5 measures 68-70 ................
Page 7 and 8: EARLY YEARS AND EDUCATION Posillipo
Page 9 and 10: Up until this time, Alfano and his
Page 11 and 12: immerse himself in Leipzig’s cult
Page 13 and 14: with his aunt. The uncertainty that
Page 15 and 16: God of compassion, make him finally
Page 17 and 18: EXAMPLE 1.3 Katiusha’s Aria: “D
Page 19 and 20: cosmopolitan composer. Backed by on
Page 21 and 22: moon-lit nights.” 18 Alfano’s h
Page 23 and 24: ehind by Puccini. When he realized
Page 25 and 26: his life working as a composer and
Page 27 and 28: THE ART SONGS OF ALFANO Alfano belo
Page 29 and 30: Felicità is Alfano’s first liric
Page 31 and 32: EXAMPLE 2.4 measures 9 -14 The last
Page 33 and 34: tremolo in the right-hand that is a
Page 35 and 36: acket is used to indicate that the
Page 37 and 38: EXAMPLE 3.5 measures 34-35 The acco
Page 39 and 40: limited edition of Gitanjali that w
Page 41 and 42: Se ti domanda chi glielo dona, oh!
Page 43 and 44: measures of the lirica are supporte
Page 45 and 46: EXAMPLE 4.5 measures 68-71 When sec
Page 47 and 48: death, the parting of two people wh
Page 49 and 50: The simple physical gesture of hold
Page 51 and 52: EXAMPLE 5.4 measures 51-54 Section
Page 53 and 54: the added direction of lontano (dis
Page 55 and 56: EXAMPLE 6.1 measures 1-4 Luce begin
Page 57: EXAMPLE 6.4 measures 24-25 The acco
Page 61 and 62: APPENDIX ART SONG CATALOGUE The fol
Page 63 and 64: Location: University of Alberta, Ca
Page 65 and 66: 123623). Gmin (modal quality); g'-
Page 67 and 68: Diff: fluctuation of tempo markings
Page 69 and 70: Articles BIBLIOGRAPHY Gattti, Guido
Page 71 and 72: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH A native of Bal
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